乙醇汽油燃料特性对直喷增压乘用车性能影响研究

使用纯汽油与4种乙醇体积分数为10%的乙醇汽油,在一辆缸内汽油直喷乘用车上研究不同燃料对整车性能的影响。试验结果表明:在新欧洲驾驶循环下,燃用乙醇汽油会增加汽车运行时的百公里油耗,但燃用乙醇汽油汽车的当量油耗则可以低于纯汽油汽车的油耗,说明燃用乙醇汽油燃料的汽车可以实现更高的热效率、更低的碳排放、更低的颗粒物排放和更良好的加速性能。5种燃料中,随芳烃含量升高,汽车油耗、颗粒数、NO_x排放整体会呈现上升趋势。综合性能来看,通过燃料优化可以使乙醇汽油高效清洁地应用于整车,但在低车速、冷起动工况下因发动机运转温度较低,其CO排放比纯汽油要高,HC排放比纯汽油低。     

氧体积分数对低十六烷值混合燃料燃烧特性影响

在一台转速为1 600,r/min、喷油量为21,mg/cyc的4缸增压直喷式柴油机上,进行不同进气氧体积分数对正丁醇/汽油/柴油混合燃料低温燃烧方式燃烧和排放性能影响的试验.结果表明:对于纯柴油和掺混30%,汽油、30%,正丁醇和15%,正丁醇+15%,汽油的混合燃料,降低进气氧体积分数,缸内压力和缸内平均温度迅速下降,放热率始点推迟,滞燃期延长,当量燃油消耗率增加,NO_x排放大幅降低,CO排放增加.在进气氧体积分数较高(大于19%,)时,碳烟(soot)排放变化较小,进一步降低进气氧体积分数,soot排放急剧增加.在相同的进气氧体积分数下,掺混30%,汽油、15%,正丁醇+15%,汽油和30%,正丁醇的混合燃料与纯柴油相比,放热率峰值依次升高,滞燃期依次延长,NO_x排放无明显变化,CO排放增加,而soot排放大幅度降低.     

电喷汽油机燃用低比例甲醇汽油的试验研究

在电喷汽油机上燃用低比例甲醇汽油混合燃料与燃用93#汽油进行对比试验研究。试验结果表明,汽油机燃用M15,M25混合燃料均比燃用93#汽油输出功率高,增幅为3．1％～7．7％;M15当量油耗率与93#汽油油耗率基本相等,M25当量油耗率降幅较为明显,最大降幅达16．8％;混合燃料有效热效率高于93#汽油;混合燃料比93#汽油CO放稍有降低,HC排放降低明显,NOx排放在中低负荷时有所改善,在大负荷时排放增加。     

稀燃条件下甲醇汽油发动机燃烧和排放特性的试验研究

在一台汽油缸内直喷(GDI)增压发动机上,研究了稀燃条件下燃用不同甲醇汽油混合燃料的燃烧特性和排放特性。试验结果表明:稀燃条件下,随混合气浓度逐渐变稀,当量燃油消耗率呈现出先降低后升高的趋势,并且随着甲醇比例的增加,当量燃油消耗率增加,但均低于原机。在混合气逐渐变稀的过程中,燃烧时缸压峰值和燃烧温度总的变化趋势是逐渐降低,而燃烧持续期和循环变动率逐渐升高。稀燃条件下,CO排放量逐渐降低,碳氢化合物排放呈先降低后增加的趋势。NO_x排放量总的变化趋势是先增大后逐渐降低,随着甲醇体积分数的增加,NO_x的排放量逐渐降低,且3种甲醇、汽油混合燃料的NO_x和CO排放量都低于汽油燃料。     

柴油机掺烧不同比例生物柴油的试验研究

将体积分数为10%2、0%、30%的生物柴油掺混到柴油里组成3种混合燃料,并连同纯柴油共4种燃料,在一台四缸增压中冷柴油机上进行性能、燃烧和排放特性的试验研究.结果表明,柴油机燃用生物柴油与柴油混合燃料的折合油耗率与燃用纯柴油时基本相当;燃用混合燃料的缸内最大爆发压力和压力升高率较低,着火时刻较晚;混合燃料的NOx和碳烟排放与燃用纯柴油时相比均有不同程度的降低,但混合燃料的HC和CO排放只是在1 500r/min时才较纯柴油低,当转速在2 300 r/min时,混合燃料的HC和CO排放更高.     

F-T柴油掺混乙醇/正丁醇的排放试验研究

为了研究F-T柴油与乙醇/正丁醇形成的混合燃料的排放特性。文章根据混合燃料中氧质量分数相同的原则,配制了4种不同体积比的混合燃料,并按照八工况法进行试验。试验结果表明:与F-T柴油相比,燃用添加了乙醇/正丁醇的混合燃料能有效降低尾气烟度和NO_x的排放量,且尾气烟度与NO_x排放量的trade-off关系得到改善,但是,HC的排放量略有增加;中低负荷时,混合燃料的CO排放量均高于F-T柴油,高负荷时,混合燃料的CO排放量均低于F-T柴油;对比掺混不同醇类的混合燃料,乙醇/F-T柴油混合燃料降低NO_x和碳烟排放量的效果更明显。     

F-T柴油掺混含氧燃料对高压共轨柴油机性能的影响

在F-T柴油中分别掺混体积分数为10%的甲醇、聚甲氧基二甲醚(PODE)、碳酸二甲酯(DMC),制成3种含氧混合燃料,研究掺混含氧燃料对高压共轨柴油机性能的影响。结果表明:外特性下,相比于0#柴油,M10,P10和D10含氧混合燃料的输出转矩依次降低,动力性低于0#柴油;M10,P10和D10含氧混合燃料的有效燃油消耗率大于0#柴油,经济性降低。在2 000 r/min负荷特性下,相比于0#柴油,M10,P10和D10含氧混合燃料的碳烟分别降低了36.58%,65.76%和67.35%,NOX排放量分别降低了14.82%,11.57%和14.03%,CO排放量分别降低了30.08%,46.88%和38.34%,HC排放量有所升高。     

2-甲基呋喃/汽油发动机燃烧和排放特性

基于一台点燃式发动机,研究了燃用2-甲基呋喃(MF)及其体积分数为10%和20%低比例汽油混合燃料的发动机燃烧和排放特性,并与纯汽油进行对比.结果表明:MF及混合燃料抗爆性优于汽油,高负荷下允许发动机使用更加提前的点火时刻.单独燃用或掺混MF使滞燃期、燃烧持续期相对汽油缩短,循环波动系数降低,同时缸内峰值压力、最高平均温度相对升高.较高的燃烧温度及含氧量使MF及混合燃料HC和CO排放相对汽油降低,使用20%混合燃料时最高降低比例分别约为10%和3%.但燃用MF及混合燃料的NOx排放相对汽油升高.     

聚甲氧基二甲醚-甲醇混合燃料的燃烧与排放特性研究

将甲醇按体积比0、10%、20%、30%分别掺混到聚甲氧基二甲醚(polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers,PODE)中制备出PODE-甲醇混合燃料,并依次标记为M0、M10、M20和M30,在一台高压共轨发动机上研究了最大转矩转速不同负荷下混合燃料的缸内燃烧过程和排放性能。结果表明:在PODE中添加甲醇后,各负荷下缸内压力降低,滞燃期逐渐延长,放热始点推迟。低负荷和中负荷时甲醇体积比的增加会使放热率峰值先增加后减小,而高负荷下放热率峰值却逐渐升高。甲醇体积比较低时,各负荷下燃烧持续期缩短;当甲醇体积比为30%时,中低负荷下燃烧持续期延长,各负荷下燃烧重心(CA50)推迟。掺烧甲醇可以降低NO_x浓度,M30较M0降低幅度为28.1%;而随甲醇体积比的增加,各负荷下HC和CO排放量均呈上升趋势,烟度则先减小后增大。甲醇的低温氧化使混合燃料的甲醛排放量上升,同时NO_2排放量及NO_2占NO_x比例随甲醇体积比的升高而增加,与纯PODE相比,低负荷下M30的NO_2排放量和NO_2占NO_x比例增幅分别为65%和107%。     

基于缸内直喷的甲醇汽油混合燃料HCCI燃烧排放特性研究

在缸内直喷发动机上研究甲醇汽油混合燃料的HCCI燃烧排放特性,分析了其非常规排放的性能。试验中选用汽油、M10(甲醇体积分数10%)、M20(甲醇体积分数20%)3种燃料,并通过FTIR方法测量甲醇及甲醛等非常规排放。研究结果表明:在汽油中添加甲醇可以有效拓展HCCI燃烧的高负荷范围,M20燃料的高负荷范围比汽油提高近9%,指示燃油消耗率比汽油高5%～10%,但指示能量消耗率比汽油低2%～6%。CO、THC、NOx等常规排放随甲醇添加比例的增加而降低,而甲醇和甲醛等非常规排放随甲醇添加比例的增加而增加,并随负荷增高呈先增加后减少的趋势。     

生物含氧燃料成分对柴油机性能影响的试验研究

将占体积比80％的柴油分别掺混20％乙醇、20％生物柴油以及10％乙醇和10％生物柴油的混合物，连同纯柴油组成E20、B20、E10810和柴油共4种燃料，在一台4缸柴油机上进行燃烧、性能及排放特性试验研究。结果表明：含氧燃料成分的不同对折合油耗率基本不产生影响，但对燃烧和排放特性影响较大。发动机燃用E20的缸内最大爆发压力较柴油要大，B20、E10810较柴油要小；含氧燃料中生物柴油的加入使最大压力升高率减小，燃烧变得柔和；含氧燃料的放热时刻均落后于柴油的放热时刻。含氧燃料成分在中低负荷下对HC和CO的排放影响较大，随着含氧燃料中乙醇比例的增加HC和CO排放增加，在中高负荷下，3种含氧燃料的HC和CO排放基本相当；除了在2300r／min的中低负荷下含氧燃料的HC和CO排放较柴油高以外，其它工况下含氧燃料的HC和CO排放较柴油要低。含氧燃料成分不同对NOx排放的影响很小，3种含氧燃料的NOx排放都比柴油低。3种含氧燃料的碳烟排放较柴油要低，而且随含氧燃料中乙醇比例的增加，碳烟排放减小。     

The impacts of compression ratio on the performance and emissions of ice powered by oxygenated fuels: A review

Energy sources are becoming a governmental issue, with cost and stable supply as the main concern. Oxygenated fuels production is cheap, simple and eco-friendly, as a well as can be produced locally, cutting down on transportation fuel costs. Oxygenated fuels are used directly in an engine as a pure fuel, or they can be blended with fossil fuel. The most common fuels that are conceded under oxygenated fuels are ethanol, methanol, butanol Dimethyl Ether (DME), Ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE), Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and biodiesel that have attracted the attention of researchers. Due to the higher heat of vaporization, high octane rating, high flammability temperature, and single boiling point, the oxygenated fuels have a positive impact on the engine performance, combustion, and emissions by allowing the increase of the compression ratio. Oxygenated fuels also have a considerable oxygen content that causes clean combustion. The aim of this paper was to systematically review the impact of compression ratio (CR) on the performance, combustion and emissions of internal combustion engines (ICE) that are operated with oxygenated fuels that could potentially replace petroleum-based fuels or to improve the fuel properties. The higher octane rating of oxygenated fuels can endure higher compression ratios before an engine starts knocking, thus giving an engine the ability to deliver more power efficiently and economically. One of the more significant findings to emerge from this review study was the slight increases or decreases in power when oxygenated fuel was used at the original CR in ICE engines. Also, CO, HC, and NOx emissions decreased while the fuel consumption (FC) increased. However, at higher CR, the engine performance increased and fuel consumption decreased for both SI and CI engines. It was seen the NOx, CO and CO₂ emissions of oxygenated fuels decreased with the increasing CR in the SI engine, but the HC increased. Meanwhile, in CI engine, the HC, CO and NOx decreased as the CR increased with biodiesel fuel.     

Evaluation of hydrogen-containing NaBH4 and oxygen-containing alcohols (CH3OH,C2H5OH) as fuel additives in a gasoline engine

The aim of this study is to obtain alternative fuels with hydrogen-containing (NaBH₄) and oxygen-containing (ethanol, methanol) fuel additives and to test these fuels in a gasoline engine. For this purpose, each of the NaBH₄ added ethanol and methanol solutions was added to pure gasoline at a volume of 10% and mixed fuels named SE10 and SM10 were obtained, respectively. The obtained SE10 and SM10 mixed fuels were tested in a spark ignition engine and the performance and emission effects of the fuels were compared with the pure gasoline fueled engine test data. When the test results of the mixture fuel engine were compared with the test results of the engine running with pure gasoline, the torque of the SE10 fuel engine decreased compared to the pure gasoline engine, while the torque of the SM10 blended engine increased. In addition, while the exhaust gas temperatures of both blended fuels decreased, their specific fuel consumption and thermal efficiency increased. On the other hand, adding NaBH₄ doped ethanol and methanol solutions to pure gasoline resulted in better combustion, reductions in CO emissions of SE10 and SM10 blended fuels by 31.04% and 53.7%, but CO₂ emissions increased by 11.20% and 19.51% respectively. In addition, NO_x emissions of SE10 and SM10 blended fuels decreased by 15.17% and 8.73%, respectively.     

新型多碳醇-柴油燃料对柴油机性能及排放的影响

试验在一台S195柴油机上进行,试验结果表明,新型多碳醇-柴油混合燃料的油耗率比纯柴油高,但随负荷的增大,差距呈下降趋势。新型混合燃料在较大工况范围都保持较低的CO排放量。新型混合燃料中,小比例多碳醇油料的加入有利于混合燃料的HC排放状况的改善,大比例多碳醇油料的加入,对改善混合燃料的HC排放影响不明显;新型混合燃料的NOx排放均比纯柴油低,并且小比例多碳醇-柴油混合燃料的NOx排放比其大比例混合燃料的NOx排放量低;新型混合燃料的碳烟排放均比纯柴油低,并且随着多碳醇掺混比例的增大,改善效果越好。     

正丁醇作为生物燃料在生产和应用方面的进展

作为车用替代燃料,丁醇的热值比乙醇高30%左右,挥发性只有乙醇的1/6左右,吸湿性远小于甲醇、乙醇和丙醇,具有适度的水溶性,腐蚀性低,安全性更高。但丁醇直接应用到发动机上也存在一些问题,如其热值比传统汽油或柴油低,使得燃料消耗量增加;燃烧效率低于甲醇、乙醇;当应用于点燃式发动机时,丁醇较高的黏度将产生潜在的沉积或腐蚀等问题。目前许多研究者将正丁醇作为替代生物燃料进行研究,现有的研究主要是将丁醇与汽油或柴油混合应用在发动机上,或是应用在一些基本的燃烧反应器中。综合各方面的研究成果,正丁醇在混合燃料中体积分数小于20%时,无需调整发动机就可获得与汽油燃料相同的发动机功率;当达到30%时,发动机最大功率开始下降;随着正丁醇体积的增加,燃料消耗量增加。CO、THC、NOx排放的减少或增加取决于具体的发动机、操作条件、丁醇-汽油的混合比等。混合燃料与纯汽油相比,未燃烧醇的排放增加,而且丁醇的比例越高,未燃烧醇的排放越高。     

Effect of different types of fuels tested in a gasoline engine on engine performance and emissions

In this study, three different fuels named G100 (pure gasoline), E20 (volume 20% ethanol and 80% gasoline blend) and ES20 (20% sodium borohydride added ethanol solution and 80% gasoline) were used to test in a gasoline engine. First of all, G100 fuel, E20 and ES20 blended fuels, respectively, were tested in a gasoline engine and the effects of fuels on engine performance and exhaust emissions were investigated experimentally. Experiments were carried out at full load and at five different engine speeds ranging from 1400 to 3000 rpm, and engine performance and exhaust emission values were determined for each test fuel. When the test results of the engine operated with E20 and ES20 blended fuels are compared with the test results of the engine operated with gasoline; engine torque of E20 blended fuel increased by 1.87% compared to pure gasoline, while engine torque of ES20 blended fuel decreased by 1.64%. However, the engine power of E20 and ES20 blended fuels decreased by 2.02% and 5.10%, respectively, compared to the power of pure gasoline engine, while their specific fuel consumption increased by 5.02% and 6.57%, respectively, compared to pure gasoline fueled engine. On the other hand, CO and HC emissions of the engine operated with E20 and ES20 blended fuels decreased compared to the pure gasoline engine, while CO₂ and NO_x emissions increased.     

Performance and combustion characteristics of alcohol–gasoline blends at wide-open throttle

This study discusses the performance and exhaust emissions of a vehicle fueled with low content alcohol (ethanol and methanol) blends and pure gasoline. The vehicle tests were performed at wide-open throttle and at vehicle speeds of 40 km h⁻¹, 60 km h⁻¹, 80 km h⁻¹ and 100 km h⁻¹ by using an eddy current chassis dynamometer. The test results obtained with the use of alcohol-gasoline blends (5 and 10 percent alcohol by volume) were compared to pure gasoline test results. The test results indicated that when the vehicle was fueled with alcohol-gasoline blends, the peak wheel power and fuel consumption slightly increased. And also, in general, alcohol-gasoline blends provided higher combustion efficiency compared to pure gasoline use. In exhaust emission results, a stable trend was not seen, especially for CO emission. But, on average, alcohol-gasoline blends exhibited decreasing HC emissions. In 100 km h⁻¹ vehicle speed test, the alcohol-gasoline blends provided lower vehicle performance and lower NO_x emission values compared to pure gasoline. At all vehicle speeds, minimum CO₂ emission was obtained when 5% methanol was added in gasoline. The low content alcohol blends did not reveal any starting problem, or irregular operation on the engine.     

电喷汽油机燃用乙醇-汽油燃料的排放性能研究

研究了不同掺混比的乙醇 -汽油燃料在多点电喷汽油机上应用时的排放性能。研究结果表明 :在汽油机参数未做任何调整的情况下 ,在试验的掺混比范围内 ,随着乙醇 -汽油混合燃料中乙醇含量的增加 ,THC排放改善了 30 %,CO排放在大负荷时有所改善 ,NOx 排放在中、小负荷时改善较明显。排放特性的变化不仅与乙醇含量有关 ,而且与电喷发动机的空燃比控制策略有关。以质量计的燃油消耗率有所增加 ,但以燃料热值计的比能耗降低。     

汽油替代物组分对缸内直喷和进气道喷射汽车性能影响的试验研究

采用3种研究法辛烷值相同的汽油替代物在一辆缸内直喷(gasoline direction injection,GDI)和进气道喷射(port fuel injection,PFI)汽车上研究了不同汽油替代物组分对整车性能的影响。试验结果表明:相比异辛烷,添加甲苯会导致CO_2排放升高,而添加二异丁烯会降低CO_2排放,甲苯和二异丁烯均使体积油耗降低。添加二异丁烯和甲苯使GDI汽车的CO排放升高并使THC排放降低,使PFI汽车新欧洲驾驶循环(new European drive cycle,NEDC)前100s的瞬态CO和THC排放升高。二异丁烯会使NOx排放降低而甲苯会导致NOx排放升高。在颗粒排放方面,添加甲苯使GDI汽车排放的颗粒物质量(particle mass,PM)和数量(particle number,PN)增加,添加二异丁烯会降低GDI汽车PM和PN排放;添加甲苯和二异丁烯会降低PFI汽车的PM排放,但会导致其PN增加。在加速性能方面,二异丁烯和甲苯的加入会缩短GDI汽车的加速时间,而甲苯会使PFI汽车的加速时间增加。