干制方式对鲜食枣食用及营养品质的影响

通过对微波真空冷冻干燥(microwave vacuum freeze drying,MVFD)、微波真空膨化(microwave vacuum puffing,MVP)、真空冷冻干燥(vacuum freeze drying,VFD)和中短波红外干燥(short-and medium-wave infrared drying,ID)4种干制加工的鲜食枣食用及营养品质进行分析,以期明确干制方式对鲜食枣营养特点的影响。结果表明:干制加工显著提高鲜食枣总糖、还原糖含量(P0.05),除ID外,干制后总酸含量均显著降低(P0.05),产品褐变程度低,糖酸比明显提高;MVFD对VC保留率高达98.62%;MVP和MVFD后总酚含量显著提高(P0.05),分别为4 721.30 mg/100 g(以干质量计,下同)和4 516.25 mg/100 g;VFD后黄酮含量增加到80.51 mg/100 g。微观结构方面,VFD鲜食枣密集多孔,呈蜂窝状;MVFD鲜食枣孔大均匀;MVP鲜食枣结构疏松,多小分子颗粒;ID鲜食枣紧实致密,无空腔结构。感官评定方面,MVFD和MVP对鲜食枣色泽、香气、口味和外形的综合评价接近于VFD。综合来看,MVFD和MVP对鲜食枣加工具有显著优势,且效率高成本低,应用前景广阔。     

Multi-objective Optimization of Spray Drying of Jujube (Zizyphus jujuba Miller) Powder Using Response Surface Methodology

Optimum technology of spray-dried jujube powder was studied using a Box-Benhnken design. Effects of weight ratio of maltodextrin and the dry matter weight of jujube pulp (WR, 3–5), inlet air temperature (T, 140–160 °C), and shift of feed flow rate (FFR, 3–5) on the quality attributes (moisture content, lightness, the total color difference, vitamin C (VC) content and hygroscopicity) of jujube powder were systematically studied by response surface methodology and perturbation plot. Analysis of variance showed that a second-order polynomial equation could predict the experimental data well (R ²?>?0.92). Moisture content and the total color difference (?E) were significantly affected by WR, T, and FFR. The higher WR and lower FFR resulted in a decrease in moisture content and ?E. WR and FFR had extremely significant effects on VC content and hygroscopicity (P?<?0.01); with lower WR and FFR, higher values of VC content and hygroscopicity would be received. The effect of WR was the most significant variable among others. The optimum conditions that maximizing VC content and minimizing contents of moisture, ?E, and hygroscopicity of jujube powder were found as WR of 3, inlet air temperature of 140 °C, and FFR of 3 ( i.e., 11 ml/min). Under these conditions, the response values were moisture content of 3.36 %, lightness of 83.32, ?E of 9.92, VC content of 205.10 mg/100 g, and hygroscopicity of 18.59 %, respectively.     

中短波红外干燥对桑葚干燥特性、营养品质及抗氧化活性的影响

为探究中短波红外干燥对桑葚干燥特性、能耗、营养品质及抗氧化活性的影响,将新鲜桑葚在不同干燥温度条件下（50、60、70 ℃）进行中短波红外干制,以相同干燥温度条件下（50、60、70 ℃）的热风干燥为对照,探究不同干燥条件下桑葚的干燥特性、能耗、单体酚类物质、总酚、总黄酮、维生素C、总花色苷的含量及抗氧化活性,并建立桑果中短波红外干燥数学模型。结果表明,中短波红外干燥能够显著（P<0.05）提高桑果的干制效率（50 ℃下干燥效率提高55.7%,60 ℃下干燥效率提高46.1%,70 ℃干燥效率提高33.3%）,Weibull分布模型能够较好地模拟桑果在不同干燥温度下的中短波红外干燥过程,且桑果经中短波红外干燥后能耗较低。干制后桑果共检测出12种酚类物质,其中绿原酸、芦丁、儿茶素为主要的酚类物质。相比传统的热风干燥,中短波红外干燥效率高,且干燥后桑葚的总酚、总黄酮、维生素C、总花色苷含量较高,总酚含量为463.1～568.8 mg/100 g;总黄酮含量为312.6～402.6 mg/100 g;维生素C含量为30.1～37.8 mg/100 g;总花色苷含量为153.6～195.6 mg/100 g。且与热风干燥相比桑果经中短波红外干燥后抗氧化活性显著增强（P<0.05）（DPPH自由基清除能力较热风干燥提高了32.8%～42.6%;铁离子还原能力较热风干燥提高21.1%～34.1%）。中短波红外干燥桑果干燥效率较高,能耗较低,干制品品质较好,故中短波红外干燥是一种优良的桑果干燥方式,可为桑果干制加工提供理论参考。     

Glass Transition and State Diagram for Jujube Powders With and Without Maltodextrin Addition

Both water activity and glass transition concepts were used for stability evaluation of jujube powder in this study. The water sorption behaviour at 25, 35 and 45 °C and the relationship between water content (X _w), glass transition temperature (T _g) and water activity (a _w) were investigated for jujube powder with and without the maltodextrin addition. Moisture sorption isotherms of different jujube powders were of type III and BET model was the best for fitting the experimental data. The equilibrium moisture content of jujube powder containing 20% maltodextrin at a given a _w was lower than that of pure jujube powder. However, temperature had no significant effect on the moisture sorption of jujube powders. Values of T _g of different jujube powders were obtained using differential scanning calorimetry and the glass transition line was fitted to the Gordon-Taylor model. A depression in T _g with increasing water content was observed. State diagrams of different jujube powders were established based on the moisture sorption isotherm and the glass transition curve. Results showed that jujube powders with and without maltodextrin addition were stable at 25 °C when the water content was lower than 0.0673 and 0.0566 g/g solid, respectively.     

Study of Thermodynamic, Structural, and Quality Properties of Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) During Drying

The thermodynamic properties and the changes in volume were studied during hot air drying of yacon. The results indicated high rates of moisture and water activity losses during the first 150 min of drying. Shrinkage of the product was evident during drying, with a reduction of about 89 % as observed by three-dimensional laser scanning and by the structural changes observed during scanning electron microscopy, indicating severe tissue shrinkage and collapse during air drying. The experimental sorption data of air-dried yacon were applied to various isotherm equations (GAB; Oswin; Chung–Pfost; Henderson, Smith, and Halsey). The Chung–Pfost model was best for characterizing the sorption behavior at 25, 30, 35, and 40 °C. The sorption isotherms of the dehydrated yacon were of type III, characteristic of high-sugar-content products. The values obtained for the differential enthalpy and entropy were higher at low moisture contents and decreased with increase in moisture content. The value obtained for the free energy of ?70.7 J?mol^?1 suggests the process was spontaneous. A color analysis was also carried out on the yacon samples dehydrated by hot air and by freeze drying, with and without prior blanching at 100 °C for 4 min. The parameter L* was significantly higher, and the values for a* and b* significantly lower for the freeze dried yacon as compared to the forced air dehydrated samples, resulting in lighter, greenish, and bluish samples.     

不同干燥方式对枣粉品质的影响

通过对变温压差膨化干燥、真空干燥、热风干燥和真空冷冻干燥4 种干燥方式所得枣粉的物理特性和营养成分的分析测定,研究不同干燥方式对枣粉品质的影响。结果表明：在物理特性方面：真空干燥和真空冷冻干燥枣粉呈现较好色泽,真空冷冻干燥枣粉溶解性差于其他3 种枣粉,吸湿性无明显差异,变温压差膨化干燥和热风干燥枣粉复水性较好,真空冷冻干燥枣粉的粒径和堆积密度最小;在营养成分方面：4 种枣粉的营养成分较鲜样均有不同程度的降低,变温压差膨化干燥和真空冷冻干燥枣粉的还原糖和总糖含量相对较高,真空干燥枣粉总酸含量最高,真空干燥和真空冷冻干燥枣粉的VC和黄酮含量较高,真空冷冻干燥和变温压差膨化干燥枣粉的环磷酸腺苷含量稍高于其他两种。枣粉的综合评分结果显示,真空冷冻干燥枣粉品质最佳,其次是真空干燥枣粉和变温压差膨化干燥枣粉,热风干燥枣粉品质最差。真空冷冻干燥和真空干燥生产成本高,变温压差膨化干燥枣粉品质较好,且所需干燥时间短,生产效率高、成本低,适宜在枣粉加工产业推广。     

Dielectric Properties of Red Pepper Powder Related to Radiofrequency and Microwave Drying

To provide useful information for drying red pepper with radiofrequency or microwave energy and designing dielectric drying equipment, dielectric properties (dielectric constant ε′ and loss factor ε?″) of red pepper powder with moisture contents ranging from 10.4 to 30.8 % wet basis were measured at different temperatures (from 25 to 85 °C) over a frequency range of 20–4,500 MHz with a vector network analyzer and an open-ended coaxial-line probe. The results showed that both ε′ and ε?″ of red pepper powder were dependent on electromagnetic wave frequency, moisture content, and temperature. The value of ε′ decreased with increases in frequency over the tested range. The ε?″ decreased with increasing frequency when the frequency was below 4,000 MHz, and increased slightly when it was above 4,000 MHz. Both ε′ and ε?″ increased as either moisture content or temperature increased, and the increases were a little greater at high moisture and temperature than those at low moisture and temperature. The moisture- and temperature-dependent permittivities of red pepper powder at several frequencies of interest could be described by quadratic models. The results of variance analysis exhibited that both moisture content and temperature had significant influence (p<0.01) on permittivities of red pepper powder. The power penetration decreased as frequency, moisture content, and temperature increased. Large penetration depth at radiofrequencies below 100 MHz could be used to dry red peppers in a large scale, while microwave energy could be used for drying red peppers in a small scale.     

Drying of Garlic Slices Using Convective Pre-drying and Vacuum-Microwave Finishing Drying: Kinetics, Energy Consumption, and Quality Studies

Garlic slices were dehydrated by convective drying (CD) and by a combined method consisting of convective pre-drying followed by vacuum-microwave finishing drying (CPD-VMFD). Drying of garlic using VMFD led to samples with high values of lightness and slightly lower values of the coordinates a* and b*. The treatment CPD-VMFD significantly decreased the drying time from 630 min for CD to 49 min and contributed to an important energy saving compared with CD (54.4–86.3 %). The total drying time was shorter when vacuum microwaves were introduced earlier and microwave power was higher. The highest temperature (114 °C) was found for samples pre-dried to a moisture content of 60 % and then dried at 360 W while showing the lowest energy consumption (98?±?1 kJ?g^?1). In general, the total antioxidant capacity increased after drying of garlic slices; however, the content of total phenolic compounds showed the opposite trend, and thus other compounds, such as allicin, should be involved in the antioxidant capacity of dried garlic. Garlic slices were CP dried until 30 % of moisture content followed by VMFD at 240 or 360 W showed the best results in terms of energy consumption and antioxidant capacity.     

超微粉碎对冬枣粉芳香成分的影响

采用固相微萃取与气相色谱质谱联用法（SPME-GC-MS）,测定了中短波红外干燥和变温压差膨化干燥的冬枣粉在超微粉碎后芳香成分的变化。结果表明,从中短波红外干燥普通粉碎枣粉中检测到38种芳香成分,超微粉碎枣粉中检测到44种芳香成分;从变温压差膨化干燥普通粉碎枣粉中检测到35种芳香成分,超微粉碎枣粉中检测到51种芳香成分。枣粉在超微粉碎后,酚类化合物、醇类化合物和烷烃类化合物的含量均有明显增加;酯类化合物,酸类化合物和醛类化合物的含量均有明显降低。      

Effect of Carbonic Maceration Pre-treatment on Drying Kinetics of Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) Flesh and Quality of Dried Product

A new pre-treatment — carbonic maceration (CM) pre-treatment — was presented in this paper. To study the effect of CM on microwave drying (MD) kinetics of Chilli flesh and quality of dried product, the fresh (control group, CK) and CM pre-treated samples were dried through MD at 100, 150 and 200 W, respectively. CM conditions were optimized by orthogonal test. The drying results indicated that, the average drying rate for CM samples were as much as 150–185 % of these for CK samples. For both CK and CM samples, the drying rate increased at the initial time (a warming-up period) and then decreased at the end time (a falling rate period) after reaching a plateau (a constant rate period). And the effective diffusivity, D _eff, increased gradually at the initial period and then rapidly at the final period with the diminishing moisture content. Elevated microwave power levels could lead to a linear increase in values of D _eff at the same moisture content. The activation energy, E _a, increased rapidly when moisture content was below about 1 g water/g dry mass, which was lower for CM samples than for CK samples, and can be well described with a logistic model. Scavenging free radical capability (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), total phenol contents and vitamin C retention contents of the dried products for CM samples were as much as 170.1–190.9 %, 140.2–147.8 %, 140.1–160.0 % and 212.7–682.4 % of these for CK samples, respectively. The CM dried products were also better in terms of colour differences than CK.     

不同干燥方式对胡萝卜粉品质的影响

分别采用热风干燥、中短波红外干燥、真空微波干燥、真空干燥4 种干燥方式对胡萝卜进行干燥制粉,对4 种胡萝卜粉的品质进行对比和分析。结果表明：胡萝卜粉的色泽中a*值和复水能力的表现为中短波红外干燥＞真空干燥＞真空微波干燥＞热风干燥;经过4 种干燥方式制备的胡萝卜粉吸油能力无明显差异;中短波红外干燥的胡萝卜粉总糖和β-胡萝卜素含量最高,真空干燥的胡萝卜粉VC含量最高;综合来看,中短波红外干燥胡萝卜粉品质优良,适宜于进行胡萝卜粉加工的工业化生产。     

Grape Marc Powder: Physicochemical and Microbiological Stability During Storage and Moisture Sorption Isotherm

In the present work, the stability of grape marc powder was evaluated during its storage at room conditions for 6 months. Grape juice marc from Vitis labrusca cv. “Isabel” was dried to 8.8?±?0.9 % moisture content (wet basis) in forced convection drying equipment at 70 °C, crushed and stored aseptically in dark polyethylene bags and kept at 25?±?2 °C for up to 6 months. Grape marc powder was microbiologically safe, free of Salmonella sp., Bacillus cereus, and fecal coliforms. Total phenolic compounds with 1,1-diphenyl-2-pic-ryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging capacity and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were stable, although monomeric anthocyanins and compounds with the capability of scavenging 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radicals showed to be susceptible to degradation through the storage period. Moisture sorption isotherm at 25 °C for the powder material was determined by static gravimetric methodology. The sorption isotherm of the grape marc powder showed a sigmoidal shape (type II), typical of food materials. The experimental data was satisfactorily fitted by the GAB (Guggenheim–Anderson–de Boer) model, giving a monolayer moisture content (X _m) of 6.75 % (dry basis). Results indicate that grape marc powder can be considered as a potential functional ingredient with an acceptable stability.     

Optimization of bayberry juice spray drying process using response surface methodology

In this study, thirteen different runs according to the central composite design-response surface methodology were used to optimize the quality parameters of spray-dried bayberry juice powder. The independent variables were different levels of inlet air temperature (145.8–174.1 °C) and maltodextrin concentration (22.9–37.0%). The responses were process yield, moisture content, hygroscopicity, glass transition temperature (Tg), total color difference (ΔE), redness, retention of phenolics and anthocyanins, and antioxidant capacity. The optimum operation conditions for the highest Tg, redness, anthocyanins retention and antioxidant capacity with the lowest ΔE and hygroscopicity were obtained at inlet drying temperature of 150 °C and maltodextrin concentration of 31%. This study revealed that by applying these optimal conditions, bayberry juice powder with a 74.16% yield, 3.15% moisture content, 10.25% hygroscopicity, 41.15 °C Tg, 24.74 ΔE, 27.45 Hunter a redness, 89.55% anthocyanins retention, 77.71% phenolics retention, and 30.19 mmol Trolox equivalents/g antioxidant capacity was produced.     

Physical and chemical properties of tomato, green tea, and ginseng-supplemented corn extrudates produced by conventional extrusion and CO2 injection process

In this study, extrudates were produced from corn flour supplemented with tomato, green tea, and ginseng powder by conventional extrusion and CO₂ injection methods. In conventional extrusion process, the die exit temperatures were adjusted to 80, 110, 130 °C and CO₂ injection method was carried out at 80 °C. In both extrusion methods, the feed moisture, screw speed, and die diameter were kept constant at 20 %, 250 rpm, and 3 mm, respectively. Corn flour was supplemented with tomato powder at three different levels (4, 8, and 12 %), but ginseng and green tea were added only at 8 % level. The bulk density results generally had an inverse relationship with the expansion index values. Higher tomato powder supplementation levels resulted in higher total phenolic compound levels and antioxidant activities. These increases were around 11-fold as compared to control samples in 12 % tomato powder supplementation level at 130 °C extrusion temperature. The results indicated that antioxidant activity increased with increasing extrusion temperature. This increase might be due to higher amount of Maillard reaction products, with antioxidant activity, formed at higher extrusion temperatures. The color (L*, a*, b*) and hydroxymethylfurfural results proved that the rate of Maillard reaction increased at higher extrusion temperatures during the extrusion process. Green tea supplementation resulted in higher total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity values as compared to tomato and ginseng supplementation under the same extrusion conditions.     

真空冷冻干燥过程中鲜食枣营养品质的变化研究

本文研究了真空冷冻干燥过程中鲜食枣营养品质及抗氧化活性的变化规律,为实际生产加工产品选择合适的干燥时间提供理论依据。结果表明:冷冻干燥过程中,鲜食枣还原糖含量存在显著性差异,且干燥结束时显著升高(p0.05);冻干产品维生素C保留率高达99.58%;有机酸是产品中重要的风味营养物质,其中,草酸、柠檬酸含量在冻干过程中均存在显著性差异(p0.05),且在干燥结束时,草酸、酒石酸、柠檬酸含量分别是鲜样的1.64倍、1.32倍、3.83倍;冻干过程鲜食枣ABTS+·清除能力、抗氧化力均存在显著性差异(p0.05),且冻干后ABTS+·清除能力提高6.91%,抗氧化力保留率达92.01%。由此可见,冻干过程中冻干时间对营养物质含量及活性有重要影响。冻干6~9 h有利于保持贮藏的水分和较高的营养品质,同时有助于降低能耗,并保持其功能价值。     

Comparison of Freeze-Drying with Three Different Combinations of Drying Methods and Their Influence on Colour,Texture, Microstructure and Nutrient Retention of Button Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) Slices

Freeze-drying (FD) and three different combinations of drying methods: freeze-drying combined with hot air drying (FD?+?AD), freeze-drying combined with vacuum drying (FD?+?VD) and freeze-drying combined with microwave vacuum drying (FD?+?MVD) were used to dry button mushroom slices. A comprehensive analysis of dried products was performed on their colour, texture, nutrient retention, microstructure and energy consumption. The results showed that, under conditions of 38 % moisture content changing point, most of the parameters including L* values, a* values, average density and hardness of FD?+?VD and FD?+?MVD samples had no remarkable changes (p?>?0.05) compared with FD samples. However, only FD?+?MVD method can reduce drying time by 35.63 % in comparison of FD method, although all the combination drying methods can reduce the energy consumption. Moreover, FD?+?VD and FD?+?MVD products were better than FD?+?AD products in nutrient retention except that content of vitamin C was comparatively lower during FD?+?MVD process. In conclusion, the FD?+?MVD method has advantages in terms of efficiency and energy saving and could be preferred to produce high-quality products.     

Quality Assurance of Model Infant Milk Formula Using a Front-Face Fluorescence Process Analytical Tool

Front-face fluorescence spectroscopy (FFFS) was evaluated as a quality assurance process analytical technology (PAT) tool for infant milk formula (IMF) manufacture. Batches of first-stage IMF (60:40 whey protein:casein ratio) powder were produced with protein:fat:lactose ratios of 1.3:3.6:7.3, differing only in heat treatment applied prior to spray drying (72, 95, or 115 °C for 15 s). Each IMF powder was stored at 15?±?2 °C and 37?±?2 °C and analyzed at months 0, 3, 6, and 12. Partial least squares (PLS) models were developed for IMF in both powder and liquid states using FFFS spectra to predict pre-drying heat treatment temperature, soluble protein content, and storage time. Models developed using tryptophan emission spectra for IMF powder predicted storage time, pre-drying heat treatment temperature, and soluble protein content with RMSECV values of 0.3 months, 8.3 °C, and 1.01 g protein/100 g powder, respectively. IMF powders were rehydrated to 13% total solids and analyzed using the vitamin A emission spectra. Models developed for rehydrated IMF predicted storage time and pre-drying heat treatment temperature with RMSECV values of 1.5 months and 6.7 °C, respectively. Surface free fats were predicted with an RMSECV range of 0.12–0.20% (w/w of powder) in rehydrated IMF. PLS discriminant analysis models developed for both powder and liquid IMF samples successfully discriminated for storage temperature. This preliminary study demonstrates the strong potential of FFFS as a PAT tool for IMF quality assurance.     

Vacuum-Belt Drying of Rabbiteye Blueberry (Vaccinium ashei) Slurries: Influence of Drying Conditions on Physical and Quality Properties of Blueberry Powder

Continuous vacuum-belt drying was studied as a means to produce high-quality powders from blueberry slurries, with limited degradation of anthocyanins. Drying was performed at three different temperatures (80, 95, 110 °C) and the resulting dried material (a _w?～?0.2) ground into powders. Drying times ranged from 70 min at 80 °C to 50 min at 110 °C. Maltodextrin (MD) was used as a drying agent at three levels (0.3, 0.45, and 0.6 kg/kg dry blueberry solid). Powders were purple, with no signs of browning, and similar in appearance to those produced by freeze-drying. Increasing MD level and drying temperature decreased the hygroscopicity of the powders. Moisture isotherms showed type 3 behavior and were well-fit with the Guggenheim–Anderson–de Boer equation. Higher levels of MD improved flowability of the powders, with >93 % of the powders with MD flowing from the test fixture after 30 s, compared to only 62.1 % emerging for powders without MD. Powders dried at 80 °C were slightly darker (L*?=?25.73–28.4) than those produced 110 °C (L*?=?27.10–28.53), presumably due to less degradation of anthocyanins. Total monomeric anthocyanins (TMA) for MD dried at 80 °C (13.1 mg C3G/g) were not different than for freeze-dried blueberries. Higher drying temperatures caused some loss of TMA. Higher levels of MD result in lower TMA by increasing the amount of dry matter in the powders. Vacuum-belt drying at 80 °C with 0.3 kg MD/kg dry solids produced non-sticky powders with anthocyanin content similar to freeze-dried powders.     

红枣粉喷雾干燥加工工艺优化

本研究通过向枣浆中加入大豆蛋白和果胶酶来优化红枣粉的喷雾干燥加工工艺,在单因素实验的基础上,利用响应面分析法优化料液浓度、进风温度、雾化器转速,以红枣粉集粉率和水分含量为响应值,最终得出喷雾干燥红枣粉的最优工艺参数:进料浓度18%,雾化器转速440 r/s,进风温度170 ℃,在此条件下经验证实验所得红枣粉出粉率为57.81%±0.75%,含水量4.76%±0.08%。此方法提高了红枣粉集粉率,改善了红枣粉的品质,为红枣制粉深入研究提供参考。     

超声处理对中短波红外干燥红枣时间及品质的影响

为提高红枣干燥品质,减少干燥时间,以干燥时间为响应值,响应面优化得到红枣中短波红外干燥前超声处理条件为：频率40 kHz、时间40 min、功率350 W。最优超声处理后中短波红外干燥红枣至其干基含水率约为40%时所需干燥时间为9.55 h;未超声处理中短波红外干燥需13.33 h;传统热风干燥需17.13 h。扫描电镜观察红枣果皮,超声处理40 min使果皮表面产生大量裂缝,表皮层变薄,仅38.8 μm,表皮层和亚表皮层易分离,利于干燥过程中水分扩散,显著缩短中短波红外干燥时间。红枣超声处理后中短波红外干燥的干制品品质显著优于未超声处理红外干燥,极显著优于传统热风干燥。最优超声处理条件结合中短波红外干燥,所得干制品在3 种处理方式中总VC、总酚、总黄酮含量最高,糖酸比最高,色泽最优,能耗最少,是适合红枣干燥的技术方法。