基于热电联产运行模式的光热发电调峰策略

针对中国"三北"地区冬季供暖期因热电机组"以热定电"运行约束,导致系统调峰能力不足而造成的大量弃风问题提出一种基于热电联产运行模式的光热电站调峰策略。该文首先分析光热电站辅助供热后热电机组电热特性及其调峰能力变化情况,然后根据不同时段的负荷特性及热电机组运行状况制定出基于热电联产运行模式的光热电站在各时段的运行策略,在此基础上建立含光热电站、热电机组、纯凝机组、风电场的电力系统电热综合调峰优化模型。与传统模型相比,新模型增加了系统热平衡约束、热电机组的热电耦合约束、光热电站运行约束等。仿真结果表明基于热电联产运行模式的光热电站,通过辅助供热不但可有效提高电网的风电消纳水平,同时可避免运行成本较高的纯凝式机组频繁调节,提高系统运行的经济性。     

基于SCA分解法的含电热泵和储热装置的热电联调

针对中国北方集中供热下,热电联产机组的电热强耦合对风电消纳的不良影响,提出含电热泵和储热装置的热电联产调度模型。该模型通过电热泵的供热方式来解耦传统热电联产机组的热电关系,并利用储热装置来实现热负荷的实时转移增加供热系统的灵活性。为验证模型的有效性,本文提出一种基于SCA算法进行分解迭代的新求解方法,仿真结果表明含电热泵和储热装置的热电联调模型能够降低供能系统的运行成本,并有效缓解中国供热与风能利用的矛盾,提高风能利用率。     

基于启停电锅炉与储热装置协调供热的风电消纳低碳经济调度

为解耦热电厂中热电机组"以热定电"的刚性约束,提高风电消纳能力,降低碳排放成本,研究启停电锅炉与储热装置协调供热策略,建立基于启停电锅炉与储热装置协调供热的风电消纳低碳经济调度模型。该模型以经济环境成本最低为目标,引入碳排放成本参数,考虑热电机组热电耦合约束,热、电平衡以及机组爬坡等约束。算例对4种供热方式下系统的风电消纳水平,煤耗成本以及碳排放成本进行分析。算例结果验证所提模型有效性与准确性。     

供热期调峰约束下电网弃风情况分析

在研究供热期电网弃风机理基础上,分析热电联产机组电热耦合关系,并建立考虑电力系统和热力系统约束的区域电网调度模型,定量分析风电渗透率、热负荷水平及电负荷水平对弃风影响。算例使用CPLEX优化软件求解,结果表明:供热期负荷低谷时段,热电联产机组调峰容量为额定容量的20%,严重挤压风电上网空间,导致大量弃风;热电联产机组热负荷水平由额定容量的68.3%下降到52.4%,可减少30%弃风。     

含附加热源和需求响应的电热联合系统运行优化

为缓解供暖期弃风高发问题,从解耦供热机组“以热定电”约束、提高电网调峰能力角度出发,文中提出考虑附加热源与需求响应的电热联合系统优化调度模型。系统中储热和电锅炉作为附加热源共同作用以降低机组热电耦合关系,并且在系统负荷侧通过需求响应增强电网调峰能力。以最低运行成本为目标综合考虑弃风惩罚成本、需求响应成本及系统内各单元约束建立电热联合系统调度模型。通过遗传算法进行求解算例,对比分析了系统在传统的热电联产、仅考虑需求响应、系统中引入附加热源、含附加热源-需求响应联合运行4种不同调度方式下的风电消纳效果。分析结果表明,所提方法的风电消纳能力最优且具有最佳经济性。     

基于供热网络热惯性的风电消纳能力评估

在传统的热电联产调度中,电功率和热功率之间的平衡关系时刻受到限制,导致系统调峰能力下降、弃风率过高。基于此,考虑了区域供热网络（DHN）的实际物理模型,利用DHN的热惯性进行蓄热,用于提高热电联产（CHP）机组的运行灵活性。该文构建了供热网络的热惯性模型,并引入供、回水时滞性来描述热水在网络中的传输时延,以系统运行成本及弃风量最小为目标函数,考虑了系统常规约束和热力系统模型约束,建立了包含风电机组、火电机组、热电联产机组和热惯性的电-热综合系统优化模型。结果表明,所提模型不仅可以减小系统弃风率,还可以获得热源处优化后的供水和回水温度。     

考虑系统故障随机性的电热联合系统备用与DNE分布鲁棒协同优化调度

为实现电热联合系统的安全稳定运行,提高可再生能源消纳,提出考虑系统设备故障随机性的电热联合系统备用与“不超过”（DNE）分布鲁棒协同优化调度模型。首先,以常规机组和热电联产机组运行成本最小为综合优化目标,电功率平衡约束、热功率平衡约束等为约束条件,建立确定性电热联合系统优化调度模型;其次,在综合考虑风电功率、设备故障随机性以及DNE极限基础上建立电热联合系统分布鲁棒优化调度模型;最后,以修改的9节点系统为例,验证了所提模型可有效提高风电消纳率和系统的经济性。     

基于热网储热特性的电-热系统联合经济调度

针对含高比例热电机组的电力系统如何提高调峰能力并减少弃风问题,以最小弃风电量为目标,提出一种基于热网储热特性的电-热系统联合调度策略,构建电-热系统联合经济调度模型。热网具有储热特性,通过对热网蓄放热进行有序地调控,在短时间内调整热电机组供热量改变机组发电水平,降低供热和发电的耦合程度,能够保证热需求的同时提高机组的调峰能力。采用改进的粒子群算法对所提模型进行求解,仿真结果表明所提策略可有效提高系统风电消纳水平,减少弃风量。     

考虑风电消纳的电热联合系统多源协调优化运行

为解决中国"三北"地区风电消纳问题,从提升电力系统调节能力的角度出发,通过在供热侧配置储热、供电侧配置抽水蓄能,与常规机组共同参与电网优化调度,形成电热联合系统多源协调运行的调度模式。在研究电热负荷与风电出力分布特性的基础上,深入分析电热联合系统多源协调对风电消纳的影响机理,以风电消纳电量最大和系统运行成本最小为目标建立电热联合系统多源协调优化模型,并采用多目标和声搜索算法对模型进行求解。以6节点系统为例验证了模型的有效性,结果表明电热联合系统多源协调运行可有效降低系统运行成本,提高风电消纳水平。     

利用热网及建筑物储热的热电联产机组深度调峰能力分析

利用热网及建筑物储热特性实施的"热电解耦"运行方式,是加深热电机组调峰深度的有效途径;考虑热网及建筑物储热后,研究热电机组在不同环境温度及供热面积下的深度调峰能力,对电网负荷调度及电厂运行具有重要意义。采用机组变工况模型、热网及建筑物换热模型,以某310 MW直接空冷热电联产机组为研究对象,分析了供热期内机组在不同环境温度及供热面积下的深度调峰能力。结果表明:利用热网及建筑物储热实施调峰,根据供热面积不同,其调峰能力可增加20～35 MW;相同供热面积下,机组深度调峰能力随室外温度变化相差较小。     

考虑光热电站参与的新能源热电联供型微网运行优化

针对传统热电联供型微网运行存在的问题,文章引入光热电站,并结合风力发电、光伏发电、电加热器、储能系统构成热电联供型微网,提出了一种计及微网运行成本的新能源热电联供型微网运行优化策略。该优化策略综合考虑与外部电网交互成本、各设备维护成本、储能老化成本及热电功率平衡约束等因素,建立了热电联供型微网运行优化模型,并采用YALMIP工具箱进行求解。结果表明:该模型运行成本降低了6.2%,电加热器配合光热电站可以提高微网的运行灵活性,实现电-热能量的双向流动,光热电站在一定范围内增大了发电规模,可有效降低微网运行成本。     

考虑热网特性的电热联合系统辅助服务调度

针对传统的热电系统调度中,热电机组的“热电耦合”限制其调峰范围,导致弃风高发问题,分析了热电机组可参与辅助服务的调节容量,在目标函数中计及辅助服务调峰激励机制,构建考虑热网特性的热电调度模型,进而通过算例仿真,对比热网蓄热特性、传热特性和热力系统参数对于系统调节容量及风电消纳的影响,确定了不同热网特性下热电机组调峰成本变化,验证了所提模型可提高机组调峰和风电消纳的经济效益。     

Risk-based performance of power-to-gas storage technology integrated with energy hub system regarding downside risk constrained approach

In modern power systems, the reliability of energy supplies is a real challenge for the operators. The emergence of renewable energy resources, along with multi-career users, requires multi-career systems. In this regard, the energy hub (EH) as an integrated system can be used to increase the reliability of the system. The power-to-gas (P2G) and P2G storage are two practical technologies to achieve high efficiency in energy systems. In this paper, the contribution is optimal scheduling of stochastic problem in EH system amalgamated with CHP unit, P2G storage, thermal storage, boiler, wind power, and electrical storage to supply the heat, gas, and power loads by regarding demand response program (DRP). For the electrical loads, the load shifting strategy is considered to minimize the operational cost of the EH system. In order to manage related uncertainties about electricity price, wind power, and electrical loads, the downside risk constraint (DRC) method is applied to investigate the EH system function. According to the obtained results, by increasing approximately 2.8% of the operational cost, the risk level can be reduced remarkably. And also, almost 10% of the energy shifted from peak hours to the off-peak time after DRP is applied.     

Distributed generation integrated with thermal unit commitment considering demand response for energy storage optimization of smart grid

This paper deals with an optimal battery energy storage capacity for the smart grid operation. Distributed renewable generator and conventional thermal generator are considered as the power generation sources for the smart grid. Usually, a battery energy storage system (BESS) is used to satisfy the transmission constraints but installation cost of battery energy storage is very high. Sometimes, it is not possible to install a large capacity of the BESS. On the other hand, the competition of the electricity market has been increased due to the deregulation and liberalization of the power market. Therefore, the power companies are required to reduce the generation cost in order to maximize the profit. In this paper, a thermal units commitment program considers the demand response system to satisfy the transmission constraints. The BESS capacity can be reduced by the demand response system. The electric vehicle (EV) and heat pump (HP) in the smart house are considered as the controllable loads of the demand side. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated by extensive simulation results which ensure the reduction of BESS capacity and power generation cost, and satisfy the transmission constraints.     

考虑需求侧响应的微网混合储能优化配置

在微网中配置混合储能并引入需求侧响应机制,有利于提高电网运行时的灵活性,降低分布式电源对电网带来的冲击。针对含风力发电机、光伏、储能的并网型微电网,引入需求侧响应机制,建立了以混合储能全寿命周期净现值、微网购电成本和需求侧响应成本为目标函数的微网混合储能优化配置模型,对混合储能容量进行优化配置,采用改进差分算法求解该模型。结合某地实际微网进行验证,结果表明,混合储能可有效改善分布式电源对微电网的影响,需求侧响应可显著降低混合储能成本,提高微网运行的经济效益,为类似微网混合储能优化配置提供了参考。     

Stochastic security-constrained operation of wind and hydrogen energy storage systems integrated with price-based demand response

Because of highly increasing energy consumption, environmental issues and lack of common energy sources, the use of renewable energy sources especially wind power generation technology is increasing with significant growth in the world. But due to the variable nature of these sources, new challenges have been created in the balance between production and consumption of power system. The hydrogen energy storage (HES) system by storing excess wind power through the technology of power to hydrogen (P2H) and delivering it to the electricity network through hydrogen-based gas turbine at the required hours reduces not only wind alternation but can play an important role in balancing power production and consumption. On the other hand, power consumers by participating in demand response (DR) programs can reduce their consumption at peak load or wind power shortage hours, and increase their consumption at low-load or excess wind power hours to reduce wind power spillage and system energy cost. This paper proposes a stochastic security constrained unit commitment (SCUC) with wind energy considering coordinated operation of price-based DR and HES system. Price-based DR has been formulated as a price responsive shiftable demand bidding mechanism. The proposed model has been tested on modified 6-bus and 24-bus systems. The numerical results show the effect of simultaneous consideration of HES system and price-based DR integrated with wind energy on hourly generation scheduling of thermal units. As a result there is some reduction in wind generation power spillage and daily operation cost.     

A comprehensive thermodynamic analysis of load‐flexible CHP plants using district heating network

Because of the rapid expansion of intermittent renewable energy, conventional coal‐fired power plants, including combined heat and power (CHP) plants, are required to improve the quick‐response ability to respond the changing demand of the grid. However, the flexibility of CHP plants is not easy to be improved because of the restriction of traditional load variation mechanism. This work presents a comprehensive thermodynamic analysis on the flexibility‐improving scheme using the thermal energy storage (TES) capacity of district heating (DH) network. A typical CHP plant and related DH network were selected as a case study. The flexibility demand under the context of renewables accommodation in the short timescale (counted by minutes) and the operational characteristics of CHP plants were analyzed on the basis of experimental data and thermodynamics. Besides, the influence of heat supply adjustment on heat users' indoor temperature was quantified with a dynamic model, and the thermal inertia of the DH network is discussed. Moreover, a thermodynamic model for the load variation processes simplified with operational characteristics was established to analyze the response ability improvement of CHP plants. Results of the case study show, the scheme can shorten approximately 34% of the response time while almost have no influence on the indoor temperature of heat users.     

Heating with wind: Economics of heat pumps and variable renewables

With the growth of wind and solar energy in electricity supply, the electrification of space and water heating is becoming a promising decarbonization option. In turn, such electrification may help the power system integration of variable renewables, for two reasons: thermal storage could provide low-cost flexibility, and heat demand is seasonally correlated with wind power. However, temporal fluctuations in heat demand may also imply new challenges for the power system. This study assesses the economic characteristics of electric heat pumps and wind energy and studies their interaction on wholesale electricity markets. Using a numerical electricity market model, we estimate the economic value of wind energy and the economic cost of powering heat pumps. We find that, just as expanding wind energy depresses its €/MWh_el value, adopting heat pumps increases their €/MWh_el cost. This rise can be mitigated by synergistic effects with wind power, “system-friendly” heat pump technology, and thermal storage. Furthermore, heat pumps raise the wind market value, but this effect vanishes if accounting for the additional wind energy needed to serve the heat pump load. Thermal storage facilitates the system integration of wind power but competes with other flexibility options. For an efficient adoption of heat pumps and thermal storage, we argue that retail tariffs for heat pump customers should reflect their underlying economic cost.     

高水电比重系统随机电力电量平衡模型与算法

针对高水电比重系统中电力电量平衡问题,首先考虑利用典型周负荷曲线进行电力电量平衡分析,以更好地计及工作日和非工作日不同的负荷曲线对可调水电站库容及火电站开机的影响。为恰当考虑风电场和光伏电站出力的不确定性和波动性,建立了基于随机优化的随机电力电量平衡模型,从概率的角度更好地分析和衡量风光电站对电量平衡的贡献。为方便该模型的求解,对非线性的水电转换函数进行线性化处理,得到混合整数规划模型,采用CPLEX对模型进行求解。以某高水电比重系统作为算例进行仿真分析,验证了所提随机电力电量平衡模型与算法的正确性和有效性,从概率的角度定量分析了风光电站的电量贡献。     

Large-scale integration of wind power into different energy systems

The paper presents the ability of different energy systems and regulation strategies to integrate wind power. The ability is expressed by the following three factors: the degree of electricity excess production caused by fluctuations in wind and Combined Heat and Power (CHP) heat demands, the ability to utilise wind power to reduce CO₂ emission in the system, and the ability to benefit from exchange of electricity on the market. Energy systems and regulation strategies are analysed in the range of a wind power input from 0 to 100% of the electricity demand. Based on the Danish energy system, in which 50% of the electricity demand is produced in CHP, a number of future energy systems with CO₂ reduction potentials are analysed, i.e. systems with more CHP, systems using electricity for transportation (battery or hydrogen vehicles) and systems with fuel-cell technologies. For the present and such potential future energy systems different regulation strategies have been analysed, i.e. the inclusion of small CHP plants into the regulation task of electricity balancing and ancillary grid stability services and investments in electric heating, heat pumps and heat storage capacity. The results of the analyses make it possible to compare short-term and long-term potentials of different strategies of large-scale integration of wind power.