浅析社区会所火灾应急照明强起的设计

结合一社区会所案例,阐述火灾应急照明强起设计存在的误区及正确实施的必要性,对如何可靠及时的实现火灾应急照明的设计与投入运用提出一些需要注意的问题,以飨读者。     

Influence of fire source locations on the actuation of wet-type sprinklers in an office fire

An experiment is conducted on a full-scale model office and an actual sprinkler system to explore the influence of fire source locations on sprinkler actuation. The office space is a brick structure that measures 5.7 m in interior length, 4.7 m in width and 2.4 m in ceiling height, and equipped with a sprinkler system. The investigated fire source (100 kW LPG burner) locations include the room center, wall centers, room corner, and other locations at different distances from sprinklers. The results show that actuation of the sprinklers is affected by the fire source locations and the heat conduction properties of the glass temperature-sensing bulb. Average actuation time of all the tests is 102 s, around 40 s faster than if the fire source is located in the room center. For fire sources in corners, sprinklers are quickly activated at the experimental time 75 s, showing concentrated hot gas flow.     

建筑消防设计审核及相关问题研究

伴随着改革开放的日益发展,社会经济进行着飞速地增长,建筑工程消防设计越来越重要,但从目前来看其问题已日益突出。文章从建筑工程消防设计审核的必要性出发,浅析建筑工程消防设计需要审核的内容及若干在审核过程中易忽视的问题,提出一些个人总结的经验。以便能够引起大家的注意,避免在审核工作中出现类似的错误。     

Axial restraint effects on the fire resistance of composite columns encasing I-section steel

This paper presents an experimental study of the axial restraint effect on fire resistance of four unprotected encased I-section composite columns. Axial restraints were applied to simulate thermal restraints from adjoining cool structures onto a heated composite column in a compartment. These real-sized 3.54 m long columns were subjected to concentric axial force at a load ratio of 0.7 at normal ambient temperature. Different degrees of axial restraint are investigated. An electric furnace was used to apply four-face heating condition on the columns for approximating a realistic fire scenario. All columns failed in flexural buckling mode. In the later part of the paper, finite element simulations were conducted to compare with test results. Numerical predictions of both temperature distribution and structural response during heating agree reasonably well with experimental data. Both test results and numerical analyses show that axial restraint significantly reduces the column fire resistance. Moreover, it was also observed that during heating all specimens underwent concrete spalling at mid-height, which noticeably decreased the fire resistance. Column critical times are also predicted according to Eurocode 4 Part 1.2, which are consistently shorter than the numerical predictions.     

浅谈转变消防监督管理模式与落实单位消防安全主体责任

消防工作的原则是政府统一领导、部门依法监管、单位全面负责、公民积极参与,但部门如何依法监管、单位如何全面负责是一直以来难以真正解决的难题.消防监督机构与单位之间是监督与被监督的关系,是既矛盾又统一的关系.做好消防安全工作不单要落实好单位消防安全主体责任,还要在消防安全监督管理上下功夫.但当前的消防监督管理模式已不适应推动单位落实消防安全主体责任的需要.因此只有转变消防监督管理方式和模式,引导和督促单位切实落实好消防安全主体责任、重视消防安全,才能真正推动消防安全工作健康可持续发展.     

雷士德工学院消防安全调研报告

先简要介绍雷士德工学院的历史背景,通过对雷士德工学院旧址的消防安全调研,分析建筑设计之初的消防安全和功能转型为海员医院后的消防措施;再介绍建筑在2008年和2014年的两次消防改造,并提出目前建筑存在的消防安全隐患;最后总结,虽然建筑消防设施较为完善,但仍要加强管理,对建筑不安全之处进一步改善。     

智能建筑合理采用消防设计探讨

智能建筑是处在高度发展中的新兴建筑,如何使其建筑设计、智能化设备与消防设计有机合理的结合是个重要课题。为提高智能化建筑防御火灾性能,本文从人员疏散、防排烟、火势控制、信息传递共享等方面入手,提出智能建筑合理采用消防设计的一些要点,起到有效提升智能建筑防御火灾能力的作用。     

网格化在消防防火安全管理中的重要作用研究

火灾事故对于人民群众的生命安全以及社会财产资源有着极为重大的影响,一旦发生重大的火灾事故,将会对社会各界造成不可估计的损失.因此,急需加强消防防火安全管理.文章主要围绕网格化管理进行分析与研讨,提出网格化管理的基本内涵,阐述网格化在消防防火安全管理中的重要作用,并探究网格化管理在消防防火安全管理应用中所存在的问题,提出网格化管理应当如何改进.     

汽车4S店建筑钢结构防火保护设计的研究

基于汽车4S店钢结构建筑在不同火灾场景下的火灾蔓延及烟气温度分布的特点,采用经验公式计算火灾环境中钢构件的温度,分析火灾情况下裸露的钢结构是否需要防火保护以及如何进行保护,以验证防火设计保护区域。     

Evaluation of a data-driven wildland fire spread forecast model with spatially-distributed parameter estimation in simulations of the FireFlux I field-scale experiment

The general objective of this research is to develop a prototype data-driven wildland fire spread simulator, called FIREFLY, using an ensemble-based data assimilation approach with the objective to forecast the location and speed of the fire. The specific focus of the present study is on evaluating the new features of FIREFLY at field scale in a controlled grassland fire experiment known as FireFlux I. FIREFLY features the following components: an Eulerian front-tracking solver that treats the fire as a propagating front and uses Rothermel's model for the rate of spread (ROS); a series of observations of the fire front position (based here on high-resolution fireline data previously generated by validated numerical simulations); and a data assimilation algorithm based on an ensemble Kalman filter configured in a parameter estimation mode to address model bias and uncertainties in the input data to the ROS model. In this work, FIREFLY is modified to allow for an estimation of spatially-distributed surface wind speed and direction. To generate a reliable ensemble and ensure an accurate correction, the ensemble Kalman filter requires sampling truncated probability density functions as well as localizing, i.e., dynamically selecting the areas where the wind parameters are corrected. Results show that the spatialized parameter estimation approach allows for a successful reconstruction of observed fireline position and shape as well as a substantial improvement in the forecast performance compared to the standalone fire spread model. Results also show that the inferred wind parameters may not be accurate and should be viewed as effective values that incorporate multiple sources of uncertainties. Developing a better representation of fire-wind interactions is thus viewed as a key aspect to improve the FIREFLY forecast capability.     

GisFFE—an integrated software system for the dynamic simulation of fires following an earthquake based on GIS

Fires following earthquake (FFE) are dangerous secondary disasters occurring after large earthquakes, leading to severe property and life losses in certain cities with dense wooden buildings. In order to explore the complicated behavior of fire-spread and to assess the fire-induced losses after a large earthquake scenario, an integrated software system based on GIS (called GisFFE) was developed to perform a dynamic simulation of FFE. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the details of GisFFE, including its architecture, models and simulation flow, and to present a case study. The architecture of GisFFE consists of 4 components: an urban geo-database, a model library, a simulation center and outputs. The urban geo-database provides basic spatial and statistical data used in the GIS platform for FFE simulation; the model library contains three sub-models (ignition, fire-spread and fire-suppression models), which correspond to the three key stages involved in FFE; the simulation center serves as an operation center that integrates data and models; after the simulation is complete, statistical maps and charts are the resulting output.     

Experimental study of the effects of a thermal plume entrainment mode on the flow structure: Application to fire

The aim of this work is to experimentally simulate two heat sources of fire, one placed at ground level, the other at a height above the ground, in order to determine the effect of source air entrainment on the resulting flow structure. The development of a free thermal plume was examined by generating a plume produced from an electrically heated disk at a constant temperature. We first studied the behavior of a thermal plume induced by a disk embedded in a horizontal plate placed at the level of the ground. This configuration ensured a regular lateral entrainment of air to the plume. The analysis of the average fields as well as the axial evolution of velocity and temperature showed an important widening of the profiles that encouraged a faster spread of the plume. We then determined the structure of the thermal plume generated by the same source placed at a height above the ground, ensuring simultaneous vertical and lateral entrainment of air into the resulting plume.     

图书馆建筑消防安全分级方法研究

在建立一般建筑消防安全分级系统的基础上,建立了适合图书馆建筑的消防安全分级系统.依据层次分析--模糊综合评判法对分级系统中不可定量的准则层采用传统的专家打分的方法确定权重,对其中最具决定意义的两个可定量的建筑及其构造和安全疏散系统准则层分别利用火灾模拟软件FDS和疏散模拟软件EVACNET4确定其权重.在计算结果的基础上,利用等级参数评判法建立了图书馆建筑消防安全分级评定表.     

如何加强消防战训工作提升灭火救援效能

文章通过分析影响灭火救援工作的因素,结合消防指战员战训工作以及灭火救援过程中出现的一些常见的问题,就如何提高执行工作效率、提升消防指战员灭火救援的工作效能,进行相关方法研究.     

消防火灾调查取证的难点及解决策略探讨

消防火灾调查取证是一项具有政治、法律、技术和职业性的工作,收集证据是这项工作的核心.加强专业技能,进行深入调查,全面,控制火灾,调查取证,应秉持客观性、合法性、相关性的原则,收集证据材料,进行基础研究.严格地按照调查取证的程序和流程进行,为了提高取证的水平和效率,要加强调查人员的综合素质,在维护当事人合法权益的同时,积极地推动我国消防火灾事故调查的发展.     

The effect of crude oil pollution and subsequent fire on the engineering properties of soils in the Niger Delta

The Niger Delta is a major area of crude oil exploration, exploitation and processing. This brief paper reports laboratory tests on polluted and unpolluted soils following an oil blow-out and fire outbreak and concludes that the effects were minimal.      

火源尺寸对地铁隧道火灾临界风速的影响

以地铁区间隧道为研究对象,考虑有无列车两种情况,采用火灾动力学模拟软件FDS 5.5.3对不同火源尺寸条件下控制地铁隧道火灾烟气不向上游蔓延的临界风速进行数值模拟。结果表明:火源功率一定时,有无列车情况下火源高度、长度及宽度均对临界风速产生影响。无列车时,临界风速随着火源高度、长度、宽度的增加逐渐减小;有列车时,临界风速随着火源高度、宽度的增加先增大后减小,随着火源长度的增大而递减。     

大型医疗建筑消防安全管理现状及对策研究

大型医疗建筑具有人员密集、设备先进、功能分区多等特点,一旦发生火灾很容易造成重大人员伤亡和巨大的经济损失.文章将从当前大型医疗建筑的日常消防安全管理问题出发,对其进行深入分析,并为加强消防管理提出相应的应对策略,以供参考.     

关于新时期提升消防后勤保障能力的要点思考

消防工作的实施,可以有效保障人们的生命财产安全,针对人为或者自然灾害进行有效预防和控制,促进社会的稳定发展.由于消防工作具有一定的特殊性,需要调用大量的人员和物资,因此应该全面做好后勤保障工作,为抗灾救奠定基础.然而,在当前后勤保障体系建设中仍旧存在诸多问题,导致在实践工作中遇到阻碍,不利于人员和物资的及时供应.文章对消防后勤保障工作的特点进行了分析,提出了消防后勤保障工作中的问题及原因、探索新时期提升消防后勤保障能力的要点.     

Study on fire resistance of circular hollow section (CHS) T-joint stiffened with internal rings

This paper aims to study the fire resistant performance of circular hollow section (CHS) T-joint stiffened with internal rings under axial compression at elevated temperatures. Experimental study and finite element analysis are combined to carry out the investigation. Two full-scale tubular joints, one is un-stiffened and the other is stiffened with ring-stiffeners, are designed and tested. A constant axial loading is applied at brace end of the joints firstly, and then the joints are heated in accordance with ISO 834 standard heating curve uniformly in an electric heating furnace until failure. It is found that the internal rings enhance the fire resistant performance of CHS T-joint by decreasing the temperature of chord efficiently and prolonging the fire-resistant time. Sequentially, the corresponding finite element models of the two joints are built on basis of the experiments by employing sequentially coupled thermal-stress method. By comparing with the experimental data including temperatures of chord and brace and displacements of crown, saddle and brace end, the finite element models are verified to be accurate and reliable. And then numerical analysis is conducted to investigate the reinforcing efficiency of ring-stiffeners and impact of geometrical parameters (β and γ) on the fire resistant performance of the stiffened joints by adopting the verified modeling method. It is summarized that the failure mode converts with geometrical dimensions of ring-stiffener and geometrical parameters of tubular joint changing.