Suitability of Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus plantarum as Probiotics Intended for Fruit Juices Containing Citrus Extracts

A strain of Lactobacillus plantarum and 4 strains of bifidobacteria were inoculated in apple juice and in a commercial beverage labeled as “red‐fruit juice,” containing citrus extracts as natural preservatives; the suitability of the probiotics was evaluated in relation to their resistance to 2 kinds of citrus extracts (biocitro and lemon extract), survival in juices at 4 and 37 °C, and inhibition of Zygosaccharomyces bailii. Cell count of L. plantarum and bifidobacteria over time was fitted through the Weibull equation, for the evaluation of the first reduction time (δ), death time, and microbiological shelf life (the break‐point was set to 7 log cfu/mL). Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis experienced the highest δ‐value (23.21 d) and death time (96.59 d) in the red‐fruit juice at 4 °C, whereas L. plantarum was the most promising strain in apple juice at 37 °C. Biocitro and lemon extract did not exert a biocidal effect toward probiotics; moreover, the probiotics controlled the growth of Z. bailii and the combination of L. plantarum with 40 ppm of biocitro reduced the level of the yeast after 18 d by 2 log cfu/mL.     

Antimicrobial Activity of Binary and Ternary Mixtures of Vanillin,Citral, and Potassium Sorbate in Laboratory Media and Fruit Purées

The susceptibility of Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteritidis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Zygosaccharomyces bailii to binary and ternary mixtures of potassium sorbate (KS), vanillin (V), and citral (C) was evaluated according to the Berenbaum experimental design, in laboratory media. For some V/C combinations, KS inhibitory concentrations were determined in agarized melon and mango purées by the spiral gradient endpoint (SGE) method. In laboratory media, inhibitory antimicrobial combinations were generally additives. For the yeasts, some synergistic effects were observed. All Berenbaum mixtures which resulted inhibitory in laboratory media were confirmed in the fruit purées. When the SGE method was used, several inhibitory ternary mixtures were found. The lowest inhibitory KS concentrations, estimated for a given V/C combination, corresponded to the bacteria assayed in melon purée. Z. bailii was not inhibited at any condition. Some synergistic antimicrobial combinations (595 ppm V + 251 ppm C + 8 ppm KS in melon and 280 ppm V + 123 ppm C + 8 ppm KS in mango purées) could be useful to achieve a desired inhibitory effect in fruit purées while reducing their concentrations.     

Chemical composition, in vitro anti-yeast activity and fruit juice preservation potential of lemon grass oil

The anti-yeast activity of lemon grass oil was evaluated against several food spoiling yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Zygosaccharomyces bailii, Aureobasidium pullulans, Candida diversa, Pichia fermentans, Pichia kluyveri, Pichia anomala and Hansenula polymorpha) through disc diffusion and microbroth dilution method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) varied from 0.28 to 1.3 mg/ml and 0.56 to 4.5 mg/ml, respectively, where highest MIC (2.25 mg/ml) was shown by A. pullulans and lowest MIC (0.28 mg/ml) was shown by C. diversa and P. anomala. Kill time assay was conducted for selected three yeast strains where S. cerevisiae showed highest reduction (3 log cfu) in viability within 24 h exposure of lemon grass oil at MFC level. Further, the anti-yeast efficacy of lemon grass oil alone and in combination with thermal treatment was evaluated in real food system i.e. mixed fruit juices. Chemical composition analysis of lemon grass oil by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) revealed that the dominant compounds were geranial (40.5%), neral (30.7%), geranyl acetate (5.1%), caryophyllene (2.5%). Present results established the superior performance of integrated (thermal–lemon grass oil) treatment over the individual exposure (lemon grass oil or thermal treatment alone) for fruit juice preservation.     

The effect of pH,sodium chloride,sucrose, sorbate and benzoate on the growth of food spoilage yeasts

The effects of pH, concentration of NaCl, concentration of sucrose and concentrations of sorbic and benzoic acids on growth were examined for 30 strains of food spoilage yeasts, representingDebaryomyces hansenii, Yarrowia lipolytica, Kloeckera apiculata, Zygosaccharomyces bailii, Zygosaccharomyces rouxii, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Pichia membranaefaciens, Pichia anomalaandSaccharomyces cerevisiae.Zygosaccharomyces bailiidid not grow at pH 7.0 andZ. rouxii, Kl. apiculataandP. membranaefaciensdid not grow at pH 8.0. OnlyKl. apiculatagrew at pH 1.5–2.0. The remaining species grew at pH 2.5–8.0. None of the species grew at 20% NaCl but strains ofD. hansenii, Z. rouxiiandP. anomalagrew at 15% NaCl.S. cerevisiaeandK. marxianuswere the least salt tolerant, showing no growth at 7.5% NaCl and 10% NaCl, respectively. Medium pH influenced growth in the presence of NaCl. ForY. lipolytica, D. hanseniiandS. cerevisiae, greatest tolerance of NaCl occurred at pH 5.0–7.0, but forKl.apiculata, D. membranaefaciensandZ. bailiibest tolerance occurred at pH 3.0.K. apiculatagrew in the presence of 12.5% NaCl at pH 2.0. All yeasts grew at 50% sucrose, withZ. rouxii, Z. bailiiandP. anomalaandD. hanseniigrowing at 60–70% sucrose. Medium pH in the range 2.0–7.0 had little effect on ability to grow in the presence of high sucrose concentrations.Z. bailiiandY. lipolyticawere the species most tolerant of sorbate and benzoate preservatives (750–1200 mg l⁻¹) at pH 5.0.     

Presence of non-Saccharomyces yeasts in cellar equipment and grape juice during harvest time

The purpose of this study was to analyze the presence of different yeasts in the facilities of four wineries from the D.O.Ca. Rioja region in Spain. The study was conducted through the identification of the yeasts via the PCR-RFLP technique of the ITS region of rDNA. The diversity of non-Saccharomyces yeasts found in wineries has previously only been studied to a limited extent, despite the fact that these yeasts take part both in the start of spontaneous fermentation and in the changes which occur in the wines during their subsequent conservation. Most earlier studies carried out on cellar ecosystems have focussed on the clonal diversity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The results obtained in this study indicated that the presence of non-Saccharomyces yeasts in facilities is higher than that of the S. cerevisiae, with percentages of over 60% in all the wineries analyzed. Yeasts belonging to 10 genera and 18 species were isolated, but the only genera present in all four wineries were Cryptococcus, Pichia, and Saccharomyces. The Zygosaccharomyces bailii yeast responsible for taint was detected in one cleaned winery, in both the winemaking equipment and the fermenting must. It was also noted that the quantity and type of yeasts present in the facilities are related to the product used for cleaning them. It is also necessary to point out that the cleaning of the cellars prior to the reception of the grapes does not completely eliminate the yeasts present, so that these can subsequently become part of the vinification process.     

Spoilage yeasts in foods and beverages: characterisation and ecology for improved diagnosis and control

Foods and drinks with high solute concentration (fruit juices and concentrates, marzipan, salted and dry-cured meats, olives and cheeses), and foods containing preservatives (wine, beverages and sauces) were selected in order to characterise the contaminant yeast flora by rapid typing techniques. These included the testing of several types of molecular methods (e.g. RFLP, DNA-fingerprinting, PCR-based techniques), analysis of long-chain fatty acids and of isoenzymes. The PCR-based detection methods enabled a faster detection of emerging specific spoilers at earlier stages of processing. Fatty acid characterisation allowed the assessment of the most frequent types of contamination yeasts and supplied the information for the definition of relevant zymological indicators. A selected group of strains was used for further studies of mechanisms underlying the resistance/tolerance of yeasts towards preservatives (weak acids) and other stress factors (temperature, high sugar and salt concentrations). This study enabled the acquisition of data on the basic biology of yeasts used in the development of differential and selective media for Zygosaccharomyces bailii, Yarrowia lipolytica, Kluyveromyces marxianus and Dekkera sp.     

Improved selective medium for enumeration of benzoate-resistant,heat-stressedZygosaccharomyces bailii

The efficacy of acidified (0.5% acetic acid) tryptone glucose yeast extract agar (TGYA), acidified malt extract agar (MEAA) andZygosaccharomyces bailiiselective medium (ZBA) to recover seven strains ofZ. bailiifrom a mixture of mayonnaise and water (1:1, w:v, mayonnaise:water) heated at 50 and 51°C for up to 45 min was determined. Cells not subjected to heat treatment were recovered in equal numbers on TGYA, ZBA and non-selective yeast malt agar (YMA). Recovery on MEAA was inferior. YMA supported the highest recovery of unheated and heat stressed cells, followed by TGYA and ZBA. Lowest recovery of heated cells was observed on MEAA. The ability of heatedZ. bailiicells to recover on acidified (0.5% acetic acid) tryptone fructose yeast extract agar (TFYA), acidified (0.3% acetic acid) tryptone glucose yeast extract agar (TGYAC), acidified (0.5% acetic acid) tryptone yeast extract agar containing sodium benzoate (300 μg ml⁻¹) (TGYACB), acidified (0.3% acetic acid) fructose yeast extract agar (TFYAC) and ZBA containing 0.3% acetic acid (ZBAC) compared with recovery on YMA was investigated. Regardless of the strain, performance of media for recovering heated-stressed cells ofZ. bailiiwas YMA=TGYAC=TFYAC>TFYA>TGYA>TGYACB>ZBAC>ZBA. Overall, TGYAC and TFYAC were judged best among selective media for recovering unheated and heat-stressedZ. bailii. However, the ability of these media to inhibit colony formation by several other yeasts, not particularly resistant to acids, is less than adequate. A medium that supports the growth of all healthy and heat-injured cells ofZ. bailiibut not other yeast species has yet to be perfected.     

Short-wave ultraviolet-C light effect on pitaya (Stenocereus griseus) juice inoculated with Zygosaccharomyces bailii

Fresh pitaya (Stenocereus griseus) juice was inoculated with Zygosaccharomyces bailii to be processed using a continuous ultraviolet-C light (UV-C) (57 μW/cm²) system. Inoculated and uninoculated juices were processed at selected flow rates (16.49, 23.78, and 30.33 mL/s) and treatment times (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 min). Untreated, inoculated, and uninoculated pitaya juices were stored at 4 °C during 25 days. Microbiological (yeasts plus molds and total counts) and physicochemical (pH, total soluble solids, color, phenolic compounds, betalains, and antioxidant activity) characteristics were evaluated in fresh and processed juices. The net change in color increased as treatment time increased, reaching a maximum value of 3.9. A substantial reduction of phenolic compounds (11.6%), betalains (14.6%), and antioxidant activity (37.0%) were observed in juice treated at 30.33 mL/s during 30 min. A reduction of 1.8 log cycles of Z. bailii was observed at the highest UV-C light treatment.     

Staphylococcus aureus and Zygosaccharomyces bailii as primary microbial contaminants of a spoiled herbal food supplement and evaluation of their survival during shelf life

This investigation was carried out to identify the microbiota in a spoiled commercial food supplement consisting of a syrup suspension of a mixture of dried herbs and herb extracts. The product did not contain alkyl-p-hydroxybenzoates (parabens) as preservatives, was kept at room temperature and showed abundant gas formation. Colonies of distinct morphology were recovered on bacteria- and yeast-specific media, and tested for their ability to grow in the product. Genetic differentiation and identification of the microbial contaminants were achieved by RAPD-PCR and rDNA sequence analysis. The bacteria Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus subtilis, Paenibacillus humicus, Paenibacillus glycanilyticus, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and the yeasts Zygosaccharomyces rouxii and Zygosaccharomyces bailii were detected. Of the two S. aureus strains isolated, one was enterotoxigenic, as indicated by the presence of five SE genes. Quantitative Real-Time PCR tests, specific for this pathogen and for Z. bailii, a microbial agent causing fermentation processes and consequent food spoilage, were carried out to quantify these microorganisms in the product and identify their source among the herbal ingredients and the fructose syrup used as sweetener. Most components appeared to be contaminated by both S. aureus and Z. bailii. These findings indicate the need to improve hygienic practices in the industrial manufacturing of the food supplement, starting with herbal ingredients, to ensure a high quality of the product.     

Fermentative aptitude of non-Saccharomyces wine yeast for reduction in the ethanol content in wine

Over the last few decades, there has been a progressive increase in the ethanol content in wines due to global climate change and to the new wine styles that are associated with increased grape maturity. This increased ethanol content can have negative consequences on the sensory properties of the wines, human health, and economic aspects. Several microbiological approaches for decreasing the ethanol content have been suggested, such as strategies based on genetically modified yeasts, the adaptive evolution of yeasts, and the use of non-Saccharomyces yeast. In the present study, we investigated the interspecies and intraspecies variability of some non-Saccharomyces wine yeast species under anaerobic fermentation conditions. Across different grape juices and fermentation trials, Hanseniaspora uvarum, Zygosaccharomyces sapae, Zygosaccharomyces bailii, and Zygosaccharomyces bisporus promoted significant reductions in ethanol yield and fermentation efficiency in comparison with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The diversion of alcoholic fermentation and the abundant formation of secondary compounds might explain the marked reduction in ethanol yield, as determined through the segregation of the majority of the strains according to their species attributes observed using principal component analysis. These data suggest that careful evaluation of interspecies and intraspecies biodiversity can be carried out to select yeast that produces low-ethanol yields.     

Ultrasound and Antimicrobial Compounds: A Suitable Way to Control Fusarium oxysporum in Juices

This paper reports on the use of ultrasound, combined with either Na–benzoate or citrus extract, to inhibit Fusarium oxysporum in orange juice. In a preliminary step, spores of F. oxysporum were inoculated into distilled water and treated through an ultrasound equipment; the treatments differed for acoustic energy (the maximum power attained by the equipment was 130-W frequency, 20 kHz; the energy was reported as percentage of the maximum power, from 40% to 100%), pulse (2 and 10 s), and duration of the treatment (from 2 to 10 min).Then, the treatment was validated in orange juice, in combination with either benzoate (0–100 ppm) or citrus extract (0–1,800 ppm), using a mixture design called centroid. The most significant effects were time, as single term, and the interaction energy/time/pulse; concerning the possibility of extending juice shelf life, the use of benzoate and citrus extract controlled F. oxysporum growth in orange juice and achieved a reduction of 5 log cfu/ml for at least 14 days.     

Identification of spoilage yeasts in a food-production chain by microsatellite polymerase chain reaction fingerprinting

A survey of yeast strains present in the production chain of mayonnaise and salad dressings was carried out over a period of 14 months. Attempts were made to identify the isolated yeasts with the API system, but identification of all species involved was not possible. In the investigation the performance of the microsatellite polymerase chain reaction (PCR) fingerprinting analysis with the microsatellite oligonucleotide primers (GAC)₅and (GTG)₅appeared to be superior. Several yeast species were encountered in the production lines but only the speciesZygosaccharomyces bailiiandZygosaccharomyces bisporuswere present in the final products. Only microsatellite PCR fingerprinting analysis allowed discrimination between species of theZygosaccharomycesgenus. In addition, the PCR-based technique allowed the discrimination of different types within theZ. bailiispecies.Z. bailiistrains isolated from spoiled products displayed PCR-fingerprinting types that appeared to be identical to some of those generated by strains isolated from one specific production line. This suggested that microsatellite PCR fingerprinting is useful in tracing back the origin of spoilage outbreaks, and that it can be applied in microbiological quality assurance monitoring systems in industrial environments.     

Inactivation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salmonella enterica</Emphasis> in a Rice Beverage by Ultrasound: Study of the Parameters Affecting the Antibacterial Effect

The topic of this paper is the investigation of the antibacterial effect of ultrasound (US) towards Salmonella enterica in a rice beverage. The beverage was inoculated at different levels (8 and 5 log CFU/mL) and US-treated; then, a challenge test under refrigeration was carried out. The maximum net power of the equipment was 130 W; the treatment was carried out at 40–100% of the net power, for 2–10 min; the pulse was set to 2–10 s. For both the inoculum levels, power and time were the most important factors for the antimicrobial effect towards S. enterica. The combinations resulting in the highest inactivation of the pathogen were tested during the challenge test at 4 °C, and in some combinations, S. enterica remained below the detection limit for 13 days.     

基于柑橘的多酵母协同发酵料酒的制备

为研究开发新风味调味料酒,本文采用具有特有风味品质的柑橘作为主体原料,分析了柑橘果肉汁和柑橘皮汁对酿酒酵母、鲁氏酵母和球拟酵母发酵的影响,优化了初始碳源和氮源条件,建立了多酵母协同混合发酵料酒的新技术。在添加160 g葡萄糖和10 g酵母浸粉的1000 mL全柑橘肉汁(去皮榨汁)中,发酵初期添加2%酿酒酵母,隔24 h添加2%球拟酵母,并在第48 h加入2%鲁氏酵母。在此最适条件下30 ℃静置发酵168 h后,所制备的柑橘料酒中乙醇和乳酸的浓度分别为145.00和0.11 mg/mL。本文为柑橘料酒产品的开发奠定了基础。     

Predictive modelling of growth and enzymatic synthesis and activity by a cocktail of Yarrowia lipolytica,Zygosaccharomyces bailii and Pichia anomala

The aims of the investigations are the development and combination of predictive models for growth (increase in cellular number) and lipase synthesis and protease activity by a cocktail of yeast species comprising Yarrowia lipolytica, Zygosaccharomyces bailii and Pichia anomala. Determinations of yeast number and enzyme synthesis and activity were made within the three-dimensional matrix of environmental conditions incorporating temperatures between 2°C and 20°C, pH values between 4.0 and 7.5 and water activity (a_w) between 0.95 and 0.995. The microbiological data produced a reliable model, but it was not possible to use the curve-fitting function to fit the enzymatic data, since most enzyme synthesis and activity takes place during the stationary phase of growth. A predictive generic model for growth of yeasts is published and a database of systematic information describing enzyme synthesis and activity within the matrix of environmental conditions investigated will be made available.     

Zygosaccharomyces bailiias a potential spoiler of mustard

An uncommon case of extensive spoilage of table mustard byZygosaccharomyces bailiiis described. The strains isolated were remarkably tolerant to benzoic and sorbic acid, but relatively susceptible to increased temperature (>37°C). The source of the infection was not identified. This case highlights the importance ofZ. bailiiin spoilage of many foods and beverages.     

Chemical composition of the cell wall of probiotic and brewer’s yeast in response to cultivation medium with glycerol as a carbon source

The structure of cell wall of yeasts (genus Saccharomyces) is one of the factors that determine their health-promoting properties connected to the presence of β-glucans and mannoprotein. The aim of the study was to determine the influence of glycerol as a carbon source on structural polymers of cell wall (β-glucan and mannoprotein) of probiotic yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii and brewer’s yeasts S. cerevisiae R9. Significant increase of the percentage of polysaccharide content in the cell wall dry weight of S. cerevisiae R9 brewer’s yeasts was noted (in the range of 10–20 %) after cultivation in medium containing glycerol at a concentration of 2–5 % and pH 4.0. The highest content of carbohydrates in probiotic yeasts’ cell wall (58 %) was observed after cultivation in medium containing 3 % of glycerol and pH 5.0. The cell wall of probiotic yeasts was characterized by higher content of mannoprotein comparing with cell wall preparation of brewer’s yeasts S. cerevisiae R9 composed mainly of β-glucans. After cultivation in mediums with 2 and 3 % of glycerol, the cell of brewer’s yeasts contained the highest amount of β(1,3/1,6)-glucan in dry weight of the cell wall (about 36 %). Glycerol at a concentration of 3 and 5 % also intensified mannoprotein biosynthesis in cell wall of S. cerevisiae R9, approximating their content to those noted in the cells of probiotic yeasts (about 29 % (w/w) of dry weight of the cell wall) after cultivation in a medium of pH 5.0 containing 3 % of glycerol.     

Antioxidative, antiradikale und antimikrobielle Aktivitäten des Fruchthüllen-Extrakts von frischen Antep-Pistazien

Pistacia vera L. is the only genus of more than ten in Pistacia species consumed as a nut and has commercial value. Turkey is one of the homelands of the pistachio species, and they are named Antep pistachio. When Antep pistachios are processed into nuts, their reddish purple hulls are removed as a waste after the processing. In this research, Antep pistachio hull samples extracted by methanol, ethanol and water were tested for antioxidant and antiradical (IC₅₀ value) potentials, and antimicrobial activities as well. The values of total phenolic content of methanol extracts of Antep pistachio hull was 167.49 ± 0.48 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g dry extract. The ethanol and aqueous extract of the pistachio hulls were determined as 89.87 ± 0.44 and 31.73 ± 0.21 mg GAE/g dry extract, respectively. The antioxidant activities of extracts were evaluated by the phosphomolybdenum method. The highest antioxidant activity of the hull extracts was determined in the methanol extracted samples (152.10 ± 0.19 mg ascorbic acid equivalent (AAE)/g dry extract), while the lowest value was in the ethanol extracts (15.19 ± 0.00 mg AAE/g dry extract). The values of IC₅₀ in methanol, ethanol and aqueous extracts of the pistachio hulls were 16.01, 21.62 and 24.45 μg/ml, respectively. The highest antiradical activity was in the methanol extract of Antep pistachio hulls. In this research, the pistachio hull extracts were tested for antimicrobial activities against total 15 microorganisms, 13 bacteria and 2 yeasts. The aqueous extract of the hull was the most ineffective extract against the microorganisms tested. The methanol and ethanol extracts of the pistachio hulls, which had limited antimicrobial effect against the bacteria, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Salmonella typhimurium, Proteus mirabilis and Yersinia enterocolitica, and the yeasts, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans, and were effective on the other microorganisms constituted inhibition zones diameter as between 10 and 39 mm. All extracts of the pistachio hulls exhibited antimicrobial activity against Listeria monocytogenes (6–38 mm) and Escherichia coli O157: H7 (8–28 mm). In conclusion, the hulls of Antep pistachio can be evaluated as a potential antimicrobial and antioxidant resource in the food systems.     

Inactivation of spoilage yeasts in apple juice by UV–C light and in combination with mild heat

The UV–C resistance of yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces bayanus, Zygosaccharomyces bailii, Dekkera anomala and Dekkera bruxellensis) commonly involved in juice spoilage was investigated. Saccharomyces spp. showed the greatest UV resistance and yeast inactivation decreased with absorptivity of the medium. To improve the UV lethal effect on yeasts in juice, UV treatment was combined with heat (UV–H) (45–60 °C). The inactivation of S. cerevisiae by UV–H treatments between 52.5 and 57.5 °C was greater than use of both technologies individually, suggesting a synergistic effect. Modeling of inactivation data found that a combination of UV–C light with mild temperatures (50–60 °C) produced a 5-log₁₀ reduction of S. cerevisiae in clarified apple juice with lower UV doses (up to a 89.3% of reduction at 57.5 °C) and treatment times (up to 63% of reduction at 52.5 °C) than those needed for UV treatments or heat alone.Industrial relevanceThis investigation demonstrated the lethal efficacy of the combination of UV–C radiation and heat to improve the inactivation of spoilage yeasts in juice. Combined UV–H treatments synergistically increased yeast inactivation, with this approach being less effective than for bacteria. In any case, UV–H at mild temperatures would be an alternative to heat pasteurization treatments, enabling the inactivation of pathogenic bacteria and reducing the concentration of spoilage microorganisms like yeasts, obtaining a safe and stable product at lower temperatures.     

Yeast species involved in artisanal cachaça fermentation in three stills with different technological levels in Pernambuco,Brazil

Both the taste and aroma of cachaça, an alcoholic beverage produced by yeast fermentation of sugar cane, are influenced by yeast metabolites and volatiles. The knowledge of yeast population dynamics during the fermentation process will help to establish the basis for quality control of alcoholic beverage. In the present work, the population dynamics of three fermentation processes, with differing levels of technological sophistication, were studied. Saccharomyces cerevisiae was found to be the dominant species, but Candida milleri (Candida humilis), Pichia caribbica, Pichia guilliermondii and Zygosaccharomyces fermentati (Lachancea fermentati) were also significantly involved. In addition, four new yeast species that are not represented in NCBI/EMBL nucleotide database were found. These yeasts were classified as Candida sp., Candida drosophilae-like, Candida ubatubensis-like and Zygosaccharomyces sp. In fermentation trails at laboratory scale, all species were found to contribute to the production of volatiles. Thus it is probable that product quality is strongly dependent on population dynamics during the fermentation process.