电力现货市场环境下提供位置信号电价机制的协同作用

对电价中的位置信号及能够提供位置信号的电价机制进行分类梳理和总结,对电力现货市场环境下电价中位置信号的作用进行分析;结合电力现货市场仿真,定量分析在不同的电网结构及系统阻塞条件下,电能量现货市场中的“节点边际电价（LMP）机制”和“分区输电定价”机制在实现其作为公共事业服务价格作用方面的协同作用关系;结合中国某省电网的实际情况,通过电力现货市场仿真和电价测算对分析结果进行验证,为中国电力现货市场环境下的电价机制选择提出建议。     

电力现货市场环境下提供位置信号电价机制的协同作用

对电价中的位置信号及能够提供位置信号的电价机制进行分类梳理和总结,对电力现货市场环境下电价中位置信号的作用进行分析;结合电力现货市场仿真,定量分析在不同的电网结构及系统阻塞条件下,电能量现货市场中的“节点边际电价（LMP）机制”和“分区输电定价”机制在实现其作为公共事业服务价格作用方面的协同作用关系;结合中国某省电网的实际情况,通过电力现货市场仿真和电价测算对分析结果进行验证,为中国电力现货市场环境下的电价机制选择提出建议。     

Reliability and price risk assessment of a restructured power system with hybrid market structure

In a restructured power system with hybrid market structure, generation companies and customers trade electricity and reserve either through a centralized power pool or by bilateral contracts based on their price and reliability offers and requirements. This results in difficulty in price and reliability management of such power systems. This paper presents techniques to evaluate both reliabilities and prices for the pool and bilateral customers in a hybrid power market. In these techniques, reliability and price models for the power pool and bilateral suppliers have been developed using reliability network equivalents to easily include various agreements among market participants. Customer responses to prices are modeled using customer damage functions. The reliability and price problems with and without considering agreements are formulated using improved optimal power flow techniques based on these models. The correlation between reliabilities and prices has been considered in the techniques. The modified IEEE Reliability Test System has been analyzed to illustrate the proposed techniques.     

基于协作拍卖法的跨区域输电阻塞管理

电力改革进一步发展要求开放本地市场，开展跨区交易，促进竞争，提高市场效率，降低电价。区域间联络线的容量限制形成的输电阻塞是影响跨区交易顺利进行的重要因素。该文提出了基于协作拍卖法的跨区域输电阻塞管理方法，适合双边和Pool混合的市场交易模式，并能兼顾区域内存在不同的交易模式。在阻塞调度优化模型中考虑了合同路径和物理路径的不同，利用功率传输分布因子将合同路径转换成物理路径。利用发电转移分布因子将阻塞费用分摊到双边合同，采用潮流跟踪法分摊Pool内部的阻塞费用。改进的IEEE 30节点算例测试了不同输电报价下的阻塞管理效果，结果表明：基于协作拍卖法的阻塞管理方法能够有效地缓解阻塞，并能合理分摊阻塞费用，方法快捷，经济信号明确，适合于不同交易模式共存的跨区交易。     

基于均衡原则的实时电力市场模拟与等报价方法

文中对电力市场的均衡进行了详细的描述,说明均衡是电力市场运作的最佳状态.分析了网络损耗和阻塞对电力市场均衡的影响,建立了考虑网损和阻塞情况下的电力市场均衡模型,最后说明等报价方法也是完全可以用来求解此均衡模型的.通过一个实际系统来对所描述的电力市场均衡进行模拟,结果表明文中所提出的实时电力市场均衡状态是实际可行的.     

基于阻塞支路潮流变化量的阻塞成本分摊

该文对双边交易模式下阻塞成本分摊问题进行了研究，提出了一种新的阻塞成本分摊方法，可以实现线路阻塞成本在市场成员间的分配。按该方法，双边交易应分摊的阻塞成本与阻塞消除前后该交易在阻塞线路中的潮流变化量成正比。研究表明，采用该方法分摊阻塞成本，既能体现双边交易对发生阻塞的输电设备的影响程度，又能提供有利于缓解阻塞的信号。5节点系统算例验证了该文观点。     

Performance indices to measure and compare system utilization and congestion severity of different dispatch scenarios

In competitive electricity markets, energy Locational Marginal Prices (LMPs) are commonly used to allocate energy payments and transmission congestion charges and credits. In these markets, energy prices and transmission pricing are highly affected by transmission constraints, where a congested transmission is accompanied by congestion costs, lower system utilization, and higher energy prices due to resorting to out-of-merit order as expensive generating units are dispatched to alleviate congestion. The paper presents some performance indices to compare different dispatch options, where it proposes to use some congestion and system utilization measures. These measures are used in the paper to indicate level of system usage and congestion severity under different dispatch scenarios, and may enable the system operator or the qualified dispatch decision-making entity to decide which dispatch, among different dispatch scenarios, is the optimal. To show an example of using presented measures, planned line switching has been used to minimize transmission congestion cost and increase system utilization. The model used for energy market in the paper involves both spot (pool) transactions and firm bilateral contracts. The presented method is applied to a three-bus and an eight-bus test systems, where the results show that considering opening of some transmission lines may improve outcome of social-welfare problem, as reflected in reducing total congestion cost and improving system utilization.     

基于TCSC技术和粒子群优化算法的电力系统阻塞疏导方法

提出了一种基于晶闸管控制的串连电容器(thyristor controlled series capacitor,TCSC)技术和粒子群优化算法的电力系统阻塞疏导方法。首先根据线路灵敏度分析确定安装TCSC的线路;然后提出了电力市场环境下电网中含有TCSC装置的阻塞疏导计算数学模型;最后运用粒子群优化算法对这一数学模型进行参数优化,达到疏导电网阻塞的目的。IEEE 14节点系统算例表明,基于TCSC技术进行电网阻塞疏导是有效、合理的。     

Transmission congestion management in an electricity market

Managing transmission congestion in an unbundled electric power system poses a challenge to an independent system operator (ISO). This paper considers an open transmission dispatch environment in which pool and bilateral/multilateral dispatches coexist and proceeds to develop a congestion management strategy for this scenario. Prioritization of electricity transactions and related curtailment strategies are explored and a mechanism for coordination between market participants to achieve additional economic advantages is described     

考虑不平衡资金处理的电力市场结算机制研究

针对我国双轨制下双边电力市场电能电费疏导、不平衡费用分摊等关键问题,利用“日前基准、实时差量、合约差价”双结算体系实现合约市场与现货市场的耦合结算,考虑应承担责任主体构建不平衡资金分摊/返还模型,设计考虑不平衡资金处理的双边现货市场结算机制,并以浙江省电力市场进行仿真分析。算例结果证明了该结算机制的合理性,有效的电费结算体系可以提高发用主体参与电力市场的积极性,为双轨制下双边电力市场结算提供相关参考建议。     

电力市场联营-双边交易模式下的阻塞费用分摊

针对联营-双边交易模式电力市场的特点和我国处于电力市场改革初期的具体情况,提出了一种新的阻塞费用分摊方法,即首先按照约束分配系数将系统阻塞费用分摊到阻塞线路,然后利用潮流追踪方法得出各市场成员对阻塞线路的利用程度,最后将线路阻塞费用分摊给全部市场成员。5节点系统算例结果表明,该方法能够正确有效地分摊市场成员的阻塞费用。     

An optimal pricing scheme in electricity markets by parallelizing security constrained optimal power flow based market-clearing model

To improve economic efficiency of electricity markets, the market-clearing model must be designed to give transparent information for pricing system security and to quantify the correlation between the market operations and the power systems operations, which is an immensely provocative and challenging issue in electricity markets. This paper sets out to propose a novel approach to pricing the system security by parallelizing the security constrained optimal power flow (SCOPF) based market-clearing model, while providing market solutions as a function of complying with the required voltage security margin and N-1 contingency criteria. The proposed SCOPF based market-clearing framework also takes into consideration the bilateral transaction information and, at the same time, optimal pricing expressions through computing locational marginal prices (LMPs) and nodal congestion prices (NCPs) for ensuring voltage security are derived. The results from a 129-bus model of the Italian HV transmission system turn out to be the validity of the proposed market-clearing model for managing and pricing the system security.     

New secure bilateral transaction determination and study of pattern under contingencies and UPFC in competitive hybrid electricity markets

In the competitive electricity environment, the flexibility of power transactions is expected to drastically increase among the trading partners and can compromise the system security and reliability. These transactions are to be evaluated ahead of their scheduling in a day-ahead and hour-ahead market to avoid congestion and ensure their feasibility with respect to the system operating conditions. The security of the transactions has become essential in the new environment for better planning and management of competitive electricity markets. This paper proposes a new method of secure bilateral transaction determination using AC distribution factors based on the full Jacobian sensitivity and considering the impact of slack bus for pool and bilateral coordinated markets. The secure bilateral transactions have also been determined considering critical line outage contingencies cases. The bilateral transaction matrix pattern has also been determined in the presence of unified power flow controller (UPFC). The optimal location of UPFC has been determined using mixed integer non-linear programming approach. The proposed technique has been applied on IEEE 24-bus reliability test system (RTS).     

计及风险的输配分离电力市场供电公司最优竞价策略

供电公司在采取竞价策略时面临着一定的风险,这种风险来自于联营体下网电量不足而造成对终端用户售电收入的大幅减少,或者联营体下网电量过多使得供电公司向联营体付出不必要的高额购电费用。针对基于联营体的输配分离电力市场,在假设的联营体现货交易规则的前提下,构造了计及风险的供电公司最优竞价策略的模型框架,给出了直接优化方法对模型进行求解。最后,以有3家供电公司、3家大用户、3家发电公司参与的现货市场为例,用仿真结果数据说明了所提出的供电公司竞价策略模型的基本特征。     

Comparison of Sen Transformer and UPFC for congestion management in hybrid electricity markets

Congestion management (CM) is one of the most important and challenging tasks of the Independent System Operator (ISO) in the deregulated environment. Recently, Sen Transformer (ST) has emerged as an important power flow control device which has the capability of power flow control over a wide range like UPFC. This device with a conventional transformer and tap changers has the capability of bidirectional control of active and reactive power and can play a very important role in future markets for mitigating the congestion problems. In this paper, the capability of ST has been utilized to manage transmission line congestion for hybrid based electricity market model. The main contribution of the paper is: (i) to develop an optimal rescheduling of generators strategy for real time congestion management and impact of ST for congestion management, (ii) the comparison of ST with unified power flow controller (UPFC) for congestion management, (iii) the secure bilateral transactions determination in a hybrid market model and congestion management with both power flow controllers in combined pool and bilateral market model. The optimal location of ST and UPFC has been obtained solving mixed integer non-linear programming model of congestion management. The proposed model has been applied for results on IEEE 24-bus RTS test system.     

电力市场中的交易模式和传输拥挤管理

分析和比较了电力市场中两种典型交易模式——联营交易模式和双边合同交易模式的特点,举例讨论了不同模式下的传输拥挤管理,提出了一种新的联营交易模式下的传输拥挤管理方案。该方案将交易盈余通过传输拥挤合同的方式对受损失的电厂和用户进行补偿。最后还分析了我国近期发电侧电力市场下传输拥挤管理的一些特点。     

Analysis and decomposition of active and reactive power spot price in deregulated electricity markets

Electricity markets have suffered important modifications in recent decades in many countries, in which a competition framework has been established with the aim of improving market efficiency and reducing energy prices. However, this new paradigm does not assure optimal solutions, as new constraints can be introduced in optimization processes that can affect the resulting prices. An example of this situation is the establishment of power purchase agreements between producers and consumers. A wide literature can be found regarding electricity markets. Some of this literature refers to the theory of spot prices and its application to them. This paper deals with the obtaining, decomposition and deduction of behavior rules of spot prices, and their influence on established contractual relationships in a deregulated market environment which allows power purchase agreements between consumers and producers. It is performed by a deterministic modeling of the complete generation-grid system. The influence of the existence of this kind of agreements on both total costs and spot prices is discussed.     

Combined pool/bilateral dispatch. I. Performance of tradingstrategies

This three-paper series deals with the dispatch of power networks under mixed pool/bilateral trading. The major questions examined are (i) to what degree does the relative level of pool versus bilateral trading influence performance in terms of individual power levels, costs, prices, revenues and expenditures; (ii) what is the comparative performance of mixed trading with firm and nonfirm bilateral contracts under various curtailment strategies; and (iii) is the revenue derived from the pool and bilateral trading consistent with the corresponding unbundled costs? The above issues are sequentially addressed in each of the three parts. The eventual goal of these results is to help generator and load-serving entities choose appropriate relative levels of pool versus bilateral trades while considering risk, economic performance, as well as physical constraints. This paper proposes a one-step optimal power flow model that dispatches the pool in combination with the privately negotiated bilateral contracts while minimizing cost and accounting for both losses and congestion. In part I, notions of pool/bilateral demand and generation as well as a number of technical and economic performance measures for each competing entity are defined. This dissection of total and individual financial measures according to pool or bilateral trading allows the market participant to evaluate the profitability of each component of its chosen pool/bilateral mix. A number of simulation results illustrate the effect of varying the relative levels of pool/bilateral trading on the values of individual performance measures     

A proposal for investment recovery of FACTS devices in deregulated electricity markets

The paper presents a methodology to quantify the benefits, in terms of monetary values, of FACTS devices when used in deregulated electricity market for congestion management. The proposed methodology is used in the proposal for investment recovery of FACTS devices. Despite the long history of development and mature technology, the practical installations of FACTS devices are still limited. The main reasons for few installations are high investment cost and lack of viable measures to quantify the long list of benefits offered by FACTS device. In this respect, the methodology proposed in the paper provides a promising solution. The proposed methodology is based on establishing pricing schemes with and without FACTS devices using OPF formulation. The volume of market with FACTS devices and the increase in surplus due to them forms the basis of quantifying their benefits. The pricing scheme does not destroy the incentive effect in short run and also makes possible the provision of merchant FACTS. The proposed concept was tested and validated with TCSC in five-bus test system. Result shows that, when TCSC is used to relieve congestion in the system and the investment on TCSC can be recovered.     

一种综合阻塞成本分摊与金融输电权的阻塞管理方法

在电力市场环境中,将阻塞成本的合理分摊与一种新型的金融输电权相结合以进行阻塞管理。在两个电流分解公理的基础上,分三种不同的网络情况阐明了阻塞成本分别在发电侧和用户侧分摊的思想。提出的新型金融输电权,没有容量大小的区别,也没有输电权数量的限制,购买价格完全由交易商自己决定,交易结束后按各交易商当初的输电权购买价格来进行阻塞补偿费用结算。通过建立阻塞基金池,使得规避阻塞风险的金融补偿金有了具体的来源,因此,输电权的具体实施变得真正可行。