Improvement of synchronizing power and damping power by means of SSSC and STATCOM: A comparative study

This paper examines the influence of Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) and STATic synchronous COMpensator (STATCOM) on the synchronizing power and damping power of a single-machine infinite bus system. The main function of SSSC is to compensate for the voltage drop across the impedance transmission line while the STATCOM provides voltage support at the point of connection at the transmission line. Beside their main function, SSSC and STATCOM can also be used to improve the synchronizing power and damping power, which in turns improve the small signal stability of power systems and thus more power can be transmitted. The SSSC has two modes of operation: (1) constant reactance mode and (2) constant quadrature voltage mode. It was shown that SSSC provides higher synchronizing and damping powers when operated in constant reactance mode than constant quadrature voltage mode. Comparing SSSC with STATCOM, the SSSC, in constant reactance mode, has been found to provide higher synchronizing and damping powers than the STATCOM. However, the STATCOM provides higher synchronizing and damping power than the SSSC when it operates on constant quadrature voltage mode.     

Optimal control schemes for SSSC for dynamic series compensation

This paper presents two novel control schemes for static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) for dynamic series compensation and voltage regulation. The SSSC model comprises a harmonic neutralized multilevel 48 pulse voltage source converter. This paper investigates two novel control schemes for optimal series compensation, which are indirect control (constant reactance control) and direct control (constant voltage control) using pulse width modulation (PWM) switching techniques. The proposed model of SSSC within the power system is performed in Matlab/Simulink using the power system blockset. The performance of the SSSC schemes connected to the 230 kV grid is evaluated in both capacitive and inductive modes of operation under load excursions. The operation of the proposed controllers is also tested in a weak power in order to compare their performance for securing SSSC stability in response to system contingencies.     

Robust coordinated design of multiple and multi-type damping controller using differential evolution algorithm

A robust coordination scheme to improve the stability of a power system by optimal design of multiple and multi-type damping controllers is presented in this paper. The controllers considered are power system stabilizer (PSS) and static synchronous series compensator (SSSC)-based controller. Local measurements are provided as input signals to all the controllers. The coordinated design problem is formulated as an optimization problem and differential evolution (DE) algorithm is employed to search for the optimal controller parameters. The performance of the proposed controllers is evaluated for both single-machine infinite-bus power system and multi-machine power system. Nonlinear simulation results are presented over a wide range of loading conditions and system configurations to show the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed coordinated design approach. It is observed that the proposed controllers provide efficient damping to power system oscillations under a wide range of operating conditions and under various disturbances. Further, simulation results show that, in a multi-machine power system, the modal oscillations are effectively damped by the proposed approach.     

利用SSSC装置抑制电力系统低频振荡的研究

研究了电力系统低频振荡及其产生机理,并理论分析了静止同步串联补偿器(SSSC)对抑制电力系统低频振荡的作用。建立包含SSSC的单机无穷大系统的数学模型,推导该模型的非线性动态方程。利用在稳定运行点线性化的方法,以SSSC输出电压的相角和幅值调制系数为控制变量,设计了SSSC的暂态控制器,并将其用于提高系统阻尼,抑制电力系统低频振荡。在Matlab/Simulink中搭建包含SSSC的单机无穷大系统及暂态控制器的模型进行仿真验证,结果表明理论分析的正确性以及所提出的暂态控制策略的有效性。     

Novel reactive power controllers for the STATCOM and SSSC

The paper investigates the dynamic operation of both static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) and static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) based on a new model comprising full 48-pulse GTO voltage source converter for combined reactive power compensation and voltage stabilization of the electric grid network. These key FACTS devices are power electronic GTO converters connected in parallel or series with the power system grid and are controlled by novel decoupled controllers. The complete digital simulation of the STATCOM and SSSC within the power system is performed in the MATLAB/Simulink environment using the power system blockset (PSB). The STATCOM scheme and the electric grid network are modeled by specific electric blocks from the power system blockset while the control system is modeled using Simulink. Two novel controllers for the STATCOM and SSSC are presented in this paper based on a decoupled current control strategy to ensure stable operation of the STATCOM under various load excursions. A novel control scheme for the static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) is also implemented to provide a full controllable series compensating (buck/boost) injected voltage over a specified capacitive and inductive range, independently of the magnitude of the transmission line current. The series reactive compensation scheme with an external dc power supply can also compensate for any voltage drops across resistive component of the transmission line impedance. The novel decoupled controller uses a phase locked loop (PLL) with a novel reduced inherent time delay to improve the transient performance of the SSSC. The performance of both STATCOM and SSSC schemes connected to the 230 kV grid are evaluated. The proposed novel control schemes for the STATCOM and SSSC are fully validated by digital simulation.     

Stabilizing control of variable impedance power systems: Applications to variable series capacitor systems

In future electric power systems, it will be very important to utilize existing ac networks more effectively with the help of power electronics technology. It has become clear that various types of apparatus utilizing such power electronics technologies as variable series capacitors (VSrC) and high-speed phase shifters (HSPS) can improve transient stability and damping in one-machine, infinite-bus power systems. This paper presents a novel control scheme for variable impedance apparatus such as VSrC and HSPS devices in multi-machine power systems. First, this paper describes a comprehensive approach for control design of VSrC and HSPS apparatus. The proposed control scheme is based on the energy function of multi-machine power systems. The controllers are designed so that the time derivative of the energy function has a smaller negative value than that without controllers. In this sense, the present method assures the improvement of first-swing stability and damping. Next, the proposed control scheme is applied to VSrC apparatus. Digital simulations and eigenvalue analysis are conducted for a three-machine loop system and a five-machine radial system to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. The results make it clear that the proposed controllers for VSrC can significantly improve both the transient stability and the steady-state stability of power systems.     

静止同步串联补偿器的原理及其补偿模式研究

详细分析了SSSC的工作原理及其对电力系统的作用。只考虑基波分量,推导出含有SSSC装置输电系统的有功功率和无功功率的表达式,定量的分析了SSSC装置对输电系统潮流的调节作用。介绍了SSSC装置的两种补偿模式：恒阻抗补偿模式和恒电压补偿模式,并分别给出了在两种补偿模式下系统的控制框图。     

静止同步串联补偿器变参数非线性暂态稳定控制器的设计

静态同步串联补偿器(SSSC)对发电机暂态电动势、转子角速度等的直接影响为阻尼电力系统低频振荡提供了可能。文章在电力系统转子运动方程中计及了SSSC的作用,提出了SSSC的自适应变参数非线性控制方法。以SSSC 注入电压的相角和幅值调制系数为控制变量,在电力系统分析综合程序(PSASP)中利用用户自定义模型和程序接口(UD&UPI)建立了SSSC的暂态控制器,并利用EPRI-7 节点系统进行了暂态仿真,仿真结果验证了文中控制方法抑制低频振荡的有效性。     

级联式SSSC上层非线性控制方法

为了优化系统潮流,提高系统稳定性,提出了当静止同步串联补偿器(SSSC)中层采用恒阻抗控制时的SSSC上层非线性控制方法,给出了基于电压源型逆变器(VSC)的无功补偿装置分层控制结构。通过分层控制结构及直接求解方法的应用,简化了基于微分几何理论的反馈精确线性化方法应用于SSSC非线性控制策略的求解过程;结合线性最优控制理论,将基于微分几何理论的精确线性化方法应用于SSSC控制,并应用实时数学仿真器(RTDS)建立了包括SSSC主电路结构、底层调制算法等在内的单机无穷大系统的详细的电磁暂态模型。仿真验证了提出的分层控制结构的可行性及非线性控制方法的有效性。     

Comparative performance evaluation of SMES-SMES, TCPS-SMES and SSSC-SMES controllers in automatic generation control for a two-area hydro-hydro system

This paper presents the automatic generation control (AGC) of an interconnected two-area multiple-unit hydro-hydro system. As an interconnected power system is subjected to load disturbances with changing frequency in the vicinity of the inter-area oscillation mode, system frequency may be severely disturbed and oscillating. To compensate for such load disturbances and stabilize the area frequency oscillations, the dynamic power flow control of static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) or Thyristor Controlled Phase Shifters (TCPS) in coordination with superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) are proposed. SMES-SMES coordination is also studied for the same. The effectiveness of proposed frequency controllers are guaranteed by analyzing the transient performance of the system with varying load patterns, different system parameters and in the event of temporary/permanent tie-line outage. Gains of the integral controllers and parameters of SSSC, TCPS and SMES are optimized with an improved version of particle swarm optimization, called as craziness-based particle swarm optimization (CRPSO) developed by the authors. The performance of CRPSO is compared to that of real coded genetic algorithm (RGA) to establish its optimization superiority.     

Synchronous generator control using neural network-based nonlinear adaptive regulator

Control equipment of synchronous generators such as automatic voltage regulators, speed governors and power system stabilizers have been developed to maintain stability and to improve damping of power systems. When an operating condition changes greatly, however, such controllers may become less effective because of nonlinearity of the power system. In this paper, a nonlinear adaptive generator control system using neural networks is proposed. The proposed neurocontrol system consists of two neural networks which work as an identifier and a controller, respectively, and generates supplementary control signals to the conventional controllers. An essential feature of the proposed system is that the internal connection weights of both neural networks are adjusted adaptively so as to generate appropriate control signals for transient stability and damping enhancement in response to changes of the operating conditions and the network configuration. To investigate the control performance of the proposed neurocontrol system, digital time simulations are carried out for a one-machine infinite bus model system. As a result, it is clarified that the proposed adaptive neurocontrol system effectively improves the system damping and shows adaptability against the wide changes of the operating conditions.     

Small-signal modeling and parametric sensitivity of a virtual synchronous machine in islanded operation

The concept of Virtual Synchronous Machines (VSMs) is emerging as a flexible approach for controlling power electronic converters in grid-connected as well as in stand-alone or microgrid applications. Several VSM implementations have been proposed, with the emulation of inertia and damping of a traditional Synchronous Machine (SM) as their common feature. This paper investigates a VSM implementation based on a Voltage Source Converter (VSC), where a virtual swing equation provides the phase orientation of cascaded voltage and current controllers in a synchronous reference frame. The control system also includes a virtual impedance and an outer loop frequency droop controller which is functionally equivalent to the governor of a traditional SM. The inherent capability of the investigated VSM implementation to operate in both grid-connected and islanded mode is demonstrated by numerical simulations. Then, a linearized small-signal model of the VSM operated in islanded mode while feeding a local load is developed and verified by comparing its dynamic response to the time-domain simulation of a nonlinear system model. Finally, this small-signal model is applied to identify the dominant modes of the system and to investigate their parametric sensitivity.     

Improved synergetic excitation control for transient stability enhancement and voltage regulation of power systems

This paper proposes decentralized improved synergetic excitation controllers (ISEC) for synchronous generators to enhance transient stability and obtain satisfactory voltage regulation performance of power systems. Each generator is considered as a subsystem, for which an ISEC is designed. According to the control objectives, a manifold, which is a linear combination of the deviation of generator terminal voltage, rotor speed and active power, is chosen for the design of ISEC. Compared with the conventional synergetic excitation controller (CSEC), a parameter adaptation scheme is proposed for updating the controller parameter online in order to improve the transient stability and voltage regulation performance simultaneously under various operating conditions. Case studies are undertaken on a single-machine infinite-bus power system and a two-area four-machine power system, respectively. Simulation results show the ISEC can provide better damping and voltage regulation performance, compared with the CSEC without parameter adaptation scheme and the conventional power system stabilizer.     

A simplified nonlinear controller for transient stability enhancement of multimachine power systems using SSSC device

In this paper, a simplified nonlinear method is proposed to enhance the transient stability of multimachine power system by using a Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC). The rate of dissipation of transient energy is used to determine the additional damping provided by a SSSC. The proposed algorithm is based on the direct Lyapunov method. The simplicity of the proposed scheme and its robustness with respect to large disturbances constitute the main positive features. Simulation results in the case of 3-machines power system show the effectiveness of the proposed method under large disturbances (3-phase and single phase short-circuits).     

Fault-Tolerant Optimal Neurocontrol for a Static Synchronous Series Compensator Connected to a Power Network

This paper proposes a novel fault-tolerant optimal neurocontrol scheme (FTONC) for a static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) connected to a multimachine benchmark power system. The dual heuristic programming technique and radial basis function neural networks are used to design a nonlinear optimal neurocontroller (NONC) for the external control of the SSSC. Compared to the conventional external linear controller, the NONC improves the damping performance of the SSSC. The internal control of the SSSC is achieved by a conventional linear controller. A sensor evaluation and (missing sensor) restoration scheme (SERS) is designed by using the autoassociative neural networks and particle swarm optimization. This SERS provides a set of fault-tolerant measurements to the SSSC controllers, and therefore, guarantees a fault-tolerant control for the SSSC. The proposed FTONC is verified by simulation studies in the PSCAD/EMTDC environment.      

Use of IPFC Detailed Dynamic Model for Analysis of Power Flow Control and Small-Signal Stability Enhancement

This paper presents a study of the power flow control capability of the interline power flow controller (IPFC) and its effect on small-signal stability enhancement. A detailed dynamic model of IPFC suitable for power system electromechanical stability analysis is developed in this paper. The power flow control capability of the proportional-integral (PI) controllers and their effect on power oscillation damping are evaluated first, and modal analysis of the power system is carried out to demonstrate their effectiveness in small-signal stability enhancement. Then the eigenvalue sensitivity based parameter optimization technique is adopted to optimize the control parameters of PI controllers in order to stabilize the oscillatory modes having insufficient damping ratios. Numerical simulation results demonstrate that the IPFC with the proposed control is an effective tool for power flow control and small-signal stability enhancement, and the optimized PI controllers also have a positive effect on improving the performance of IPFC in power flow control. Copyright © 2009 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

含HVDC的电力系统次同步振荡参数稳定域的可视化分析

采用特征值分析法研究交直流电力系统中HVDC换流器控制对次同步振荡(SSO)模态阻尼的影响。利用MATLAB的数值计算和数据可视化能力，计算并在三维空间绘制了SSO模态阻尼相对于整流器控制参数平面的轨迹曲面，并提出一种可视化描述SSO参数稳定域的巧妙方法。发现各SSO模态都有一条最佳的模态阻尼脊线，阻尼不是分别随整流控制器增益和时间常数单调变化的。因此，减小时间常数和提高增益可以从参数不稳定域到达参数稳定域或者远离参数不稳定域，有利于提高鲁棒稳定性，但并不总是有利于改善SSO模态阻尼。     

成碧线220 kV可控串补系统的控制策略和系统试验

采用可控串联补偿（TCSC）可以提高长距离弱联系系统的电网输送能力、阻尼系统低频振荡、提高系统稳定性。合理的控制策略能使TCSC产生更有效的作用。成碧线220 kV的TCSC系统控制策略主要针对电力系统的暂态稳定和阻尼振荡2个阶段进行设计,其控制器主要由阻抗控制环节、阻尼控制环节、暂态稳定控制环节以及保护环节、延时环节组成。系统试验证明:成碧线220 kV的TCSC装置能够平滑、快速地进行阻抗调节,有效阻尼系统低频振荡,提高系统稳定性。     

静止同步串联补偿器的机电暂态建模

提出了一种适用于大规模电力系统暂态稳定性分析的静止同步串联补偿器(static synchronous series compensator,SSSC)机电暂态建模方法。该方法通过合理假设,根据SSSC的数学模型和机电暂态特性,在考虑SSSC直流电压动态过程的前提下建立了SSSC的机电暂态模型。首先,根据SSSC的对外特性建立SSSC的交流侧模型;其次,根据SSSC的自身约束,通过合理假设建立SSSC的直流侧模型;在此基础上,模块化设计了其控制器模型和调制环节模型。仿真结果表明,该模型能较好地呈现SSSC的动态特性,适用于SSSC接入大规模电网时分析其对电力系统暂态稳定性的影响。     

Using a FACTS device controlled by a decentralised control law to damp the transient frequency deviation in a deregulated electric power system

In a deregulated electric power system, energy exchanges may exist depending on load following contracts between agents belonging to different areas. As direct consequence of this, the need may arise for new control apparatus and new effective control laws that favour power flows along specific corridors.In such a context, in the paper a great interest has been devoted to the use of FACTS devices to improve the load–frequency control of the system. Indeed, FACTS devices can regulate the power flow in a transmission line, also improving both transient and dynamic stability.This paper then proposes a method based on the application of the overlapping decomposition technique, to design a decentralised control law of a SSSC device. The principal idea is so to decompose a multi-area power system into two decoupled subsystems. The SSSC represents the former subsystem, while the latter is made up of the whole multi-area power system with inside the conventional controllers. As a consequence, each subsystem may be considered as independent. Greater simplicity hence results in designing decentralised optimal control laws for each of them with respect to a defined performance index.In the paper, in order to verify the validity of the proposed method, some numerical tests are carried out.