Extraction optimization of a hydrocolloid extract from cress seed (Lepidium sativum) using response surface methodology

Extraction conditions for maximum values of yield, viscosity and minimum protein content of hydrocolloid extract from Lepidium sativum seed were investigated using response surface methodology. A Central Composite Face Design (CCFD) with four independent variables: temperature (25–85 °C); pH (3–10); extraction time (10–25 min) and water to seed ratio (10:1–80:1) was used to study the response variables (yield, viscosity and protein content). Data analysis showed that all the variables significantly (p < 0.05) affected the extraction yield and viscosity, whereas the effect of water to seed ratio on protein content was not significant (p > 0.05). Applying a desirability function method the optimum parameters were: extraction temperature 35 °C, pH 10, water to seed ratio of 30:1 and an extraction time of 15 min. At this optimum point, apparent viscosity, yield and protein content were 0.2 Pa s, 6.46% and 0.57%, respectively. The experimental values were very close to the predicted values and were not statistically different (p > 0.05).     

Optimization of conditions for extraction of acid-soluble collagen from grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) by response surface methodology

Grass carp is a freshwater fish species widely known by consumers over the world. Its skin has abundant collagen which possesses many healthy effects. The optimal conditions for collagen extraction were determined by response surface methodology in this work. Box–Behnken design was applied to evaluate the effects of three independent variables (acetic-acid concentration, temperature and time) on the acid-soluble collagen yield of grass carp skin. Correlation analysis of the mathematical-regression model indicated that quadratic polynomial model could be employed to optimize the extraction of acid-soluble collagen. From response surface plots, acetic-acid concentration, temperature and time exhibited interactive effects on the extraction of acid-soluble collagen. The optimal conditions to obtain the highest acid-soluble collagen yield of grass carp skin were an acetic-acid concentration of 0.54 M, a temperature of 24.7 °C and a time of 32.1 h. Under these optimal conditions, the experimental values agreed with the predicted values, using analysis of variance, indicating a high goodness of fit of the model used and the success of response surface methodology for modeling extraction of acid-soluble collagen from grass carp skin.

Industrial relevance

Grass carp is a freshwater fish species with important economic significance. The annual production of grass carp in China was 3.86 million tons in 2005 which was the highest among all the freshwater fish species (http://www.agri.ac.cn/DataIss/ZY/QT/200610/17688.html). The weight of skin accounts for approximately 9% of whole fish. It is interesting to find a way to improve its value. In this work, collagen was extracted from grass carp skin by acetic acid and a mathematical model of extraction was built by response surface methodology. The effects of acetic-acid concentration, extraction time and temperature were under investigation. The results showed that there is an optimal condition to obtain the highest collagen yield. The optimal condition was determined to be an acetic-acid concentration of 0.54 M, a temperature of 24.7 °C and a time of 32.1 h. This research is helpful to develop a new product using grass carp and to fully use this sort of fish resource.     

响应面法优化超声辅助提取核桃叶多酚的工艺研究

首次以陇南核桃叶为原料,运用超声波辅助提取技术对核桃叶中的多酚类物质进行提取,在温度为40℃,超声功率为110W的条件下,考察了料液比、超声时间、乙醇浓度对多酚提取率的影响,并利用响应面法优化了提取工艺,得出最佳工艺参数为:料液比为1∶10,超声提取时间为10min,乙醇浓度为70%,在最佳提取工艺的条件下,核桃多酚的含量可达到4.04mg/g,为核桃叶多酚的进一步开发提供了依据。     

微波辅助提取栀子皂甙的工艺优化及其抗氧化性

以栀子粉末为原料,运用微波辅助提取栀子中的皂甙,并对其抗氧化性进行研究。在单因素试验基础上,以微波时间、浸提时间、液固比和乙醇浓度为因素,皂甙得率为响应值,采用Box-Behnken试验设计进行响应面分析。并以抗坏血酸为对照,用铁氰化钾还原法和DPPH自由基的清除率考察栀子皂甙的抗氧化活性。实验结果表明,栀子皂甙微波辅助提取最优条件为微波功率450 W、微波时间40 s、浸提时间9.6 min、浸提温度50 ℃、液固比21:1 (mL/g)、乙醇浓度80%,所得最佳得率为13.92%±0.04%,与模型预测皂甙得率相对误差仅为2.05%。微波辅助法提取栀子皂甙简便、提取得率高,回归模型合理可靠,可用于实际预测。抗氧化活性研究表明,栀子皂甙对羟基自由基的还原能力和DPPH自由基清除能力均较好,但其总体抗氧化性低于抗坏血酸。     

Optimizing conditions for anthocyanins extraction from purple sweet potato using response surface methodology (RSM)

Optimization for purple sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam) anthocyanins (PSPAs) extraction was investigated using response surface methodology in this paper. PSPAs were extracted using acid-ethanol at different extraction temperature (40-80 °C), time (60-120 min) and solid-liquid ratio (1:15-1:30). The combined effects of extraction conditions on PSPAs yield and color attributes (expressed as L*, C* and H) were studied using a three-level three-factor Box-Behnken design. The results showed that The highest yield (158 mg/100 g dw) of PSPAs were reached at the temperature 80 °C, extraction time 60 min, and solid-liquid ratio 1:32. PSPAs yield indicated a high and significant correlation with L^* (P<0.05; r=−0.961) and it was significantly affected by extraction temperature (P<0.01) and solid-liquid ratio (P<0.05).     

Response surface methodology as a tool to optimize the extraction of bioactive compounds from plant sources

Response surface methodology (RSM) is a widely used mathematical and statistical technique for modeling and optimizing the process for the extraction of bioactive compounds. This review explains the optimization approach through the use of experimental design and empirical models for response prediction and the utilization of the desirability function for multiple response optimization. This paper also reviews recent studies on the application of RSM to optimize bioactive compound extraction processes such as conventional solvent extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, and ultrasound-assisted extraction. Finally, the challenges associated with the use of RSM and the efforts made to improve RSM in the extraction process are also highlighted. Overall, this review informs many aspects of RSM that are occasionally ignored or insufficiently discussed with regard to the optimization of bioactive compound extraction processes, and it summarizes significant applications where RSM proved suitable. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.     

Optimisation of the solvent extraction of bioactive compounds from Parkia speciosa pod using response surface methodology

Central composite design was employed to optimise the buffer-to-solids ratio (X₁: 20–50 ml/g), incubation temperature (X₂: 35–55 °C) and time (X₃: 100–200 min), obtaining extracts from Parkia speciosa pod with high total phenolic and flavonoid contents and high antioxidant activities. Analysis of variance showed that the contribution of a quadratic model was significant for the responses. An optimisation study using response surface methodology was performed and 3D response surfaces were plotted from the mathematical models. The optimal conditions based on combination responses were: X₁ = 20 ml/g, X₂ = 35–36 °C and X₃ = 100–102 min. These optimum conditions yielded total phenolic contents of 664–668 mg gallic acid equivalents/100 g, total flavonoid contents of 47.4–49.6 mg pyrocatechol equivalents/100 g, %DPPH_sc of 81.2–82.1%, %ABTS_sc of 78.2–79.8% and FRAP values of 3.2–3.3 mM. Close agreement between experimental and predicted values was found. This methodology could be applied in the extraction of bioactive compounds in the natural product industry.     

响应面优化栀子皮油和栀子肉油的提取工艺及品质分析

以"林海1号"栀子为研究对象,应用Box-Behnken实验设计和响应面分析法对栀子皮油和栀子肉油的回流提取工艺条件进行优化并进行理化性质及脂肪酸组成分析。结果表明:栀子皮油的最优提取工艺条件为回流时间60 min、回流温度75℃、料液比1∶12;栀子肉油的最优提取工艺条件为回流时间60 min、回流温度75℃、料液比1∶10。在最优工艺条件下,栀子皮油和栀子肉油得率分别为2.35%和20.4%。栀子皮油和栀子肉油理化性质接近,过氧化值和酸价较低,且均符合国家食用植物油卫生标准要求。GC-MS分析表明,栀子皮油和栀子肉油中脂肪酸种类和含量存在一定差异。栀子皮油中共测出18种脂肪酸,主要包括亚油酸(44.12%)、棕榈酸(21.86%)、二十碳烯酸(10.46%)、油酸(9.07%)和硬脂酸(5.68%)。栀子肉油中检出13种脂肪酸,主要包括亚油酸(53.06%)、油酸(21.88%)、棕榈酸(17.57%)、硬脂酸(3.85%)和二十三烷酸(1.33%)。     

基于响应曲面法优化天麻多酚的提取工艺

目的:对天麻总多酚的提取工艺进行优化。方法:以天麻为材料在单因素实验结果的基础上,采用三因素三水平的Box-Behnken响应曲面设计。结果:天麻提取的最佳条件为乙醇浓度57%,提取温度69℃,提取时间53min,该条件下多酚提取含量达44.96mg GAE/g,且提取温度对总多酚的得率影响最大。结论:在最佳条件下天麻多酚得率实际值是预测值的98.48%,接近预测值,可用于天麻多酚的提取。      

Optimization of extraction conditions for improving solubility of peanut protein concentrates by response surface methodology

By ethanol precipitation and physical separation procedures, the peanut protein concentrate (PPC) was isolated from defatted peanut flour (DPF) and the extraction times were determined as twice. The effects of liquid-to-solid ratio, ethanol concentration and reaction temperature on the solubility of PPC were studied for the primary extraction and the later two factors were studied for the second extraction by response surface methodology (RSM). The results showed that for both of the second-order models, the coefficient determination (R²) was good and a liquid-to-solid ratio of 11.79: 1 (v/w), an ethanol concentration of 85 mL/100 mL, an extract temperature of 36.35 °C for the primary extraction and a corresponding list of variables of 8:1 (v/w), 97.50 mL/100 mL and 38.40 °C for the secondary extraction were found to be optimal for the protein extraction from defatted peanut flour. By means of additional experiments, the adequacy of the model was confirmed.     

响应面优化栀子果实不同部位油脂提取工艺及其脂肪酸分析

为了考察采用超声波提取栀子果皮、果肉两个不同部位油脂的工艺,以石油醚为提取溶剂,通过单因素实验和响应面法对其工艺进行优化。利用气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)技术对栀子油脂进行脂肪酸含量分析。结果显示,超声提取栀子果皮油脂的最佳工艺条件为:提取时间60 min、提取功率320 W、料液比1∶13 g/mL。超声提取栀子果肉油脂的最佳工艺条件为:提取时间58 min、提取功率360 W、料液比1∶12 g/mL。在上述条件下,栀子果皮、果肉油脂的得率分别可达2.36%和22.60%。扫描电镜(SEM)结果显示,超声波可以破坏栀子果实细胞排列方式和整齐程度,促进油脂性成分溶出。GC-MS实验结果表明,栀子果肉油脂中不饱和脂肪酸含量为75.97%,以亚油酸(52.70%)和油酸(21.90%)为主;栀子果皮油脂中不饱和脂肪酸含量为69.22%,以亚油酸(44.80%)和油酸(13.55%)为主。上述研究结果可为栀子油脂合理利用及开发提供参考。     

响应面法优化超声辅助提取黄秋葵花总黄酮的工艺研究

目的采用响应面法对超声辅助提取黄秋葵花总黄酮的工艺进行优化。方法在提取剂浓度、液料比例、提取温度、水浴提取时间、超声波提取时间试验结果的基础上,采用Box-Behnken design试验设计原理,设计4因素3水平试验,以响应面分析法优化液料比例、乙醇浓度、提取温度、水浴提取时间4个因素对黄秋葵花总黄酮提取率的影响。结果黄秋葵花总黄酮提取率的最佳工艺条件为:液料比例160:1(mL:g)、乙醇浓度42%、提取温度80℃、水浴提取时间16 min和超声提取时间30 min。在此条件下,黄秋葵花总黄酮的提取率为(2.487±0.05)%,真实值与模型预测值相对误差为1.23%。结论该提取工艺提高了黄秋葵花总黄酮的提取率,为其开发利用提供理论支持。     

Optimization of extraction process of crude polysaccharides from boat-fruited sterculia seeds by response surface methodology

Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize the extraction of crude polysaccharides from boat-fruited sterculia seeds. A central composite design was used for experimental design and analysis of the results to obtain the optimal extraction conditions. Extraction temperature, pH, extraction time and water to seed ratio were found to have a significant influence on the yield and purity of the extracted crude polysaccharides, while the three other factors except the water to seed ratio also significantly affected the relative viscosity. Based on the RSM analysis, optimum conditions were: temperature 60–65 °C, time 2.3–3.1 h, pH at 7.0 and water to seed ratio at 75:1. Under the optimized conditions, the experimental values were in close agreement with values predicted by the model. The crude polysaccharides prepared under optimum conditions contained 58.2% total carbohydrates (including uronic acids), 20% proteins, 9% moisture and 4.5% ash. The crude polysaccharides consisted of glucose (22.6%), rhamnose (10.0%), arabinose (7.9%), galactose (5.0%), xylose (0.8%) and galacturonic acid (11.8%).     

Aqueous extraction kinetics of phenolic compounds from jamun (Syzygium cumini L.) seeds

In this study, aqueous extraction of phenolic compounds from jamun (Syzygium cumini L.) seed was undertaken. The effects of various parameters such as extraction temperature (34.8–85.2°C), extraction time (49.8–100.2 min), and liquid-to-solid ratio (9.8–60.2 mL/g) on the extraction yield, extract purity (i.e., total polyphenol content), and its antioxidant activities (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrlthydrazyl free radical scavenging assay and ferric reducing antioxidant power) were investigated. Response surface methodology was used to optimize the extraction conditions. The optimum extraction conditions (49.2°C, 89.4 min, and 51.6:1 mL/g) produced an extract with 17.3% extraction yield, high total polyphenol content (415 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dried extract) and significant antioxidant activity (IC₅₀: 35.4 ± 0.7 µg/mL). The high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of seed extract revealed the presence of gallic acid (90.8 mg/g dried extract), ellagic acid (36 mg/g dried extract), caffeic acid (26.07 mg/g dried extract), p-coumaric acid (0.26 mg/g dried extract), catechin (9.05 mg/g dried extract), epicatechin (0.42 mg/g dried extract), and quercetin (1.54 mg/g dried extract). Tannic acid (188.5 mg/g dried extract) was also identified as a major phenolic compound. The extraction kinetics was also studied and experimental data were fitted to four kinetic models such as first-order model, second-order model, Peleg’s model, and Minchev and Minkov model, to evaluate their applicability.     

响应面法优化苦荞酒糟黄酮提取工艺的研究

苦荞酒糟是苦荞酒加工的副产物,苦荞酒糟中含有丰富的黄酮组分,采用食用乙醇提取酒糟黄酮还原到苦荞蒸馏酒中,是一种资源合理利用方法.为确定采用乙醇回流法提取苦荞酒糟中黄酮类成分的最佳工艺条件,以黄酮得率为指标,采用响应面法对主要工艺参数进行优化并得到回归模型.方差分析结果表明:回归模型较好地反映了苦荞酒糟黄酮得率与乙醇体积分数、提取时间和液固比的关系;最优工艺条件为乙醇体积份数为70％vol,提取时间3.3h,液固比为24∶1 (mL∶g).此工艺条件下提取酒糟黄酮得率为1.642g/100g,回收率为93.3％,回归模型的预测值与实际值之间具有较好的拟和度.     

Optimization of culture parameters of selenium-enriched yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) by response surface methodology (RSM)

Effect of culture conditions (temperature, initial pH value and volume) on the bioaccumulation of selenium (Se) in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) were investigated by response surface methodology (RSM) in this paper. The combined effects of culture conditions on Se yield were studied using a three-level three-factor Box-Behnken design. Fermentation was carried out at different temperature (24-32 °C), initial pH value (4-7) and volume (40-100 mL). The results showed that the optimum conditions for Se enrichment of yeast were found at temperature 27.4 °C, initial pH value 5.8 and volume 89.4 mL. Total Se yield was significantly affected by culture temperature (P < 0.05), initial pH value (P < 0.01) and volume (P < 0.01).Using a culture medium supplemented with 15 μg/mL sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃) added at 9 h after inoculation which is the logarithmic growth phase, the maximum biomass and total Se yield in yeast could reach 9.23 g/L and 5.90 mg/L, respectively, which were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of the control (8.82 g/L and 4.31 mg/L)     

响应面优化溶剂法提取马铃薯皮酚类物质的工艺

响应面优化溶剂法提取马铃薯皮酚类物质的工艺条件。采用单因素实验和响应面设计,研究溶剂法提取时间、提取温度、料液比对马铃薯皮中酚类物质提取的影响。研究结果表明:马铃薯皮酚类物质提取的最佳工艺条件:料液比1∶15 (g/mL)、提取时间59 min、提取温度62 ℃,马铃薯皮总酚含量可达0.620 mg/g。研究结果对马铃薯皮多酚物质的进一步开发利用提供一定的理论基础。     

响应面法优化玉米黄粉中玉米黄素和玉米醇溶蛋白的提取工艺

采用响应面法同时优化了玉米黄粉中醇溶蛋白和玉米黄素的提取工艺。在单因素实验基础上,选取乙醇体积分数、提取温度、提取时间为影响因子,以玉米黄素和玉米醇溶蛋白质量为响应值,应用Box-behnken中心组合试验设计建立数学模型,进行响应面分析。得到提取的最优工艺条件为乙醇体积分数83.36%、提取温度62.13℃、提取时间5.79h,此条件下玉米黄素质量为420.1μg,而玉米醇溶蛋白质量为0.6165g。与响应面所得理论值418.9μg和0.6153g十分接近,玉米黄素得率和玉米醇溶蛋白提取率分别达到0.021%、79.03%。该研究为工业化提供了依据。     

Response surface methodology for protein extraction optimization of red pepper seed (Capsicum frutescens)

Response surface methodology was used to determine optimum conditions for extraction of protein from red pepper seed meal. A central composite design including independent variables such as temperature (30, 35, 40, 45 and 50 °C), pH (7.0, 7.5, 8.0, 8.5 and 9.0), extraction time (20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 min) and solvent/meal ratio (10:1, 15:1, 20:1, 25:1 and 30:1 v/w) was used. Selected response (dependent variable) which evaluates the extraction process was protein yield and the second-order model obtained for protein yield revealed coefficient of determination of 96.7%. Protein yield was primarily affected by pH and solvent/meal ratio. Maximum yield was obtained when temperature, pH, mixing time and solvent/meal ratio were 31 °C, 8.8, 20 min, 21:1 (v/w), respectively. These conditions resulted in protein yield of 12.24 g of soluble protein from extract/100 g defatted red pepper seed flour. The adequacy of the model was confirmed by extracting the protein under optimum values given by the model. These results help in designing the process of optimal protein extraction from red pepper seeds.