圆管束中导流器对其自然对流换热的影响

对无限大空间中5根同规格圆管组成的圆管束在管间放置导流器的自然对流换热进行了数值模拟研究。考虑了Ra在10³～10⁴范围内,导流器偏转角为0°～60°,圆管间距为2～4倍圆管直径的自然对流换热,分析了5根圆管的局部Nusselt数（Nu_loc）和平均Nusselt数（Nu_ave）。研究结果表明,导流器对管束结构的自然对流换热影响体现在两方面：一是对导流器下方圆管而言相当于障碍物削弱其换热,二是对导流器上方圆管而言隔绝了下方羽状流的影响,从而增强系统的整体换热。在圆管间距较大时,与无导流器的圆管束相比,C1～C4各圆管换热下降趋势明显放缓,并且从C4、C5圆管换热趋势上升,系统整体换热增强。圆管间距S=2D,Ra=10³,导流器主要起障碍物的作用,削弱C1～C4各圆管换热,导致系统整体换热下降。当导流器偏转角度为45°时系统换热达到最大值,较无导流器时换热最多有着21%的提升。     

耦合表面张力的封闭腔体内管外自然对流传热特性

采用格子-玻尔兹曼方法（LBM）构建了考虑表面张力影响下封闭腔体内加热圆柱外自然对流数学模型。在分别对自然对流与表面张力模型模拟验证的基础上,探究了液固表面张力与重力场下浮升力同时作用下加热圆柱外流体自然对流的传热特性。结果表明,在给定Ra数下（10³≤Ra≤10⁶）,随着表面张力的增大（Oh数减小）,封闭腔体内管外自然对流扰动会加剧,流型会变复杂,壁面换热效率有明显提高。在Ra数为10⁵,长度比（加热圆柱半径和方腔长度之比）为1/10情况下,加入表面张力σ=0.076302N/mm（Oh=0.122）,腔体左侧壁面平均努塞尔数和加热圆柱壁面与未加表面张力相比分别提高了93.5%和60.35%。当表面张力大小和自然对流的浮升力相当时,此时的流场波动更加明显剧烈,在一定范围内增大浮升力反而减弱换热。     

竖直通道内水平管束自然对流的数值模拟

采用非稳态的层流模型对竖直通道内水平管束的自然对流换热进行了数值模拟。分析了管间距以及瑞利数的变化对管束自然对流的流动和换热特性的影响。数值模拟结果表明:随着管间距和瑞利数的增大,管间的流动由稳定的对称状态逐渐发展为随时间的周期震荡状态和混沌的震荡状态,并给出了管后所有对称流动状态消失的临界管间距和瑞利数。圆管换热在瑞利数较小时随管间距的增大变化较小,当瑞利数在106≤Ra≤108范围时,圆管换热总体随管间距的增大而减小。     

封闭腔内置倾斜换热管的自然对流数值模拟

数值模拟了封闭腔内置倾斜换热管的自然对流流动与换热。研究了瑞利数Ra(104～107)、换热管倾角θ(30～75°)、方腔高宽比A(3/5,1,5/3)条件下方腔内温度场、流场和换热管表面平均努塞尔数Nuav的变化规律。结果表明:换热管表面平均努塞尔数随着瑞利数的增大而增大,换热机理由导热逐渐过渡到对流换热,换热能力逐渐加强;随着换热管倾角的增大,方腔内的流动结构由双涡结构转变为单涡结构,平均努塞尔数与倾角呈递增关系,换热能力加强;随着方腔高宽比的减小,流动结构略有不同,由于方腔顶部二次涡的产生,使得流动换热加强。     

基于M-L湍流模型的浮空器强迫对流换热

外表面强迫对流换热是影响临近空间浮空器热控的重要因素，而流体的流动状态对强迫对流换热具有十分重要的影响。目前对浮空器外表面强迫对流换热的仿真研究多采用雷诺时均方程，将流动作为全湍流进行计算，且并未考虑转捩现象的影响。为了研究转捩现象对强迫对流换热的影响，首先通过在Reynolds数为1.14×10⁶情况下采用M-L转捩模型球体浮空器绕流得到的结果与实验结果以及采用Shear Stress Transfer（SST）k-ω、k-ε模型模拟结果进行对比分析，验证了M-L转捩模型在模拟球体浮空器强迫对流换热时的优越性。在验证数值模拟方法的基础上，分析了Reynolds数对球体浮空器强迫对流换热的影响。基于数值模拟得到的结果，在Reynolds数为10⁶～10⁸的范围内，拟合得到了球体浮空器强迫对流换热关系式。     

基于热舒适性纳米喷泉的流动与传热特性

目前关于纳米喷泉流动与传热特性及微区域热舒适度方面的研究较少,为了研究其流动与传热机理,本文基于气-液两相流模型和金刚石-乙二醇/水纳米流体高沸点、低冰点等优良特性,在有限柱体空间内建立了一种基于热舒适性的新型高效换热喷泉-“纳米喷泉”,对比研究了金刚石-乙二醇/水纳米流体、水射流工质分别对喷泉流动与传热的影响,同时讨论了纳米颗粒体积分数v和表征流体流动情况的雷诺数（Reynolds,Re）对喷泉流动与传热的影响,分析了局部温度分布、流线分布、平均温度和流体换热量在空间内的变化,并依据ASHRAE 55-1992标准和ISO7730标准对微区域的热舒适度进行了评价。结果表明：随着Re数和v增大,换热强度均得以不同程度地提升,热舒适程度也逐渐增加。Re=1.0×10⁵和Re=1.2×10⁵时,纳米颗粒体积分数从0增加至1%的换热强度提升较为明显,前后两种Re数可分别强化1.5%和2.8%;Re=1.4×10⁵时,体积分数从3%增至5%的换热强度可提升11.5%,强化效果最为明显。故较小Re数下,较低组分的纳米流体强化换热效果较好;而在较大Re数下,较高组分纳米流体的强化换热效果更好。     

润滑油在内插同轴交叉翼型涡产生器管内流动与传热特性分析

以润滑油为工质,采用数值方法对圆管内插同轴交叉等腰梯形涡产生器的管内流动与传热进行了数值模拟,分析了不同结构参数如扭率（T_r=3,4,5,6）、间距比（S_s/W=0.8,0.9,1.1,1.2）和基带宽度比（W_b/W=0.30,0.45,0.60,0.75）对圆管内插同轴交叉等腰梯形涡产生器的管内流动与传热特性的影响。结果表明：在相同Re下,平均Nusselt数Nu_m、二次流强度Se、强化传热因子JF均随扭率和间距比的减小而增大,而其与基带宽度比的变化没有明显规律,阻力系数f随着扭率的减小和基带宽度比的增大而增大,间距比对f的影响甚微。在相同结构参数下,JF和Se均随Re的增大而增大。在Re=50~1000范围内,相比于光滑圆管,内插不同结构参数的同轴交叉涡产生器的Nu_m增加了32.8%~208.6%,f增加了3.38~8.92倍,JF最大可达1.434。Nu_m与Se呈幂函数相关,内插同轴交叉翼型涡产生器管内的二次流强度决定了其对流换热强度。     

相变套管式储热系统放冷性能实验研究

搭建了套管式相变储热实验系统,分别填充不同质量分数膨胀石墨与正十五烷制备而成的复合相变材料,对系统进行重复充放冷循环实验。采用有效储热比E_st和储能效率ε来表征系统性能,研究了复合相变材料中换热增强对套管式潜热储能系统放冷性能的影响。结果表明：同Re数下,相变材料热导率为0.14 W·m^-1·K^-1（工况A）放冷结束时间为1770 s,相同Re条件下热导率提升至7.10 W·m^-1·K^-1（工况B）和11.60 W·m^-1·K^-1（工况C）的结束时间分别可缩短77.3%、78.9%;热导率的增加可显著提高系统有效储热比E_st和储能效率ε,热导率从0.14 W·m^-1·K^-1增加到11.60 W·m^-1·K^-1,E_st在层流区、过渡区和湍流区分别可提升33.3%、350.0%及129.6%,ε分别可提升26.8%、52.9%及14.6%;Re的增加使得工况A和工况B中E_st和ε呈现下降趋势,工况C中E_st在Re=4298出现峰值1.62。     

高热流低流速条件下超临界CO2在小圆管内的对流传热特性

为获取高热流、低流速条件下超临界CO₂的传热规律，开展了超临界CO₂在内径2 mm水平小圆管内对流传热试验研究，并重点探讨了变物性、浮升力和热加速等效应对传热过程的影响。试验参数范围：系统压力7.6~8.4 MPa，质量流速400~500 kg/(m²?s)，热通量0~200 kW/m²，流体温度20~60℃，Reynolds数1.2×10⁴~4.3×10⁴。分别采用Gr/Re ²和Kv作为浮升力效应和热加速效应的判别因子。结果显示，在高热流低流速工况下，浮升力效应显著（Gr/Re ² > 10^-3），同一个截面处的上壁面传热系数始终小于下壁面传热系数。浮升力效应是高热流低流速工况下传热恶化的主要诱发因素。试验中热加速因子较小（Kv < 8.5×10^-7），其效应可以忽略。将试验数据与典型的传热经验关联式作对比，结果表明Liao-Zhao关联式的计算结果与试验结果最吻合。     

泡沫填充方式对管内超临界CO2流动换热的影响研究

超临界CO₂工质在太阳能热发电系统中的应用能够有效提升整个系统的效率、紧凑性和环境友好性，因此有必要优化超临界CO₂用太阳能集热器的综合性能。提出了泡沫材料有效热导率新的预测模型，并研究了不同泡沫材料填充方式对集热管内超临界CO₂流动与换热性能、管壁温度分布的影响规律。结果表明，环形填充方式（沿管内壁填充）的流动换热综合性能指标(j/j _c)/(f/f _c)^1/3最优，净吸热量最大，管壁最高温度最低且温度分布最均匀。     

在有方形障碍物的方腔中对双扩散自然对流的玻尔兹曼晶格模拟(英文)

Double diffusion convection in a cavity with a hot square obstacle inside is simulated using the lattice Boltzmann method. The results are presented for the Rayleigh numbers 104,105 and 106, the Lewis numbers 0.1, 2 and 10 and aspect ratio A (obstacle height/cavity height) of 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 for a range of buoyancy number N=0 to?4 with the effect of opposing flow. The results indicate that for|N|b 1, the Nusselt and Sherwood numbers decrease as buoyancy ratio increases, while for|N|N 1, they increase with|N|. As the Lewis number increases, higher buoyan-cy ratio is required to overcome the thermal effects and the minimum value of the Nusselt and Sherwood num-bers occur at higher buoyancy ratios. The increase in the Rayleigh or Lewis number results in the formation of the multi-cell flow in the enclosure and the vortices wil vanish as|N|increases.     

Natural convection heat transfer enhancement of different nanofluids by adding dimple fins on a vertical channel wall

In this numerical study, natural flow and heat transfer of nanofluids with Al_2O_3, TiO_2, Cu and CNT nanoparticles in a vertical channel with dimpled fins at Rayleigh number(Ra) of Ra = 3.25 × 10~7 to Ra = 1 × 10~8 are investigated by using the finite volume method. The obtained results revealed that, using CNT in volume fractions of 2% and 4%leads to significant heat transfer and at φ = 6%, using TiO_2 nanoparticles has a great effect on Nu number enhancement. Also, using solid nanoparticles in base fluid causes more uniform heat transfer distribution,especially in areas close to heated surface and by adding more volume fraction in base fluid, temperature level reduces. In general, according to temperature contours, reduction of wall temperature depends on the increase of Ra and volume fraction and the type of solid nanoparticles.     

TRANSIENT BEHAVIOR OF NATURAL CONVECTION INSIDE A VERTICAL CYLINDER

The transient behavior for natural convection heat transfer within a vertical cylindrical enclosure was studied using the SIMPLER numerical algorithm. Initially, the temperature of the internal fluid was uniform. The unsteady state heat transfer was initiated by a temperature step change applied to all boundaries. The boundary temperature was then increased at the same rate as the center temperature until pseudosteady state was achieved. (Pseudosteady state is comparable to steady state convection for a fluid with uniform heat generation.) The transient heat transfer coefficient and the intensity of flow, along with the magnitude and the location of the minimum temperature, mean temperature, and maximum stream function are presented. Temperature and stream function contours are used to show the penetration of heat from the boundary and the development of the flow patterns. The local Nusselt number is also provided as supplementary information. A cylinder with HID = 1 was considered, with the Prandtl number of the fluid equal to 7 and a Rayleigh number of 10⁵. A characteristic length defined as 6 x (volume)/(surface area), which was found to produce the best regression results in our previous studies, was used in defining the Nusselt number and the Rayleigh number. The initial heat transfer rate was found to be correlated by

Nu =0.938 (Dimensionless Time) ^-0567

Oscillatory phenomena were found in support of the prediction made by Patterson and Imberger.     

定热流边界下重力作用PCM熔化过程规律

为提升相变储热单元的相变材料(PCM)熔化速率,本文定义基于热源输入方向与重力方向的通用坐标,建立可视化实验装置与数学模型,探究定热流边界下夹角γ对方腔内PCM熔化的作用规律。结果表明,当夹角γ从0°增加到180°时,PCM熔化时间先增加后减少,最后轻微上升。当夹角γ为0°时,PCM以纯导热完成熔化;夹角为15°时,对应的熔化时间最长,相对纯导热过程增加了40.32%;夹角为120°时,对应的熔化时间最短,相对纯导热过程减少了63.11%。当夹角较小时,自然对流对PCM的整体熔化过程有抑制作用,只有在夹角大于一定数值时,自然对流才能促进PCM的熔化过程。此外,多工况下获取的最优夹角γ均在90°～180°,且相对更趋近90°。所以在实际工程应用中,规整相变储热单元的热源端最低点应该低于PCM端最低点。     

NATURAL CONVECTION MASS TRANSFER INSIDE HORIZONTAL SQUARE DUCTS

Rates of free convection mass transfer inside horizontal square ducts were measured by electrochemical technique. Physical properties of the solution and duct side length were changed to provide Sc.Gr range of 7.38 × 10⁸ - 1.4 × 10¹¹. Under these conditions the data were correlated by the equation Sh= 0.382(Sc.Cr)^0.278 A comparison between the measured overall rate of mass transfer with that calculated by summing the rates of mass transfer at the separate sides of the duct showed that the measured value is higher than the calculated value owing to convective interaction between adjacent surfaces.     

绝热圆腔内4根冷热微管阵列振动强化传热实验

目前针对微细管管外同时有自然对流和周期横向振动存在情况下的混合对流问题鲜有研究。为了探究这种现象, 进而开发一种新型的换热器, 本文提出了一种由4根冷热微细管组成的微管阵列, 将其平行放置于有中间流体的圆形腔体内, 并对管束施加微小横向振动的混合对流传热机理进行研究。详细描述了实验系统及实验方法, 以及后期对实验数据的处理方法, 得到了传热Nu数随管间自然对流强度Ra数, 强迫振动Re_v数等量纲为1参数的变化曲线;揭示了该结构形式下传热特性随冷热管温差、振动频率、微管振幅等传热规律。结果表明, 横向振动在小温差情况下传热强化效果更为明显。将本文实验数据与Lemlich单管振动实验中的数据进行对比, 表明了振动对4根微管阵列的强化传热效果比单根管更明显。     

Ba 2+和In 3+共掺杂硅酸镧固体电解质的制备及性能

采用高温固相法制备磷灰石型硅酸镧陶瓷La_9.4Ba_0.6Si_6-xIn_xO_27-δ（x=0,0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4）。采用XRD、SEM和拉曼光谱等测试分析手段表征了La_9.4Ba_0.6Si_6-xIn_xO_27-δ固体电解质掺杂体系的相组成和微观形貌特征;采用交流阻抗谱测试研究了La_9.4Ba_0.6Si_6-xIn_xO_27-δ掺杂体系在不同温度下的电导率变化规律。研究发现,所有La_9.4Ba_0.6Si_6-xIn_xO_27-δ陶瓷试样的结晶度良好且均具有氧基磷灰石结构;仅在La位掺杂Ba ²⁺时,La_9.4Ba_0.6Si₆O_27-δ试样晶粒形貌不规则,In ³⁺掺杂后晶粒呈等轴状均匀生长。各个试样的总电导率与测试温度之间符合Arrhenius关系。In ³⁺最佳掺杂量x为0.2,此时La_9.4Ba_0.6Si_5.8In_0.2O_27-δ陶瓷具有最高的电导率,其电导率（1 073 K）、活化能和指前因子分别为5.08×10 ^-3 S/cm、0.86 eV和2.91×10 ¹¹ S·K/cm。     

MAGNETOTHERMAL CONVECTION OF POLYATOMIC GASES IN HOMOGENEOUS MAGNETIC FIELDS Part I: Theory

The theory of magnetothermal convection of gases in homogeneous magnetic fields is developed from magnetogas-dynamic theory. Application is made to nonionized paramagnetic and diamagnetic gases between parallel vertical plates. An additive contribution to the natural thermal convection heat transfer results from the temperature dependence of the magnetic permeability of the gas. The result may be expressed parametrically in a dimensionless magnctoconvection number, which characterizes the magnetothermal contribution to the total heat transfer just as the Grashof number characterizes the natural thermal contribution. For oxygen gas at low pressure the magnetothermal contribution is shown to be proportional to p³H²(ΔT)² /ηT⁵ where p is the gas pressure, H is the magnetic field strength, ΔT is the temperature difference between plates, η is the viscosity coefficient and T is the absolute temperature.