变比例相变级联堆积床的蓄热特性研究

为了探究级联堆积床内不同相变材料(PCM)的比例对热性能的影响,共建立7种堆积比的相变胶囊蓄热堆积床物理模型,通过数值模拟方法监测换热流体和PCM温度等指标,并对比分析了蓄热量、?效率、蓄热速率和蓄热速率密度等表征堆积床热性能的指标。结果表明：随着高熔点相变材料占比的增加,堆积床可以获得较高的?效率,但其他指标均随着低熔点相变材料占比的增加而升高;与均分的级联堆积床相比,按熔点从低至高,PCM占比呈梯级升高或降低的级联堆积床的蓄热品质及蓄热效率提升显著,证明合理优化级联堆积床内相变材料的比例可有效提升级联堆积床的热性能。     

强化太阳能相变蓄热技术的研究进展

为解决太阳能的间歇性问题,常将其与相变蓄热技术进行结合。与传统显热蓄热相比,相变蓄热可将蓄热能量提高数倍以上,具有巨大的研究和应用价值。本文总结分析了相变蓄热的传热机制及在强化太阳能相变蓄热技术上的研究手段,如变换蓄热结构、添加肋片、使用相变胶囊、充注多相变材料、蓄热材料中添加高导热物质等。分析结果显示,相变传热机制中,融化过程主要考虑对流换热,凝固过程热传导占主导;使用肋片、相变胶囊等,主要增大相变材料接触面与蓄热体的比值,进而改善传热;蓄热材料添加高导热物质,可以改善相变材料的团聚、结核及使用寿命,从而提高导热性能,其中添加泡沫金属效果最为显著。     

太阳能相变蓄热水箱性能实验研究

利用相变材料蓄热是提高太阳能系统效率的重要途径之一。为对比分析含相变材料蓄热水箱的性能,选用三水合乙酸钠,搭建了一套蓄热水箱实验系统,在初始水温为80℃、进水温度为20℃的工况下,对比分析不同进口流量下(2、6和10 L/min)相变蓄热水箱的热特性。实验结果表明:相变蓄热水箱的蓄热量较普通水箱增加了1.4%;随着流量的增加,水箱的混合数先减小后增大,火用效率逐渐降低,相变蓄热水箱的填充效率先增大后减小,且在6 L/min时达到最大值0.905。     

相变贮能球堆积床结合夜间自然风蓄冷的理论研究

本文对相变贮能球堆积床结合夜间自然风的蓄冷过程建立了数学物理模型,并进行了数值计算.分析了该系统的换热效果和充冷过程的特点及某些流动参数的变化对堆积床换热特性的影响.计算结果合理,所得结论对该类贮能系统的设计和性能优化有一定指导作用.     

层叠式高温相变蓄热系统传热特性的实验研究

为研究层叠式高温相变蓄热系统的传热特性,采用二元熔盐Solar Salt(质量比NaNO_3:KNO_3=6:4)为相变材料,以空气为换热介质,记录不同风速下蓄热箱体内部的温度变化。通过层叠式高温相变蓄热系统的放热实验,分析蓄热箱体内部蓄热单元的传热特性,进而对蓄热箱体内部传热效率低的区域进行传热优化。通过在相变材料Solar Salt中添加不同质量分数的膨胀石墨,提高相变材料的导热系数,进而改善传热效率低的区域。实验表明:在蓄热箱体内部,靠近出风位置的蓄热单元A2降温到200℃所需时间分别比靠近进风位置的蓄热单元B2和C2多10.5%和37.4%。为解决靠近出风位置的A列蓄热单元传热效率低的问题,在A列蓄热单元的Solar Salt中添加膨胀石墨,可以显著改善蓄热箱体内部的传热情况,明显提高了系统的换热能力,且风速为1.53 m/s时相邻配比材料效率提升最大。     

相变蓄热型空气源热泵系统蓄、释热特性与供暖节能运行温度条件的研究

文章通过对典型城市最冷月的日逐时室外空气的平均温度进行分析,并结合空气源热泵的运行特性、建筑供暖负荷规律和人们的用能规律,提出了一种相变蓄热型空气源热泵系统,实现了通过日蓄、夜释的方式弥补低温时段空气源热泵供热能力不足的目的。文章设计了新型翅片管式相变蓄热器,开展了相变蓄热型空气源热泵系统蓄、释热特性实验。实验结果表明:翅片管式相变蓄热器蓄热时,相变蓄热材料温度分布均匀,空气源热泵的冷凝温度与相变蓄热材料之间的温度差为1.1℃,这有利于降低空气源热泵冷凝温度、提高空气源热泵性能系数;翅片管式相变蓄热器释热时,相变蓄热器入口水温对释热速度具有重要影响。同时,对相变蓄热型空气源热泵系统的蓄热能效进行分析,得到了相变蓄热型空气源热泵系统供暖节能运行温度条件。     

固液相变蓄热技术的研究进展

综述了相变蓄热材料、相变传热问题求解方法、典型相变传热过程以及相变潜热蓄热系统(LHTES)优化设计及强化传热等诸多固液相变蓄热技术相关问题的研究进展情况     

太阳能相变蓄热复合土壤源热泵系统的研究

叙述了以太阳能相变蓄热装置蓄热,且与蒸发器进口处换热的辅助热泵系统,用20号蓄热专用石蜡,通过板式换热器与蒸发器进水管进行热量传递的实验。指出,利用太阳能集热器在白天升高蒸发器侧的温度提高热泵效率,利用储存在蓄热装置中的热量夜晚可对蒸发器的进水增温,以此实现太阳能相变蓄热装置与复合土壤源热泵系统的良好结合,提高整个系统的供热效率。     

针对低温余热的移动式相变蓄热材料的热力学分析

选定Ba(OH)_2·8H_2O为适用于回收100℃以下低温余热的移动蓄热系统所研究相变蓄热材料。运用DSC差示扫描仪完成Ba(OH)_2·8H_2O的主要物性参数测定。在此基础上综合考虑相变蓄热材料的蓄热量及火用效率,研究了相变蓄热材料的初温和终温对相变材料热力学性能的影响。     

基于圆柱形单元的储热装置放热实验研究

蓄热水箱作为太阳能供暖系统的重要核心设备,其性能直接影响着储能系统的整体运行效率。设计一种基于圆柱形相变单元的相变储热装置,并搭建相变蓄热水箱性能测试平台,通过单一控制变量法得到储热装置放热过程的温度变化曲线。研究表明：对于空间一定的储热装置,在等质量相变材料（PCM）时,相变单元的直径对装置放热速率的影响较大;相变单元之间的间距对装置放热速率的影响较小;当增大换热流体（HTF）的入口流量及降低HTF入口温度时,能大大减少储热装置的放热时间,提高储热装置的整体性能。     

太阳辐射填料床储热特性研究

针对给定太阳日辐射曲线,研究集成蓄热单元的太阳光热系统的整体能量的动态转化特性及关键参数影响规律。结果表明：填料床总储热量与传热流体进口流速呈非线性变化,当传热流体进口流速 u_f =0.006 m/s时,填料床总储热量最大;在给定填料总容量和u_f =0.006 m/s的条件下,填料床高径比为5的填料床具有更高的储热能力;在该计算条件下,u_f =0.006 m/s、填料床高径比为5及填料量相对值为1时,太阳光热能实现最大程度上的转化和储存。     

柱状颗粒填充床的储能性能分析

填充床储能是一种很有发展前景的热能储存技术,它具有可降低存储成本和提高太阳能热系统开发效率等优点。研究人员多采用球形的储能单元,而圆柱体在储能填充床换热中有其独特的优势,因此基于圆柱形和拉西环形两种柱状颗粒,建立了一种潜热储能填充床的三维模型,采用数值模拟的方法分别研究两种柱状颗粒组成的填充床的储能性能,分析了储能填充床的直径比对其性能的影响。研究表明,填充床直径比越大,其储能性能越好。同时研究了圆柱形储能单元高度和拉西环形储能单元孔径对储能性能的影响。结果表明,在研究范围内,由高度为3 mm的圆柱形储能单元和孔半径1.50 mm的储能单元分别组成的填充床储能速率最高。     

Exergetic and performance analyses of two-layered packed bed latent heat thermal energy storage system

In concentrating solar power (CSP) plant, a novel method involving the use of thermocline can be employed to augment the capability of the thermal energy storage system (TES). The rate of thermocline degradation can be reduced by packing encapsulated phase change material (PCM) in the TES. The thermal performance of the packed bed latent heat thermal energy storage system (PBTES) can be further enhanced by employing different diameters of PCM capsules arranged in multiple layers. In this paper, the thermal and exergetic performance of single-layered and two-layered PBTES is evaluated for varying mass flow rate, PCM capsule diameter and bed height of larger PCM capsules using a dynamic model based on simplified energy balance equations for PCM and heat transfer fluid (HTF). The single-layered PBTES has a lower TES latent charging rate than the two-layered PBTES. The charging efficiency and charging time of two-layered PBTES are increased by 15.85% and 16.85%, respectively for reducing the HTF mass flow rate by 14.29%. A higher stratification number can be achieved by using a two-layered PBTES instead of a single-layered PBTES filled with the corresponding larger diameter PCM capsules. The second law efficiency of the two-layered PBTES is found to be less than that of the single-layered PBTES. A decrease in the bed height of larger PCM capsules decreases the exergetic efficiency of the two-layered PBTES by 3.27%. The findings from this study can be used in further designing and optimising the multi-layered PBTES.     

Numerical analysis of latent heat thermal energy storage using encapsulated phase change material for solar thermal power plant

Thermal energy storage improves the load stability and efficiency of solar thermal power plants by reducing fluctuations and intermittency inherent to solar radiation. This paper presents a numerical study on the transient response of packed bed latent heat thermal energy storage system in removing fluctuations in the heat transfer fluid (HTF) temperature during the charging and discharging period. The packed bed consisting of spherical shaped encapsulated phase change materials (PCMs) is integrated in an organic Rankine cycle-based solar thermal power plant for electricity generation. A comprehensive numerical model is developed using flow equations for HTF and two-temperature non-equilibrium energy equation for heat transfer, coupled with enthalpy method to account for phase change in PCM. Systematic parametric studies are performed to understand the effect of mass flow rate, inlet charging system, storage system dimension and encapsulation of the shell diameter on the dynamic behaviour of the storage system. The overall effectiveness and transient temperature difference in HTF temperature in a cycle are computed for different geometrical and operational parameters to evaluate the system performance. It is found that the ability of the latent heat thermal energy storage system to store and release energy is significantly improved by increasing mass flow rate and inlet charging temperature. The transient variation in the HTF temperature can be effectively reduced by decreasing porosity.     

Numerical heat transfer analysis of the packed bed latent heat storage system based on an effective packed bed model

Due to the complexity of the fluid flow and heat transfer in packed bed latent thermal energy storage (LTES) systems, many hypotheses were introduced into the previous packed bed models, which consequently influenced the accuracy and authenticity of the numerical calculation. An effective packed bed model was therefore developed, which could investigate the flow field as the fluid flows through the voids of the phase change material (PCM), and at the same time could account for the thermal gradients inside the PCM spheres. The proposed packed bed model was validated experimentally and found to accurately describe the thermo-fluidic phenomena during heat storage and retrieval. The proposed model was then used to do a parametric study on the influence of the arrangement of the PCM spheres and encapsulation of PCM on the heat transfer performance of LTES bed, which was difficult to perform with the previous packed bed models. The results indicated that random packing is more favorable for heat storage and retrieval as compared to special packing; both the material and the thickness of the encapsulation have the apparent effects on the heat transfer performance of the LTES bed.     

Experimental investigation of a new thermal energy storage system using thermo‐sensitive magnetic fluid and porous medium

In this paper, a novel thermal energy storage (TES) system based on a thermo‐sensitive magnetic fluid (MF) in a porous medium is proposed to store low‐temperature thermal energy. In order to have a better understanding about the fluid flow and heat‐transfer mechanism in the TES system, four different configurations, using ferrofluid as the basic fluid and either copper foam or porous carbon with different porosity (90 and 100 PPI, respectively) as the packed bed, are investigated experimentally. Furthermore, two thermal performance parameters are evaluated during the heat charging cycle, which are thermal storage velocity and thermal storage capacity of the materials under a range of magnetic field strength. It is shown that heat conduction is the primary heat‐transfer mechanism in copper foam TES system, while magnetic thermal convection of the magnetic fluid is the dominating heat‐transfer mechanism in the porous carbon TES. In practical applications in small‐scale systems, the 90‐PPI copper foam should be selected among the four porous materials because of its cost efficiency, while porous carbon should be used in industrial scale systems because of its sensitivity to magnetic field and cost efficiency.     

Granular phase change materials for thermal energy storage: Experiments and numerical simulations

The present paper reports on the utilization of granular phase change composites (GPCC) of small particle diameter (1–3 mm) in latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) systems. The phase changing parameters (phase change temperature, latent heat, and energy storage capacity) of GPCC have been determined using differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and temperature-history methods. Further analysis of measurement results has been conducted to describe the evolution of latent heat with temperature during phase change in terms of liquid fraction–temperature relationships. Charging and discharging packed bed column experiments have been also carried out for different operating conditions to analyze the potential of GPCC for packed bed thermal energy storage. The present column results clearly demonstrate the dependence of temperature variation along the packed bed and the overall performance of the storage unit on the phase change characteristics of GPCC. Small and non-uniform particles diameters of GPCC and heterogeneity of the bed material complicate the phenomena of heat transfer and evolution of latent heat in the packed bed. Mathematical modeling of the packed bed that considers the GPCC and air as two separate phases with inter-phase heat transfer is presented. Comparisons between experimental and numerical results are used to evaluate the sensitivity of numerical simulations to different model parameters.     

带相变蓄热小型热泵冷凝热回收性能实验研究

通过实验初步研究了采用光管螺旋相变蓄热器替代传统水蓄热器的小型家用热泵冷凝热回收系统的性能,对相变蓄热和水蓄热的冷凝热回收过程进行了对比实验,分析并得到了两类冷凝热回收系统的性能参数及综合能效系数。实验数据表明:与水蓄热系统相比,光管螺旋相变蓄热器体积减小,并且系统运行较传统水蓄热工况下更加平稳,但存在传热效果较差、热回收率低的缺点,回收率仅为15%,系统综合能效系数2.9。可知,相变蓄热器的内部结构对系统综合能效系数影响很大。     

Similarity and generalized analysis of efficiencies of thermal energy storage systems

This paper examined the features of three typical thermal storage systems including: 1) direct storage of heat transfer fluid in containers, 2) storage of thermal energy in a packed bed of solid filler material, with energy being carried in/out by a flowing heat transfer fluid which directly contacts the packed bed, and 3) a system in which heat transfer fluid flows through tubes that are imbedded into a thermal storage material which may be solid, liquid, or a mixture of the two. The similarity of the three types of thermal storage systems was discussed, and generalized energy storage governing equations were introduced in both dimensional and dimensionless forms. The temperatures of the heat transfer fluid during energy charge and discharge processes and the overall energy storage efficiencies were studied through solution of the energy storage governing equations. Finally, provided in the paper are a series of generalized charts bearing curves for energy storage effectiveness against four dimensionless parameters grouped up from many of the thermal storage system properties including dimensions, fluid and thermal storage material properties, as well as the operational conditions including mass flow rate of the fluid, and the ratio of energy charge and discharge time periods. Engineers can conveniently look up the charts to design and calibrate the size of thermal storage tanks and operational conditions without doing complicated individual modeling and computations. It is expected that the charts will serve as standard tools for thermal storage system design and calibration.     

相变储能堆积床传热特性的研究

基于多孔介质传热理论,建立了储能堆积床的传热模型.在此基础上分析了换热流体流量、温度、单元尺寸、相变材料导热系数和孔隙率等参数对堆积床传热特性的影响.研究表明,提高相变材料的导热系数,增大换热流体温差或减小单元尺寸对堆积床传热速率有明显提高,而提高换热流体流量,增大对流换热系数对传热速率的影响不明显.因而强化相变材料侧的传热过程是提高堆积床传热速率的有效途径.