基于阶次解调谱的滚动轴承故障诊断方法

针对变转速工况下滚动轴承的故障诊断问题,提出一种基于阶次解调谱的故障诊断方法。该方法先利用线调频小波路径追踪算法提取转速信号,并根据转速信号对轴承振动信号进行角域重采样,将时域非平稳信号转化为角域平稳信号。然后对角域平稳信号进行变分模态分解(variational mode decomposition,VMD)得到若干本征模态函数分量(intrinsic mode function,IMF),并利用峭度指标筛选出敏感IMF分量,最后对敏感IMF进行Hilbert变换获得其阶次解调谱,通过提取阶次解调谱中的故障特征阶次来识别轴承故障。仿真和实验分析结果表明,该方法成功提取出故障特征阶次,可实现变转速工况下滚动轴承故障的有效诊断。     

变转速下基于COT-MCKD-STH的风电机组轴承复合故障诊断

为诊断变转速下风电机组轴承复合故障,提出计算阶次追踪(COT)、最大相关峭度解卷积(MCKD)和自互补顶帽(STH)变换相结合的方法。首先对时域信号进行等角度重采样,利用果蝇优化算法(FOA)搜索MCKD最佳滤波长度和STH变换最佳结构元素尺度,重采样信号经解卷积处理后,利用STH对分离的单一故障源成分进行形态学解调,最终通过分析所得阶次谱判定轴承损伤。结果表明:所述方法能有效提取变转速工况下轴承复合故障特征,具有一定工程参考价值。     

互补集合经验模式分解与奇异值能量谱在风电齿轮故障识别中的应用

针对风电机组齿轮系统故障模式的有效识别问题,提出一种互补集合经验模式分解(CEEMD)与奇异值能量谱相结合的故障识别方法。利用CEEMD将齿轮非平稳信号分解为有限个平稳的本征模态函数,并将其组成初始特征向量矩阵,对矩阵进行奇异值分解并求出风电齿轮不同工况下的奇异值能量谱分布,以奇异值能量谱为元素构造特征向量,通过计算不同工况振动信号的灰色关联度来判断齿轮的故障类型。实例表明,该方法能有效应用于风电机组齿轮系统的故障诊断。     

基于阶比跟踪与VMD的瞬变工况发动机故障特征提取

针对发动机加速过程振动信号的非平稳性和存在强背景噪声的特点,提出阶比跟踪与变分模态分解(VMD)相结合的方法。对于柴油机曲轴轴承故障和汽油机连杆轴承模拟试验振动信号,利用阶比跟踪技术将时域上的非平稳信号转化为角域上的伪平稳信号,利用VMD对重采样信号进行分解,选择包含故障信息的模态分量,计算其阶比、转速、功率谱所构成的三维阶比谱阵,提取故障特征。仿真分析和故障模拟试验验证了该方法的有效性。     

基于小波包-包络样本熵的故障特征提取方法及其应用

提出一种将小波包分解与包络分析以及样本熵快速算法相结合的特征提取新方法。通过风电机组故障模拟实验台,研究变工况变负载对特征提取的影响,并首次应用到山西省某风电场风电机组轴承故障趋势分析中。通过分析不同风速条件下风电机组轴承振动信号,证明该方法能够有效地反映风机故障发展趋势,为风电机组状态维护决策的制定提供依据。     

OVME结合SMHD的风电机组变桨轴承损伤识别

针对风电机组变桨轴承的损伤识别问题,提出一种优化变分模态提取结合稀疏最大谐波噪声比解卷积的新颖损伤识别方法,旨在从复合信号中提取特定信号分量。首先,以能量特征指标为适应度函数,利用白鲨优化算法对变分模态提取算法的最优影响参数组合进行搜索,确定变分模态提取的平衡因子和中心频率的最优值;其次,利用变分模态提取从振动信号中提取特定信号分量,并对提取的信号分量进行稀疏最大谐波噪声比解卷积处理,提高信号的信噪比,得到解卷积信号;最后,对解卷积信号进行包络谱分析,从中提取轴承损伤特征频率。结果表明：该方法能准确识别风电机组变桨轴承的损伤特征,具有一定的实际工程参考价值。     

基于多尺度包络谱图的直驱式风电机组轴承故障特征提取

针对直驱式风电机组低速、重载的运行特点,提出将多尺度包络谱图应用于实际机组的故障诊断,以提取轴承的故障特征.对原始振动信号进行复小波变换,其变换结果的包络谱即为轴承振动信号的多尺度包络谱图.结果表明:因其所具有的同步多尺度分解和包络解调能力,多尺度包络谱图能够提取出隐藏在噪声中的低频微弱轴承故障特征,与传统包络解调方法相比具有较好的智能性和准确性,适用于实际风电机组的状态监测.     

转子-轴承系统小裂纹识别的HHT谱分析方法

针对低转速工况下转子-轴承系统小裂纹识别难的问题,提出Hilbert-Huang变换谱和边际谱分析的方法。分别建立刚性支承及轴承支承的裂纹转子模型,比较二者频谱差异,并采用四阶Runge-Kutta法求解重力占优背景下裂纹转子-轴承系统动力学方程;对时域信号进行经验模态分解,提取其IMF分量,计算各IMF分量的HHT谱及边际谱,并对无裂纹和小裂纹情况进行分析。结果表明,对于受非线性油膜力影响的裂纹转子-轴承系统,HHT方法能够很好体现裂纹刚度随时间变化的过程;通过EMD方法分解出的IMF分量,在小裂纹、低转速下对裂纹的变化有很好的敏感性,能有效识别转子-轴承系统的小裂纹故障。     

风电机组滚动轴承复合故障诊断研究

针对在强风电机组背景噪声下进行滚动轴承复合故障诊断时,由于故障之间的相互联系、交叉影响使得多种故障特征混叠在一起,易造成漏诊、误判等问题,提出一种基于多点最优调整的最小熵解卷积(multipoint optimal minimum entropy deconvolution adjusted,MOMEDA)与1.5维能量谱相结合的风电机组滚动轴承复合故障诊断方法;首先利用MOMEDA算法对原始滚动轴承振动信号进行解卷积预处理;然后对解卷积信号进行1.5维能量谱分析;最后通过分析谱图中幅值突出的频率成分来判断故障类型。仿真信号和应用实例分析结果表明,该方法能够有效提取出在强背景噪声下的复合故障特征,实现风电机组轴承复合故障的准确诊断。     

基于SVD和SSA-VMD降噪的轴承故障特征提取

针对强噪声背景下轴承故障特征提取困难的问题,提出一种基于奇异值分解和参数优化变分模态分解联合降噪的轴承故障特征提取方法(SSVMD)：首先,对原始信号进行奇异值分解(Singular Value Decomposition,SVD)处理,运用奇异值差分谱法选取有效奇异值并将原始信号重构得到初步降噪信号;其次,为防止故障信息丢失,将残余信号进行麻雀算法(Sparrow Search Algorithm,SSA)优化的变分模态分解(Variational Mode Decomposition,VMD）算法处理,得到最佳的模态个数K和惩罚参数α,选取峭度值最大、包络熵最小的IMF分量与初步降噪信号叠加得到最终降噪信号,并对信号进行包络分析;最后,通过仿真和试验数据分析得出,该方法能在信噪比很低的情况下降低噪声含量并提取轴承故障特征,为设备的状态监测和故障诊断提供理论依据。     

An engineering condition indicator for condition monitoring of wind turbine bearings

Condition monitoring (CM) of wind turbine becomes significantly important part of wind farms in order to cut down operation and maintenance costs. The large amount of CM system vibration data collected from wind turbines are posing challenges to operators in signal processing. It is crucial to design sensitive and reliable condition indicator (CI) in wind turbine CM system. Bearing plays an important role in wind turbine because of its high impact on downtime and component replacement. CIs for wind turbine bearing monitoring are reviewed in the paper, and the advantages and disadvantages of these indicators are discussed in detail. A new engineering CI (ECI), which combined the energy and kurtosis representation of the vibration signal, is proposed to meet the requirement of easy applicability and early detection in wind turbine bearing monitoring. The quantitative threshold setting method of the ECI is provided for wind turbine CM practice. The bearing run‐to‐failure experiment data analysis demonstrates that ECI can evaluate the overall condition and is sensitive to incipient fault of bearing. The effectiveness in engineering of ECI is validated though a certain amount of real‐world wind turbine generator and gearbox bearing vibration data.     

基于AVMD和WDK的风电齿轮箱轴承复合故障诊断方法研究

针对强背景噪声下轴承微弱复合故障特征提取困难的问题,提出一种基于自适应变分模态分解（AVMD）和优化的Wasserstein距离指标（WDK）的风电齿轮箱轴承复合故障诊断方法。首先,引入自适应学习粒子群优化算法（ALPSO）,以平均包络熵作为ALPSO的适应度函数来搜索变分模态分解的最佳影响参数,从而构造AVMD;其次,结合Wasserstein距离（WD）和峭度优点,提出WDK指标筛选有效模态分量,并对筛选的有效模态分量进行重构;然后,通过对重构信号进行包络谱分析实现轴承复合故障的诊断;最后,将所提AVMD-WDK方法应用于某风场2 MW风电齿轮箱轴承振动信号的故障诊断。结果表明,该方法能有效提取轴承的微弱故障特征,实现轴承复合故障的精确诊断。     

Feature extraction method of wind turbine based on adaptive Morlet wavelet and SVD

Analyzing the vibration signals of wind turbine usually requires feature extraction. However, in many cases, to extract feature components becomes challenging and the applicability of information drops down due to the large amount of noise. In this paper, a new denoising method based on adaptive Morlet wavelet and singular value decomposition (SVD) is applied to feature extraction for wind turbine vibration signals. Modified Shannon wavelet entropy is utilized to optimize central frequency and bandwidth parameter of the Morlet wavelet so as to achieve optimal match with the impulsive components. The time-frequency resolution can be adapted to different signals of interest. Then, an improved matrix construction method is used to construct matrix of the wavelet coefficient, and the scale periodical exponential (SPE) spectrum is obtained by SVD for selecting the appropriate transform scale. Experimental analysis and application into signal denoising indicate that the proposed method has better denoising performance than other wavelet transforms. The results of the experimental analysis in rolling bearing and the application in planetary gearbox show that the proposed method is an effective approach to detecting the impulsive feature components hidden in vibration signals and performs well for wind turbine fault diagnosis.     

Fault diagnosis of low-speed rolling bearing based on weighted reconstruction of vibration envelopes

The main bearing supports the rotation of the main shaft of a wind turbine. It bears heavy dead weights as well as variable speed dynamic loading during operations; thus, it is a vulnerable part in a wind turbine drive train. Because of the low speed and time-varying operations of the main bearing, vibrations generated by bearing faults are often weak in response amplitudes, low in frequency range, and smeared in damage feature energy. As a result, the applicability of the conventional acceleration envelope analysis (AEA) technique, a traditionally effective technology for bearing fault diagnosis, is limited in such cases. In order to resolve this, a modified AEA method specially designed for bearings with low and variable speed operation is proposed in this paper. First, the structural response is decomposed by means of variational mode decomposition (VMD) for the low frequency components to form a series of band-limited intrinsic mode functions (BLIMFs). Next, weighting factors are determined for the BLIMFs by defined energy ratios. Finally, a new envelope is reconstructed by weighting the envelopes of each BLIMF for bearing fault diagnosis. The effectiveness and practicality of the proposed method for the diagnosis of main bearing faults in wind turbines is verified through the analysis of measured data from a wind turbine in the field. The proposed method provides an effective way for bearing fault diagnosis at low and variable rotational speeds.     

Data‐driven multiscale sparse representation for bearing fault diagnosis in wind turbine

With the increase of the wind turbine capacity, failures occur on the drivetrain of wind turbines frequently. Since faults of bearings in the wind turbine can lead to long downtime and even casualties, fault diagnosis of the drivetrain is very important to reduce the maintenance cost of the wind turbine and improve economic efficiency. However, the traditional diagnosis methods have difficulty in extracting the impulsive components from the vibration signal of the wind turbine because of heavy background noise and harmonic interference. In this paper, we propose a novel method based on data‐driven multiscale dictionary construction. Firstly, we achieve the useful atom through training the K‐means singular value decomposition (K‐SVD) model with a standard signal. Secondly, we deform the chosen atom into different shapes and construct the final dictionary. Thirdly, the constructed dictionary is used to sparsely represent the vibration signal, and orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) is performed to extract the impulsive component. The proposed method is robust to harmonic interference and heavy background noise. Moreover, the effectiveness of the proposed method is validated by numerical simulation and two experimental cases including the bearing fault of the wind turbine generator in the field test. The overall results indicate that compared with traditional methods, the proposed method is able to extract the fault characteristics from the measured signals more efficiently.     

Application of the ensemble empirical mode decomposition and Hilbert transform to pedestal looseness study of direct-drive wind turbine

The fault signal problems of wind turbine are non-linear and non-stationary, thus it is difficult to obtain the obvious fault features. In this study, a time-frequency method based on EEMD (ensemble empirical mode decomposition) and Hilbert transform is presented to investigate the bearing pedestal looseness fault of direct-drive wind turbine. The real vibration signals are analyzed using IMFs (intrinsic mode functions) extracted by ensemble empirical mode decomposition and Hilbert spectrum in the proposed method. The experimental results indicate that the proposed method is effective to extract the fault features of bearing pedestal looseness of wind turbine. And the results also demonstrate that fault features of front bearing pedestal looseness are different from rear bearing pedestal looseness with the same looseness gap. The fluctuation of rotational frequency increases with the occurrence of front bearing pedestal looseness fault, especially the half rotational frequency and high-frequency components, and the shaft orbit is complex. Besides, we found that when the rear bearing pedestal is loosen, the fluctuation of rotational frequency also increases, and the half rotational frequency component can be found. But for the high-frequency components, it is not obvious, and the shaft orbit is an approximate ellipse. Although the fault features of front and rear bearing pedestal looseness are obvious, the powers generated by wind turbine generator only change slightly.     

基于小波变换的风电机组滚动轴承故障KPI计算及故障诊断

风电机组一般采用滚动轴承支撑结构,滚动轴承不同故障模式对应的振动冲击间隔频率存在差异。为了准确地从振动信号中提取滚动轴承故障征兆,在分析风电机组滚动轴承故障机理、信号特征的基础上,提出了基于小波变换的风电机组滚动轴承故障KPI计算方法,首先对风电机组的振动信号进行小波变换及阈值去噪,并计算振动信号的小波能量谱分布图,然后以小波能量谱分布图的统计参数作为滚动轴承故障诊断的KPI,采用椭圆型判决函数法实现滚动轴承的故障诊断,现场实测信号的诊断结果验证了该方法的有效性。     

基于小波变换的风电机组滚动轴承故障KPI计算及故障诊断

风电机组一般采用滚动轴承支撑结构,滚动轴承不同故障模式对应的振动冲击间隔频率存在差异。为了准确地从振动信号中提取滚动轴承故障征兆,在分析风电机组滚动轴承故障机理、信号特征的基础上,提出了基于小波变换的风电机组滚动轴承故障KPI计算方法,首先对风电机组的振动信号进行小波变换及阈值去噪,并计算振动信号的小波能量谱分布图,然后以小波能量谱分布图的统计参数作为滚动轴承故障诊断的KPI,采用椭圆型判决函数法实现滚动轴承的故障诊断,现场实测信号的诊断结果验证了该方法的有效性。