An assessment of roof space solar gains in a temperate maritime climate

New Zealand has a temperate maritime climate. Despite mild winters compared to nations with continental climates, New Zealand houses have been reported to often be at temperatures below internationally recommended levels. Sources of additional heating are therefore of interest to many New Zealand home occupants. Roof space solar gains have been identified as one possible source of heating. This paper investigates the energy gains available in New Zealand homes from ventilation systems drawing air from the roof cavity. Three New Zealand houses were monitored and a computer-based thermal building simulation developed to quantify the heating and cooling energy that might be transferred by home ventilation systems. The computer model simulating the temperature in the roof space and occupied spaces was constructed using MATLAB, and used publicly available weather station data as the inputs. A good match between measured and modelled results was obtained. Small heating and cooling benefits are possible at certain times from pumping roof space air into the living areas of some New Zealand houses. The magnitude of these benefits, however, is not significant compared with the space heating required to maintain reasonable indoor temperatures over the New Zealand winter.     

Experimental investigations of a decentralized system for heating and hot water generation in a residential building

Nowadays, modern heat supply technologies are preferred by the decentralized municipal sector because they considerably reduce heat transfer losses. One such solution is a heating system using residential thermal stations (RTS). The advantages of a heating system with RTS, as compared with hot water storage vessels, include stabilizing heat costs, saving energy and a decrease in heat transfer losses.This paper presents the results of an experiment investigating heat consumption in a residential building using RTS. The building, located in Lublin, Poland, was supplied by the local district heating network. The energy consumption was monitored from April 2007 to April 2009. The efficiency of this system was 71.4% during the period when heat was required (winter) and 61.5% during the summer; an annual average efficiency of 67.1%. The energy consumption of the space heating system varied from 0.03 to 0.53 GJ m⁻² of the flat's surface area, with the average value being 0.22 GJ m⁻². The influences of the location of the flat within the building and the surface area of the flat on the quantity of heat required for space heating were analysed. Specific attention was paid to the occurrence of local heat flows between flats.     

新西兰公共住房实践:创新与启示

在公共住房实践中,美国、香港和新加坡等地的经验作为我国的借鉴模范已经很多年,而拥有将近100 年公共住房实践经验的新西兰却很少被关注。新西兰房屋署协同政府、慈善机构、私人部门组织一起在整个国家范围内提供公共住房和住房援助。事实上,新西兰在公共住房实践中通过住房统计指标来构建体系框架,在很多方面有独到之处。详细阐述新西兰的公共住房体系整体框架,包括保障人群范围、保障维度和保障效果;其次,介绍新西兰在管理方面如何运用统计数据和报告来指导政策制定;并通过与我国住房保障的比较,提出可行性政策建议。     

住宅的集中供热供暖系统和节能

指出住宅供暖方式的主体仍将是集中热源供暖系统，实行分户计量和收费的难度在于热量定价影响因素的复杂性、适合国情的热表的开发和应用、尤其是与此相应的新的供暖制式的探索，在传统供暖制式下应以大力提高供暖均匀性为重要的节能手段。分析了室温可调性问题和散热器恒温阀的应用条件和范围。     

Beyond the romantic and naı¨ve: the search for a complex ecological aesthetic design language for landscape architecture in New Zealand

Landscape design is an expression and repository of cultural values and beliefs, and in Aotearoa, New Zealand, the designed landscape faces particular challenges. Globalization is seen as a potential threat to landscape identity, which is even more significant for a country which has built its economy and self-image from its unique natural landscape. The potential for resistance is limited by the small size and youth of the profession of landscape architecture in New Zealand. While traditions of farming and gardening extend back to early European settlement in the mid nineteenth century, and beyond to indigenous Maori practices of land modification, professional landscape design is a relatively recent development (the first tertiary course in landscape architecture began at Lincoln College (now Lincoln University) in 1969). Landscape design in New Zealand draws its vocabulary from the power of the country's natural heritage landscapes, convinced that a naturalistic aesthetic exclusively represents environmental health. Some of the core values of New Zealand society are, however, overlooked by designers. The need to develop a critically informed design language which includes the farming landscape along with the natural one is argued. The invention of such a language, referred to as a complex ecological aesthetic, is seen as a potential source of design expression that is invigorated by the tension between mechanistic and natural landscape aesthetics. It therefore has the potential to promote environmental health, while being regionally grounded, and can help face the challenges that globilization poses to the landscape.     

论地热能源在供暖方面的作用及影响

通过对地热能源的研究和调查,分析了地热能源在供暖方面的应用现状、作用及影响,同时总结出地热能源所具有的优势和不足,为地热能源的应用奠定了理论基础,以实现资源的节约。     

澳大利亚和新西兰的窗能效评级制度

本文介绍了澳大利亚和新西兰的窗能效评级制度、能效标识等.     

Keys to species of Ceratacis and Synopeas from New Zealand,with the description of new species (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae)

Fifteen species new to science are described, viz. Ceratacis capitata, Ceratacis newzealandica, Ceratacis valentinei, Synopeas densisetosum, Synopeas denticorne, Synopeas elegans, Synopeas kristenseni, Synopeas lanuginosum, Synopeas marrisi, Synopeas motuhoropapense, Synopeas occipitocarinatum, Synopeas ramsayi, Synopeas terrestre, Synopeas trifolii, and Synopeas wardi. Keys to the hereby known N.Z. species of Ceratacis and Synopeas are provided.     

Thermostat settings in English houses: No evidence of change between 1984 and 2007

Rising demand temperatures are widely blamed for UK home energy use not declining over time despite the increased efficiency of dwelling envelopes and heating technologies. The hypothesis that thermostat settings have risen over time is tested using a repeated cross-sectional social survey of owners of centrally heated English houses. No statistical evidence for changes in reported thermostat settings between 1984 and 2007 is found.     

The effect of occupancy and building characteristics on energy use for space and water heating in Dutch residential stock

As a consequence of the improved quality of thermal properties of buildings due to energy regulations, overall energy use associated with building characteristics is decreasing, making the role of the occupant more important. Studies have shown that occupant behaviour might play a prominent role in the variation in energy consumption in different households but the extent of such influence is unknown. The impact of the building's thermal characteristics on space heating demand has been well studied. There is however, little work done that incorporates the impact of consumer behaviour. This study aims to gain greater insight into the effect of occupant behaviour on energy consumption for space heating by determining its effect on the variation of energy consumption in dwellings while controlling for building characteristics. The KWR database from the Ministry of Housing in the Netherlands was used. This study showed that occupant characteristics and behaviour significantly affect energy use (4.2%), but building characteristics still determine a large part of the energy use in a dwelling (42%). Further analysis showed that some occupant behaviour is determined by the type of dwelling or HVAC systems and, therefore, the effect of occupant characteristics might be larger than expected, since these determine the type of dwelling.     

太阳能供暖与蒸发冷却技术适用性分析

根据设计规范提供的室外气象参数 ,分析了在冬季采暖和夏季空调设计条件下 ,太阳能供暖与蒸发冷却技术在我国各地应用的可行性 ,由此选择了一种既节能又节省投资的空调方案 .指出了利用天然能源 ,冬季供暖、夏季供冷 ,是最大限度地节约能源、保护环境、改善室内空气品质的重要举措 .     

Te Papa Tongarewa — The Museum of New Zealand: Electronic data transfer and large public projects

The organizational system has succeeded in producing bids for the construction contracts tendered thus far almost precisely in line with the original estimates - an unusual claim on large scale public projects. CAD has been used as an information transfer mechanism and the conclusion to date is that despite numerous problems, the project would probably not have been possible without it.     

Effect of external shading on household energy requirement for heating and cooling in Canada

Shading by neighbouring buildings and trees impacts the energy requirement of a building by reducing the amount of radiant energy absorbed and stored by its thermal mass. This study intends to quantify the magnitude of the effect of site shading on the energy requirement of residential buildings in Canada using a representative two-storey detached house. Site shading effects of neighbouring buildings and trees on annual heating and cooling energy requirements are evaluated using a building energy simulation program. The effects of the orientation, distance and size of the neighbouring object on heating and cooling energy requirement are investigated for four major cities (Halifax, Toronto, Calgary, Vancouver) representing the major climatic regions in Canada (Atlantic, Central, Prairies, Pacific). It is found that the annual heating and cooling energy requirement of a house in Canada may be affected by as much as 10% and 90%, respectively, by the existence as well as the orientation, size and distance of a neighbouring obstruction. Therefore, it is recommended that in building energy simulation studies, external shading should be given due consideration.     

Assessment of climate change impact on residential building heating and cooling energy requirement in Australia

This study investigated the potential impact of climate change on the heating and cooling (H/C) energy requirements of residential houses in five regional climates varying from cold to hot humid in Australia. Nine General Circulation Models (GCMs) under three carbon emission scenarios were applied to project the local climate. It was found that significant climate change impact on H/C energy requirements may occur within the lifespan of existing housing stock. The total H/C energy requirement of newly constructed 5 star houses is projected to vary significantly in the range of −26% to 101% by 2050 and −48% to 350% by 2100 given the A1B, A1FI and 550 ppm stabilisation emission scenarios, dependent on the existing regional climate. In terms of percentage change, houses in an H/C balanced temperate climate such as Sydney is found to be the most sensitive to climate change, potentially posing more pressures on the capacity of local energy supply. It was also found that energy efficient or high star rating houses may experience less absolute changes in energy requirement. However, they appear to experience higher percentage changes in the total H/C energy requirement. Especially in the regions with an H/C balanced temperate climate such as Sydney, the increase in the total H/C energy requirement is projected up to 120% and 530% for a 7 star house when the global temperature increases 2 °C and 5 °C respectively. The high sensitivity to global warming may need to be considered in the planning of future energy requirement for energy efficient buildings.     

试论中国的能源结构与空调冷热源的选择取向

分析了我国能源结构尤其是发电能源以煤炭为主的事实,指出电力空调会带来大气污染和温室气体排放的严重负面影响。电力空调的普及加大了供电峰谷差,进一步加剧了对环境的破坏。在我国,电力不能算是清洁能源。随着世界能源革命的发展,以氢能源和可再生能源代替碳能源是２１世纪的必然趋势。天然气将成为我国经济发达的大城市和特大城市的主要能源。在空调冷热源的选择上,应加大燃气空调的比例,实现建筑空调冷热源的多元化。     

Proximity to source populations and untidy gardens predict occurrence of a small lizard in an urban area

Very little is known about how lizards respond to urbanization. Given their small space requirements, opportunist lizard species can potentially exist in small patches of suitable urban habitat. This study identified the relative importance of landscape and habitat-level factors that influenced the occurrence of an opportunist and generally abundant species, the common skink Oligosoma nigriplantare polychrome in suburban private gardens in New Zealand. Private gardens are potentially important in sustaining urban wildlife as they make up a significant proportion of the total area of many cities. Common skinks were largely absent from the central suburbs and distributed in less highly ordered gardens around the city edge. Skink occurrence was influenced mainly by landscape-level features that reflect opportunities for dispersal into gardens from source populations (distance to city edge; presence of an adjacent grassy paddock) and habitat quality (messiness). To a lesser extent skink occurrence was associated with lower cat densities, less native vegetation and south-facing sites. Within private gardens common skinks were associated with areas with a high proportion of basking surfaces, lower plant species diversity, shorter distances to potential cover, and vegetation that was low in height and made up mainly of long exotic grasses. Despite common skinks’ ability to thrive in exotic vegetation and their small spatial requirements, it is unlikely that they will thrive in urban areas unless gardening practices change to increase resource availability and provide refuges from predators.     

对推进我国供热系统节能的看法和建议

简要回顾了我国建筑节能规范的演进，北京市供热事业的发展及与发达国家的差距，揭示并重分析了建筑节能过程中出现的两种反常情况及其原因，就推广锅炉供暖节能技术措施，热量分户计量及相应的技术，经济、立法与政策上的措施提出了建议。     

嵩山小区住宅供暖能耗测试分析

为获得不同形式建筑物的供暖耗热量，从而对其节能水平作出评价，对哈尔滨嵩山小区的９栋住宅进行了测试。其中６栋为重点测试建筑，连续测定其瞬时和累计热量及室温；另３栋为一般测试建筑，以测得的流量和温差进行理论计算。获得的测试数据具有足够的精确度，揭示了新型节能窗与传统双层窗的差别，说明所测住宅均已达到了第一阶段节能３０％的指标。     

Independent or self-regulation: An assessment of economic oversight of air traffic management in Australia and New Zealand

The regulatory governance of two government-owned, commercialised, monopoly air navigation service providers in Australian and New Zealand is assessed. Economic oversight by an independent regulator in Australia is compared to self-regulation in New Zealand. The Stern and Holder (1999) evaluation framework is applied and user assessments are considered. Both models meet the attributes of sound regulatory governance in most respects. Significant changes in the industry environment indicate that regulatory governance should be reassessed, including with regard to linkages between price regulation and service delivery.     

对采暖节能设计与图审中常见问题的总结分析

从建筑暖通专业施工图设计和图审两个环节入手,结合相关的建筑节能要求,对常见的问题做了深入的分析与研究、归类与总结,并提出了合理化建议,可供设计与图审人员参考。