几个酿酒葡萄品种及品系的有机酸分析

本研究利用反相高效液相色谱技术,分析同一地区几个酿酒葡萄品种(赤霞珠、美乐和品丽珠等)及其品系的果实中4种有机酸(酒石酸、苹果酸、柠檬酸和草酸)的含量.结果表明:同一品种不同品系间果实有机酸含量存在显著差异;不同定植地点的赤霞珠果实有机酸含量也存在一定差异;不同品种的酿酒葡萄其有机酸含量也有所不同;而有机酸含量差异主要与苹果酸和酒石酸合成代谢中碳的流向改变有关.这些结果为品种及品系的选择及酿造工艺与产品类型的制定提供依据.     

酚类物质的结构与性质及其与葡萄及葡萄酒的关系

酚类物质是一类大而复杂的化合物。葡萄与葡萄酒中常见的酚类物质可分为类黄酮和非类黄酮两大类，它们是葡萄中重要的次生代谢产物，与葡萄的抗病性、采后生理、贮存、保鲜等密切相关。葡萄酒中的酚类物质来自于葡萄果实、果梗、酵母代谢以及橡木桶，参与形成葡萄酒的味道、骨架、结构和颜色等，对红葡萄酒的特征和质量尤其重要。     

Anthocyanin pattern of Tempranillo wines during ageing in oak barrels and storage in stainless-steel tanks

The anthocyanin fingerprint of Tempranillo wines made with grapes from two different vineyards of Rioja Alta has been studied by high-performance liquid chroatography during their ageing in oak barrels and their storage in stainless-steel tanks. The data were submitted to multifactorial analysis of variance, taking into account several factors: vineyard, age of wines, type of wine (free run wine and a coupage of free run wine and press wine), and type of container (oak barrels or stainless-steel tanks). The results indicate that both the length of ageing or storage and the vineyard where the grapes were grown affect the anthocyanin fingerprint of wines. The effect of the other two factors (type of wine and type of container) on the anthocyanin fingerprint of wines was quite low, despite the differences observed in several spectrophotometric parameters related to colour and phenolics.     

Effect of Esca disease on the phenolic and sensory attributes of Cabernet Sauvignon grapes,musts and wines

Background and Aims: The impact of Esca, a cryptogamic disease affecting woody tissues of grapevines (trunk, branches and shoots), was investigated on phenolic and sensory qualities of Cabernet Sauvignon grapes, derived musts and wines. Methods and Results: Global phenolic analyses revealed no major difference between healthy and affected grapes whereas high‐performance liquid chromatography analyses showed decreases in the skin concentrations of catechin and epicatechin and of anthocyanins for the two vintages assessed. Proanthocyanidin characteristics, and particularly mean degree of polymerisation, were strongly decreased in skin proanthocyanidin polymeric fractions. Chemical analyses of wines made with different percentages of fruit from Esca infected grapevines confirmed the moderate impact of Esca on phenolic composition. Nevertheless, sensory analyses revealed a loss of wine sensory quality perceptible with as little as 5% of affected fruit in wines. Conclusions: Phenolic variations in grapes and in derived wines may be related to changes to grapevine physiology caused by Esca fungi that impact on flavonoid metabolism. The chemical and sensory variations between wines can also be related to the delayed ripening delay of fruit from Esca infected grapevines. Significance of the Study: Esca moderately affected the phenolic composition of grapes and decreased the sensory quality of wines, suggesting a dramatic increase in the economic importance of Esca if no control methods are found.     

Anthocyanin pattern of several red grape cultivars and wines made from them

A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with in-line photodiode array detection was applied to separate anthocyanins from red grape skin extracts of several Spanish cultivars, before and after winemaking, and from finished red wines. Data show that, for every cultivar studied, the anthocyanin pattern of the three materials considered (fresh grape skins, crushed grape skins after winemaking, and finished red wines) is quite different. These results may be explained by taking into account the different chemical structures of each anthocyanin and the degradation reactions that should take place during winemaking. On the other hand, the HPLC fingerprint of every material (fresh grape skins, crushed grape skins after fermentation, and wines) is related to cultivar characteristics. Thus, HPLC determination of the anthocyanin pattern of wines may be used to predict the grape cultivar from which wine was made.     

不同品种桑椹酒抗氧化能力及其多酚含量分析

对6个不同品种的桑椹酒的总酚、总类黄酮、原花青素、总花色苷及桑椹酒中主要的两种花色苷（矢车菊-3-氧-芸香糖苷和矢车菊-3-氧-葡萄糖苷）的总抗氧化能力及其相关性进行了分析.结果表明,不同品种的总酚、总类黄酮、原花青素、总花色苷、矢车菊-3-氧-葡萄糖苷、矢车菊-3-氧-芸香糖苷和总抗氧化能力变幅和变异系数较大,存在显著差异（P＜0.05）;桑椹酒总抗氧化能力与总酚、总类黄酮、原花青素、总花色苷及矢车菊-3-氧-葡萄糖苷和矢车菊-3-氧-芸香糖苷含量之间存在正相关性,其中与总酚的相关性最强,达到0.917 2.     

Original article: Anthocyanin profile in Monastrell grapes in six different areas from Denomination of Origen Jumilla during ripening stage

The aim of our research has been to investigate the pattern of accumulation of anthocyanins in the skin of Monastrell variety and to establish if the fingerprint of this cultivar changed in six different areas from Denomination of Origen Jumilla during ripening stage in two consecutive seasons (2007 and 2008). The results show that the anthocyanin profile for Monastrell variety is maintained: it could be observed a higher proportion of non‐acylated anthocyanins, a higher proportion of coumarylated than acetyl derivatives and a higher proportion of trihydroxylated than dihydroxylated anthocyanins. During ripening period, in all zones studied, we observed the same trends: increasing of cyanidin, peonidin and malvidin‐3‐glucoside and decreasing of the other two monoglucosides (delphinidin and petunidin). Slightly quantitative differences were observed for the different zones in the 2 years studied, leading to the conclusion that edaphoclimatic factors also influence the accumulation of anthocyanin compounds.     

葡萄籽原花青素抗氧化作用的研究

采用亚油酸体系、脂质体体系、DPPH.及O2-.研究葡萄籽原花青素提取物的抗氧化活性,结果表明,葡萄籽原花青素具有很强的抗氧化和自由基清除能力,在亚油酸及脂质体体系中,原花青素的抗氧化活性高于VC和VE,并与VC、VE具有协同增效作用,随着浓度的增加,其抗氧化能力可以与合成抗氧化剂BHT相近;原花青素对DPPH.自由基的清除能力优于VC、VE及BHT,半抑制浓度分别为:原花青素1.8μg/mL、VC 2.5μg/mL、VE 6.3μg/mL、BHT 3.5μg/mL。对O2-.的清除能力优于VE而与VC相近,半抑制浓度分别为原花青素15.4μg/mL、VC 14.5μg/mL、VE 177μg/mL。     

Assessment of grey mould (Botrytis cinerea) impact on phenolic and sensory quality of Bordeaux grapes,musts and wines for two consecutive vintages

Background and Aims: The impact of grey mould (Botrytis cinerea (B. cinerea)) was quantified on chemical, phenolic and sensory qualities of grapes, derived musts and wines. Methods and Results: Analyses were carried out by using naturally or artificially infected grape berries at ripeness or overripeness. In grape seeds, chemical analyses revealed no major differences between healthy and rotten grapes. In grape skins of Botrytis‐affected berries, concentrations of all the phenolic compounds (anthocyanins and proanthocyanidin monomers, dimers and trimer) decreased drastically. Mean degree of polymerization of the proanthocyanidin polymeric fraction was also affected in skins. Chemical analyses of musts and wines made with different percentages of rotten berries showed a moderate impact of the pathogen on their phenolic composition. Nevertheless, sensory analyses underlined a loss of wine sensory quality perceptible from a threshold as low as 5% of Botrytis‐affected grapes onwards. Conclusion: Phenolic variations and the associated negative impact in grapes, derived musts and wines may be related to oxidation phenomena from B. cinerea. The main effects of severity/age of grey mould and the level of berry maturity are also discussed. Significance of the Study: B. cinerea drastically affects the phenolic and organoleptic properties of grape skins and derived wines. Therefore, prophylactic actions early in the vineyard, evaluation of the sanitary status of the harvested grapes and berry sorting are primordial even under low disease pressure.     

Anthocyanin profile of young red wines of Tannat,Syrah and Merlot made using maceration enzymes and cold soak

Anthocyanins are the main pigments of young red wines. The aim of this work was to evaluate the anthocyanin composition of red wines produced by alternative procedures of winemaking and different grape varieties. For this purpose, wines of Tannat, Syrah and Merlot were made by traditional maceration (TM), addition of maceration enzymes (ENZ) and cold soak (CS). Syrah wines had the highest proportions of malvidin (86.0 ± 1.0) and peonidin (5.5 ± 0.4), while Tannat wines had the highest of delphinidin (6.9 ± 0.8), petunidin (13.2 ± 0.6) and nonacylated glucosides (73.6 ± 0.6). Cold soak increased the anthocyanins contents in Tannat and Merlot wines. In turn, maceration enzymes affect the anthocyanin profile and the stability of the colour of wines. Discriminant analysis of data showed significant separation of the wines of each variety as the anthocyanin profile showed the varietal fingerprint, despite the different winemaking procedures.     

Wine vinegar production using base wines made with different yeast species

The influence of base wines obtained by the fermentation of different yeast species on acetic acid bacteria growth and on the analytical profile of vinegars was investigated. Results show that the substrates for wine vinegar production exerted a strong influence on both acetic acid bacteria growth and analytical profile of vinegars. The base wine obtained from the alcoholic fermentation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was not always the best substrate. The fermentate made with Candida stellata positively influenced the acetic acid bacteria growth and the quality of vinegar, while the wine obtained from the fermentation of Kloeckera apiculata was a good substrate for acetic acid bacteria growth and acetic acid production and could be used for ‘ordinary’ vinegar production. © 1998 Society of Chemical Industry     

指纹图谱技术在果酒中的应用

综述了指纹图谱技术在果酒检测中的应用。指纹图谱技术能够客观、准确、快速、安全测定果酒的香气和非挥发性物质。主要介绍气相色谱、液相色谱、质谱等对果酒的分析,同时简单介绍了全二维气相色谱和超高液相两种最新检测技术。指纹图谱技术对建立科学合理的控制和评价果酒质量、防伪等方面的研究提供了理论依据。     

Practical interventions that influence the sensory attributes of red wines related to the phenolic composition of grapes: a review

The phenolic composition of red wines is complex and intimately involved in colour, taste, mouth‐feel and aroma. There have been significant advances in knowledge of compounds with relatively simple structures, but understanding of those with more complex and probably diverse structures is challenging. A number of phenolic compounds may form temporary complexes with anthocyanins and/or be involved in reactions that lead to relatively stable coloured compounds. A wide range of phenolic compounds is implicated in the oral sensory attributes of red wines. Of particular importance are flavan‐3‐ols, including proanthocyanidins (PAs). The generally observed decline in the extractability of PAs during berry ripening is due to binding with cell wall material, which may occur within the developing berry and also from tissues brought into contact during processing. Studies have shown that exposure/reduced vigour results in an increasing proportion of skin PAs being extractable during wine making. Temperature and light influence anthocyanin with temperature probably being more important and the most sensitive stage being 1–3 weeks after véraison. Skin PAs are extracted earlier than those from seeds during wine‐making. Recent results suggest some rearrangement of skin and/or seed PAs occurs during vinification which involves the cleavage of large polymers or the aggregation of small ones. The polymeric material is particularly influential in wine astringency and is transformed by incorporation of anthocyanins into tannin‐like compounds during wine‐making and storage. Although some grape‐derived phenolic compounds contribute to the aroma of red wines, likely of greater importance are the effects of nonvolatile phenolics on the volatility of a diverse range of aroma compounds. Advances in analytical techniques are likely to provide greater insights into the structures and conformations of phenolic polymers and the role of cell wall material in relation to phenolic extraction and reaction during vinification. In relation to aroma, much more research is required to reveal the details of the interactions involving phenolics with volatile compounds. It seems likely that the ability to influence the relative extraction and subsequent reaction of skin and seed phenolics is important in the production of full colour, aromatic and long‐lived wines.     

HPLC法测定梅鹿辄和黑比诺葡萄中的花色素苷

利用甲醇和超声波提取酿酒葡萄梅鹿辄和黑比诺中的花色素苷,利用高效液相色谱测定该葡萄中的花色素苷.在梅鹿辄葡萄果实中共检测到9种花色素苷,以二甲花翠素3-O-葡萄糖苷、二甲花翠素3-O-(6-O-乙酰)葡萄糖苷和二甲花翠素3-O-(6-O-对香豆酰)葡萄糖苷为主,这三者占总成分的79.69%,构成了梅鹿辄葡萄果实的主要呈色成分.在黑比诺果实中只检测到5种花色素苷,其中二甲花翠素3-O-葡萄糖苷和甲基花青素3-O-葡萄糖苷构成了黑比诺葡萄果 实的主要呈色物质,占总成分的94.18%.     

Anthocyanin composition of Tempranillo, Garnacha and Cabernet Sauvignon grapes from high- and low-quality vineyards over two years

The anthocyanin composition of Tempranillo, Garnacha and Cabernet Sauvignon grapes over two vintages was studied. Samples were obtained during berry ripening from two vineyards that differed by producing fruit of high and low quality. The proportions of the individual compounds remained practically constant within a single vineyard along the sampling period, the changes in the anthocyanin composition being principally quantitative. Different multivariate statistical methods showed that the anthocyanin profile was primarily determined by variety. This genetic dependence was particularly verified when the sums of the non-acylated glucosides, the acetates and the p-coumaryl derivatives, were analysed. The mean relative content corresponding to these three anthocyanin fractions was always the same within each variety, independently either of the vineyard or the vintage year considered. Relating to the individual compounds, several permanent qualitative differences between vineyards in each variety were also found, although the difference in the total anthocyanin concentration was always much higher.