Stochastic modelling of aggregated thermal loads for impact analysis of demand side frequency regulation in the case of Sardinia in 2020

This paper proposes a model of the thermal dynamics and of the end-use of domestic refrigerators (fridges) and water heaters (boilers) in the foretasted scenario of the Sardinian electric network in 2020. This model is employed to evaluate the potential variations of power demand of the aggregates of fridges and boilers during one year in the considered scenario. The resulting quantities can be considered as a form of power reserves to be used for contributing to the frequency regulation through a proper demand side response strategy. The particular case of the system for frequency control proposed by the European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity (ENTSO-E) is then analysed by simulations in order to show advantages and drawbacks.     

A nonlinear control method for price-based demand response program in smart grid

This paper proposes a price-based demand response program by the nonlinear control method. The demand response program is formulated as a nonlinear power management system with price feedback. We give the conditions of the price parameters for both the global asymptotic stability of the system and the social welfare optimality of the equilibrium point. Furthermore, the system is shown to be input-to-state (ISS) stable when there are additive disturbances on the power measurements and the price, and the discrete-time implementation of the power management system is given. Simulation results demonstrate the balance between supply and demand and the stability of the system with and without disturbances.     

Regulation quality for frequency response of turbine regulating system of isolated hydroelectric power plant with surge tank

Aiming at the isolated hydroelectric power plant (HPP) with surge tank, this paper studies the regulation quality for frequency response of turbine regulating system under load disturbance. Firstly, the complete mathematical model of turbine regulating system is established and a fifth order frequency response under step load disturbance is derived. Then, the method of primary order reduction and secondary order reduction, for this complete fifth order system of frequency response, is proposed based on dominant poles. By this method, the complete fifth order system is solved and the regulation quality for frequency response is studied. The results indicate that the complete fifth order system always has a pair of dominant conjugate complex poles and three non-dominant poles. The primary fourth order equivalent system, which is obtained by primary order reduction, keeps the dominant poles almost unchanged, therefore it can represent and replace the complete fifth order system and it is obviously superior to other fourth order systems. The primary fourth order equivalent system is superimposed by two second-order subsystems, one of them is corresponding to two non-dominant real poles (i.e. head wave) and the other one is corresponding to a pair of dominant conjugate complex poles (i.e. tail wave), respectively. In the fluctuation process of frequency response, head wave decays very fast and works mainly in the beginning period while tail wave decays very slowly, fluctuates periodically and works throughout the period. The secondary order reduction of complete fifth order system can be conducted by using the second order system of tail wave, which is the main body of frequency response, to represent the fluctuation characteristics. The most important dynamic performance index that evaluates the regulation quality, i.e. settling time, is derived from the fluctuation equation of tail wave. The different characteristic parameters of turbine regulating system have different influences on the change rules of head wave, tail wave and settling time.     

需求响应参与大规模风电接入下的电力系统频率调节研究

针对大规模风电接入下的电力系统频率稳定控制问题,研究了需求响应对系统频率的调节作用。为了反映风电的特点,建立了大规模风电接入下的电力系统频率响应模型,模型中对风电和火电机组分别进行了建模。风电机组可以通过暂时释放转子动能参与调频,然而在扰动过大时会导致系统失稳。通过采取一种类似于低压低频减载的需求响应控制方法,即在频率跌落时关闭部分用电设备,待频率恢复后将这些设备重新打开,可以为电力系统调频提供支持。仿真结果表明,需求响应与风电机组同时参与电力系统调频,能够克服风电机组的失稳问题,大大提高风电系统的频率稳定性。     

加速度功率型PSS参数整定对次同步振荡的影响

PSS是附加在现代励磁系统的一个调节设备,是提高电[2]力系统动态稳定水平的有效手段之一。但PSS的加入可能会引起次同步振荡的产生。除了输入信号类型之外,电力系统稳定器(PSS)的参数整定也是影响次同步振荡非常重要的因素。针对目前国内普遍应用的PSS2B型电力系统稳定器,通过对PSS2B中功率匹配系数和扭振滤波环节时间常数的研究与整定,利用频率响应分析法,得到PSS-AVR励磁系统有补偿的相频特性,从而分析出对次同步振荡信号达到较好抑制或者消除作用的功率匹配系数和扭振滤波环节时间常数。利用电力系统全数字仿真装置电磁暂态计算平台(ETSDAC)进行仿真校核,结果表明:所整定得出的加速度功率型PSS在抑制低频振荡的同时,对次同步振荡信号也有较好的抑制效果,具有可行性。     

基于协同控制的独立电力系统频率响应优化控制策略

以传统小火电机组为主的独立电力系统由于系统低惯性和火电机组存在固有延时,导致系统动态频率稳定性差。针对此问题,提出含辅助频率优化控制器的机组协调调频方案。首先借鉴风电机组利用转子动能快速调频的思想,将独立电力系统内的部分机组改造为变速恒频机组。然后在分析变速恒频机组惯量控制调频的基础上,以控制流形动态收敛为目标,基于协同控制理论,推导了惯量控制中附加功率的控制律。最后通过配合机组惯量控制利用变速恒频机组转子动能,实现对系统频率变化的快速响应。以某工业园区的独立电力系统为例进行仿真,对比分析所提方法和其他方法下的系统频率指标,仿真结果表明：所提控制策略能快速响应系统频率波动,改善了系统频率响应特性。