减小风力机1P气动载荷和3P气动转矩脉动的独立变桨距控制策略研究

为研究风切变和塔影效应对三叶片风力机气动载荷、气动转矩以及输出功率的影响,根据风切变和塔影效应的风速模型,引入等效风速模型,推导分析风力机1P(P为风轮旋转频率)气动载荷和3P气动转矩脉动的形成机理,并基于GH Bladed仿真平台验证这2种脉动的存在性。为减小这2种脉动对风力机产生的影响,基于变桨控制,设计带通滤波器过滤出风力机输出功率的3P脉动分量,并结合方位角信号将其转换为每支叶片的桨距角调节信号,与统一变桨控制的桨距角参考信号叠加,实现基于输出功率和方位角联合反馈的独立变桨距控制。仿真结果表明,所提独立变桨距控制策略不仅能有效缓解风力机1P叶根挥舞载荷脉动,还能明显减小气动转矩和输出功率的3P分量,从而在减小风轮疲劳载荷的同时提高风电机组输出电能质量。     

风剪切来流下风力机流场特性与风轮气动载荷研究

以某33 kW两叶片水平轴风力机的风轮为研究对象,采用CFD方法,研究风剪切来流下水平轴风力机流场特性与风轮气动载荷的分布规律。结果表明:在剪切来流下,风轮上游来流风速随方位角的波动曲线偏离由理论计算得到的风速波动曲线;尾流区轴向速度呈现非对称性分布,轮毂上方叶尖涡和叶根涡的移动速度大于轮毂下方叶尖涡和叶根涡的移动速度;同时,风力机叶片和风轮的气动载荷随方位角呈现正余弦的变化趋势,风轮气动载荷功率谱曲线的峰值对应的频率与叶片通过频率的整数倍相关。当风剪切指数由0.1增大到0.5时,风轮转矩和推力的均方根分别减小2.28%和1.43%,但其波动幅值随风剪切指数的增大而增大,并且风轮转矩和推力随方位角的波动曲线存在相位偏移现象,风剪切指数越大,相位偏移现象越明显;风轮偏航力矩和倾覆力矩的均方根分别增大4.07倍和4.04倍,且其波动幅值随风剪切指数的增大而增大。     

风剪切下塔影效应对水平轴风力机叶片及风轮气动载荷的影响

采用CFD方法,以NH1500三叶片大型水平轴风力机为研究对象,研究额定风速剪切来流下的塔影效应对水平轴风力机叶片和风轮非定常气动载荷的影响。结果表明：剪切来流下,叶片和风轮的气动载荷均呈余弦变化规律,塔影效应的主要影响叶片方位角范围为160°~210°,且该范围不随风剪切指数的变化而变化。相同风剪切指数下,塔影效应对叶片和风轮气动载荷的均方根影响较小,对其波动影响较大。当风剪切指数从0.12增至0.30时,塔影效应下,叶片气动载荷的均方根减小,推力和转矩的波动幅度增大,偏航力矩和倾覆力矩的波动幅度减小;风轮推力和转矩的均方根减小,波动幅度变化较小,而倾覆力矩和偏航力矩的均方根增大,且波动幅度也增大。     

风切变和塔影效应对风力机变桨距控制的影响分析

随着单台风力机功率的不断增大,变桨距控制对于风力机起动、制动性能的改善和对输出功率的稳定作用不断显现。单台风力机功率的不断增大也导致了塔架的增高和风轮直径的增大,风切变和塔影效应对风轮旋转平面风速分布产生的差异也不断变大。为了验证风速差异对变桨距控制的影响,建立了考虑风切变、塔影效应的风速模型以及基于叶素理论的风力机模型。采用1.5 MW风力机的数据进行研究,仿真验证表明,在集中变桨时,即使参考风速稳定,风速分布的差异也会使实际的风轮输出转矩产生脉动,桨距角产生周期性脉动,从而导致输出功率产生脉动,影响电能质量,同时叶片上产生不平衡的弯矩,增加了叶片的疲劳载荷,缩短了叶片的寿命。大型风力机应采用独立变桨技术来解决这些问题。     

基于风轮气动特性的风力机变桨优化控制策略研究

当风速大于额定风速时,风电机组通过控制变桨机构调整桨距角来减小风能捕获,从而使机组的输出功率保持在额定功率附近。变桨系统一般采用PI(比例积分)控制算法,但由于风轮气动转矩与风速、风轮转速、桨距角呈高次复杂非线性关系,单一控制参数的变桨控制器难以满足风电机组在额定风速以上的运行性能要求。为了解决单一变桨控制性能不足的问题,提出一种基于风轮气动特性的风力机变桨优化控制策略,该策略通过测量桨距角当前值来动态调整变桨控制器参数,可有效提升变桨系统随风动作连续性,减小由变桨控制引起的转速与功率波动,削减机组由变桨动作引起的动态载荷。     

海上浮式水平轴风力机气动特性研究

以NREL-5 MW风力机为研究对象,基于叶素动量理论,考虑动态失速、风剪切及塔影效应等气动修正模型,开发Matlab非定常气动载荷计算程序,研究浮式水平轴风力机气动特性。结果表明:为保证风力机气动载荷模拟的正确性,气动修正模型必不可少;基础运动对风力机气动性能有显著影响,基础运动使风力机输出功率增大,但同时存在较大的振荡幅度,导致功率输出不稳定;叶片变桨失效导致功率输出更加不稳定。     

基于风剪切的多风轮风力发电系统叶片载荷研究

搭建由10个50 W水平轴风力机组成的多风轮发电系统,并对该系统所在位置风剪切系数进行测试。基于叶素理论建立水平轴风力发电机叶片载荷简化计算公式。在同样的风剪切条件下,计算总功率为500 W单风轮风力机和多风轮风力发电机的叶片载荷,考察叶片方位角、风轮半径、风力机安装高度、风剪切系数和风速对叶片载荷的影响。结果表明,风轮半径越长、风力机安装高度越低、风剪切系数越大,叶片旋转过程中载荷变化越大;用多个小型风力机取代单个大型风力机可有效减小风剪切的影响。     

风轮仰角对风力机气动性能的影响研究

为了防止叶片梢部与塔架碰撞,实际工程中的风力机在运行状态下风轮存在一定的仰角,这使得风力机气动荷载状况变得更加复杂。针对此复杂工况,利用计算流体动力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)数值模拟方法,对比分析仰角为0°与5°两种风轮模型分别在均匀来流和切变来流条件下的气动荷载特性。结果表明:仰角的存在使得风轮产生与切变风工况方向相反的俯仰力矩和较大的偏航力矩,但对输出功率的影响较小。同时风轮仰角会改变单个叶片气动荷载的波动特性,导致作用于风轮总体的周期性波动荷载增大,其中偏航力矩的波动均方根增大幅度达到了25.46%,将对结构的疲劳性能产生较为显著的影响。     

低空急流结构变化对水平轴风力机气动性能的影响

为了解低空急流结构变化对水平轴风力机气动性能的影响,以一台1.5 MW的三叶片变速变桨型风力机作为研究对象,通过数值计算的方法进行模拟,选取3组急流宽度和5组急流强度作为变化的低空急流结构特征进行研究,得到以下结论:急流宽度增加,风轮功率和推力增加,但增长率下降;急流强度增加,风轮功率和推力增加。急流宽度或急流强度增加都会使得叶片吸力面失速区扩大,流动分离线前移,但两者的影响方式不同。急流宽度或急流强度增加时,叶片各截面的压力系数增加;各截面单位展长上的法向力和切向力总趋势是随急流宽度或急流强度的增加而增加,但由于叶片的失速状况不一样,在部分截面法向力和切向力会出现与总体趋势不同的现象。急流高度作为低空急流的另一重要特征,将在未来的工作中探索其对水平轴风力机气动性能的影响。     

风力机翼型大迎角气动性能评估方法

风力机叶片翼型的气动数据是风力机叶片设计和性能评估的基础,全迎角范围的翼型气动数据有助于准确预测风力机的功率以及极限气动载荷。分析了风洞实验、CFD方法获取翼型气动数据的优缺点,着重阐述了基于实验数据建立的半经验公式-Viterna模型。提出了一种结合CFD与Viterna模型快速评估翼型全迎角范围气动性能的方法,另外为了提高预测风力机输出功率的准确性,利用前面的方法获得的翼型气动数据与叶素理论计算风力机功率时,要考虑尖端损失与桨毂损失。     

预弯对10MW级风力机叶片气动特性的影响

为分析预弯处理对10 MW级风力机叶片气动特性的影响,以DTU 10 MW风力机为例,采用CFD数值模拟方法,研究均匀来流不同风速下风力机的输出功率,并与BEM计算结果进行对比。同时,对比分析直叶片和预弯叶片风力机的功率特性、沿展向出力分布、沿展向不同截面翼型的流动特性。研究结果表明,直叶片各截面翼型的压力差较预弯叶片的大,做功能力较强。预弯通过对叶片的三维流动产生扰动,进而影响风力机的输出功率,且主要体现在叶片展向70%～90%的位置。研究成果可为风力机叶片气动性能的设计与优化提供参考。     

Sizing and control of trailing edge flaps on a smart rotor for maximum power generation in low fatigue wind regimes

An extension of the spectrum of applicability of rotors with active aerodynamic devices is presented in this paper. Besides the classical purpose of load alleviation, a secondary objective is established: optimization of power capture. As a first step, wind speed regions that contribute little to fatigue damage have been identified. In these regions, the turbine energy output can be increased by deflecting the trailing edge (TE) flap in order to track the maximum power coefficient as a function of local, instantaneous speed ratios. For this purpose, the TE flap configuration for maximum power generation has been using blade element momentum theory. As a first step, the operation in non‐uniform wind field conditions was analysed. Firstly, the deterministic fluctuation in local tip speed ratio due to wind shear was evaluated. The second effect is associated with time delays in adapting the rotor speed to inflow fluctuations caused by atmospheric turbulence. The increase in power generation obtained by accounting for wind shear has been demonstrated with an increase in energy production of 1%. Finally, a control logic based on inflow wind speeds has been devised, and the potential of enhanced power generation has been shown by time‐domain simulations. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Prediction of aerodynamic performance of NREL offshore 5-MW baseline wind turbine considering power loss at varying wind speeds

In this study, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was developed to simulate the aerodynamic performance of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) offshore 5-MW baseline wind turbine with single rotor and full wind turbine. Using statistical methods, the relation between pitch angle and performance when the speed is above the rated wind speed was analyzed; furthermore, other published data were compiled to establish the functional equations of power, thrust with various inflow wind speeds, and pitch angles. In addition, according to shape optimization based on parametric modeling, the two-dimensional cross-section of the wind turbine blade can be defined through a metasurface approach, and the three-dimensional surface modeling of the wind turbine blade, nacelle, and tower is completed using the nonuniform rational B-splines (NURBS) interpolator. In terms of aerodynamic simulation, the unstructured polygon mesh was used herein to discretize the space and simulate the highly curved and twisted surfaces of the blade. In this study, the compact and accurate mesh form obtained through a grid independence test will be used to analyze the distribution of the pressure coefficient, shear stress coefficient, and limited streamline on the blade surface at various inflow wind speeds and pitch angles to understand the differences between different turbulence models and the causes of power and thrust attenuation at high inflow wind speeds. In addition, the phenomena of blade-tip vortices, dynamic stall, blade loading, and the interaction between nacelle and tower were collectively explored.     

实度对低风速风电机组风轮气动性能影响研究

为提高低风速地区的风能利用率,研究风轮实度对低风速风电机组气动性能的影响。考虑影响风轮实度因素（叶片数量、弦长及安装角）,设计2组不同弦长叶片与可调安装角轮毂。安装角改变时不仅会引起实度变化,还会使叶尖速比发生改变。通过车载试验验证安装角不同时对风轮气动性能的影响主要与叶尖速比相关。根据不同风轮表面压力分布数值模拟结果得出：相同风速下,弦长由叶根到叶尖逐渐增大的叶片更易启动。相同条件下,试验机组输出功率与数值模拟机组输出功率最大相差5.37%,说明数值模拟结果可信。随着风轮实度的增加,风速5 m/s时,其风能利用系数呈增大趋势,风速8 m/s时,其风能利用系数呈减小趋势,两趋势相交时实度为25.38%,得出该实度下风轮气动性能较优,即可得到适合低风速地区的风轮实度。     

Effects of wind shear on wind turbine rotor loads and planetary bearing reliability

Recent studies suggest that wind shear and the resulting pitch moments increase bearing loads and thereby contribute to premature wind turbine gearbox failure. In this paper, we use momentum‐based modeling approaches to predict the pitch moments from wind shear. The non‐dimensionalized results, which have been validated against accepted aeroelastic results, can be used to determine thrust force, pitch moment and power of a general rotor as a function of the wind shear exponent. Even in extreme wind shear (m = 1), the actual thrust force and power for a typical turbine (R* < 0.5) were within 8% and 20% of the nominal values (those without wind shear), respectively. The mean pitch moment increased monotonically with turbine thrust, rotor radius and wind shear exponent. For extreme wind shear (m = 1) on a typical turbine (R* = 0.5), the mean pitch moment is ~25% the product of thrust force and rotor radius. Analysis of wind shear for a typical 750 kW turbine revealed that wind shear does not significantly affect bearing loads because it counteracts the effects of rotor weight. Furthermore, even though general pitch moments did significantly increase bearing loads, they were found to be unlikely to cause bearing fatigue. Analyses of more common low wind‐speed cases suggest that bearing under‐loading and wear are more likely to contribute to premature bearing failure than overloading and classical surface contact fatigue. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

垂直轴风力机两种翼型气动性能比较研究

叶片是风力机最重要的组成部分,在不同的风能资源情况下,翼型的选择对垂直轴风力机气动特性有着重要的影响。文章分别以NACA0018翼型(对称翼型)和NACA4418翼型(非对称翼型)建立3叶片H型垂直轴风力机二维仿真模型。应用数值模拟的研究方法,从功率系数、单个叶片切向力系数等方面比较两种风力机模型在不同叶尖速比下的气动特性,并采用风洞实验数据验证了流场计算的准确性。CFD计算结果表明:在低叶尖速比下,NACA4418翼型风力机气动特性优于NACA0018翼型风力机,适用于低风速区域;在高叶尖速比下,NACA0018翼型风力机气动特性较好,适用于高风速地区。而且在高叶尖速比时,NACA0018翼型在上风区时,切向力系数平均值要高于NACA4418翼型,在下风区时,NACA418翼型切向力系数平均值高。该研究可为小型垂直轴风力机翼型的选择提供参考。     

双层翼水平轴风力机气动性能研究

以NREL Phase VI风力机叶片为参照对象,设计一种双层翼叶片.在不同来流风速下,对该新型水平轴风力机叶片气动性能进行数值模拟,对比原始NREL Phase VI风力机在相同来流风速相同叶片高度处的流线图,发现双层翼叶片可较有效抑制流动分离.进一步将双层翼风力机叶片的扭矩值、弯矩值分别与相同条件下NREL Pha...     

Large‐eddy simulation of stable boundary layer turbulence and estimation of associated wind turbine loads

Stochastic simulation of turbulent inflow fields commonly used in wind turbine load computations is unable to account for contrasting states of atmospheric stability. Flow fields in the stable boundary layer, for instance, have characteristics such as enhanced wind speed and directional shear; these effects can influence loads on utility‐scale wind turbines. To investigate these influences, we use large‐eddy simulation (LES) to generate an extensive database of high‐resolution ( ～ 10 m), four‐dimensional turbulent flow fields. Key atmospheric conditions (e.g., geostrophic wind) and surface conditions (e.g., aerodynamic roughness length) are systematically varied to generate a diverse range of physically realizable atmospheric stabilities. We show that turbine‐scale variables (e.g., hub height wind speed, standard deviation of the longitudinal wind speed, wind speed shear, wind directional shear and Richardson number) are strongly interrelated. Thus, we strongly advocate that these variables should not be prescribed as independent degrees of freedom in any synthetic turbulent inflow generator but rather that any turbulence generation procedure should be able to bring about realistic sets of such physically realizable sets of turbine‐scale flow variables. We demonstrate the utility of our LES‐generated database in estimation of loads on a 5‐MW wind turbine model. More importantly, we identify specific turbine‐scale flow variables that are responsible for large turbine loads—e.g., wind speed shear is found to have a greater influence on out‐of‐plane blade bending moments for the turbine studied compared with its influence on other loads such as the tower‐top yaw moment and the fore‐aft tower base moment. Overall, our study suggests that LES may be effectively used to model inflow fields, to study characteristics of flow fields under various atmospheric stability conditions and to assess turbine loads for conditions that are not typically examined in design standards. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Load alleviation of wind turbines by yaw misalignment

Vertical wind shear is one of the dominating causes of load variations on the blades of a horizontal axis wind turbine. To alleviate the varying loads, wind turbine control systems have been augmented with sensors and actuators for individual pitch control. However, the loads caused by a vertical wind shear can also be affected through yaw misalignment. Recent studies of yaw control have been focused on improving the yaw alignment to increase the power capture at below rated wind speeds. In this study, the potential of alleviating blade load variations induced by the wind shear through yaw misalignment is assessed. The study is performed through simulations of a reference turbine. The study shows that optimal yaw misalignment angles for minimizing the blade load variations can be identified for both deterministic and turbulent inflows. It is shown that the optimal yaw misalignment angles can be applied without power loss for wind speeds above rated wind speed. In deterministic inflow, it is shown that the range of the steady‐state blade load variations can be reduced by up to 70%. For turbulent inflows, it is shown that the potential blade fatigue load reductions depend on the turbulence level. In inflows with high levels of turbulence, the observed blade fatigue load reductions are small, whereas the blade fatigue loads are reduced by 20% at low turbulence levels. For both deterministic and turbulent inflows, it is seen that the blade load reductions are penalized by increased load variations on the non‐rotating turbine parts. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.