基于盖革模式APD阵列的激光雷达性能分析

针对基于盖革模式雪崩光电二极管（APD）阵列的激光雷达,提出一种分析其探测性能的方法。通过分析APD像元产生的初级光电子和噪声计数率,对APD像元的探测概率、虚警概率和漏警概率进行研究和仿真。结果表明,当激光雷达发射和接收光学系统一定时,且探测500 m处目标,激光脉冲能量小于150μJ时,APD的探测概率随着激光脉冲能量的增加而提高;当激光脉冲能量在150μJ以上增加时,APD的探测概率保持不变。     

大视场、长焦距空间光学系统的设计

大视场、长焦距、小体积是空间光学系统设计研究的热点。当光学系统口径一定时 ,在相同的轨道高度条件下 ,增大焦距可以提高地面分辨率 ,增大系统的视场角可以扩大对地面的覆盖宽度。由于全反射系统具有独特的无色差等特性 ,成了目前研究热点 ,尤其是以三块反射镜组成的全反射式光学系统 ,结构最简单 ,而且像质很好。本文尝试性进行了这方面的设计 ,系统的焦距为 10m ,视场可达到6° ,所研究的光学系统三个反射面都是二次曲面 ,且所有光学面都离轴放置 ,避免了中心遮拦 ,从最后的像质评定可以看出 ,系统的质量基本上达到了衍射极限。     

一种直升机用的红外传感器

美国霍尼韦尔(Honeywell)公司与美陆军夜视器材研究所签定了一项研制小型红外传成器(亦称前视红外装置)的合同,该传感器安装在小型直升机旋翼主轴上的陀螺平台上。使用这种传威器的小型直升机可以隐藏在山丘和树丛后面监视敌人,而不易被敌坦克等发现。研制的小型红外传感器的各项指标是: 视野:水平方向为37°、高低方向为28°变焦望远系统;变焦倍率为4:1;重约3.3磅;有2个分辨率;视野为3.2°×2.1°和12°×9°。本体重量:小于6磅(不包括变焦望远系统) 全重:15磅(包括信号处理部分在内) 电源:28伏直流电、31瓦图象跟踪方式:与采用电视时相同不仅红外传感器的探测元件和光学系统安装在稳定平台上,而且冷却碲镉汞探测元件的     

航空平台间激光通信捕获链路功率分析与仿真

为研究航空平台间激光通信系统中主要环节和信道对信标光功率的影响,根据捕获探测器的信噪比和探测概率关系,分析激光器发射到探测器接收全环节的信标光功率变化情况,建立了空空激光通信捕获链路仿真系统。通过该仿真系统,分析不同大气能见度所对应的探测概率,在此基础上讨论要实现探测概率为99%,需要的最小发射功率和最长通信距离。仿真结果表明：发射功率越大,大气能见度对航空平台间激光通信探测概率的影响越明显;发射功率不变,大气能见度越高时,最长链路距离越远;当发射功率为5 W,地面能见度大于等于10 km时,即可实现150 km的激光链路。通过仿真系统得出了信标光发射功率与探测概率之间的关系,对激光器的选择起到一定的借鉴作用。在仿真的基础上,开展的飞机间野外试验,可以有效地模拟飞机间激光通信系统的捕获探测概率。     

非球面光学系统在空空导弹上的应用研究

针对多元扫描探测方式制导的空空导弹的特点,给出了一种采用非球面光学系统的设计实例。与球面光学系统相比,该设计使光学系统中镜片个数减少,结构简单,装调方便,系统的透过率增加较大。从装调出的光学系统的测试结果来看,像质满足了设计要求,成像质量接近衍射极限。测试数据满足空空导弹的战技指标要求。     

基于CCD成像技术的绿激光反狙击系统

为解决反狙击中主动探测、准确干扰等问题,根据“猫眼效应”和新的干扰机理设计了基于CCD成像技术的绿激光反狙击系统．该系统由红外LED探测光源、CCD接收端、监控系统及绿激光器4部分组成．系统用红外LED光源代替红外激光光源模拟远距离试验效果,利用平凸透镜对红外光成像进行矫正;使用了滤光片和监控软件降低外界环境光线的影响,提高了信噪比,实现实时显示;运用绿激光致盲效应,实现了快速、准确、高效干扰;利用软件在实时显示屏上标出10,20和29m距离时干扰区域,转台带动组合的CCD和绿激光器至干扰区域实现干扰．最后通过实验验证该系统的可行性,并从理论上得出致盲激光脉冲能量与干扰距离的对应关系．     

基于双波长激光引信的光学系统研究

针对激光引信应用双波长辐射源进行目标探测识别的需求,设计了一种发射、接收光学系统。该光学系统工作于紫光和红外光两个波段,具有结构简单、体积小等优点。通过光学整形,引信辐射光束均匀分布于光学视场中,且两种波长的光学视场有效交叠,通过光学系统的收、发配合能够准确获取引信目标的回波信息。     

高重频激光探测回波特性分析及探测系统设计要求

通过分析高重频激光探测的作用原理,并利用目标回波功率的计算方法,对不同能见度条件下目标回波功率随探测距离的变化情况进行了仿真;分析了近程大气的后向散射、大气湍流以及系统噪声对目标回波信号的接收以及探测系统可能造成的影响,进而有针对性地提出了探测接收系统的基本设计要求,为提高主动探测系统的探测能力提供了参考依据。     

调频连续波激光引信回波特性仿真分析

调频连续波(FMCW)激光引信相比于脉冲激光引信具有较强的抗干扰能力,但仍会受到云雾的影响,主要表现为后向散射回波引起虚警,同时云雾粒子的散射和吸收作用导致激光能量衰减。为研究FMCW激光引信的回波特性,基于激光探测原理和Mie散射理论,建立激光引信探测的蒙特卡洛仿真模型;在激光引信和目标均处于云雾中的情况下,对激光引信的回波进行仿真,得到了不同能见度下的FMCW激光引信回波信号,分析了云雾能见度对FMCW激光引信回波信号的影响。该仿真方法可应用于FMCW激光引信抗云雾干扰方面的参数优化设计。调频连续波(FMCW)激光引信相比于脉冲激光引信具有较强的抗干扰能力,但仍会受到云雾的影响,主要表现为后向散射回波引起虚警,同时云雾粒子的散射和吸收作用导致激光能量衰减。为研究FMCW激光引信的回波特性,基于激光探测原理和Mie散射理论,建立激光引信探测的蒙特卡洛仿真模型;在激光引信和目标均处于云雾中的情况下,对激光引信的回波进行仿真,得到了不同能见度下的FMCW激光引信回波信号,分析了云雾能见度对FMCW激光引信回波信号的影响。该仿真方法可应用于FMCW激光引信抗云雾干扰方面的参数优化设计。     

激光引信脉冲回波的变系数相关检测法

激光引信在云雾背景环境中探测目标时,探测器会接收到与目标反射回波功率相当或较大的云雾后向散射回波,回波信号信噪比低,传统的相关检测法不能实时有效提取目标信息。针对这一问题,提出滑动窗变系数相关检测法。该方法在互相关检测原理的基础上,采用发射信号作为滑动窗模板,匹配被变系数修正后探测信号。通过设定相关系数的阈值,该方法可以利用云雾回波和目标反射回波与模板信号不同的相关性来检测目标信息。仿真结果表明,一定量样本运算后,得到引信系统合适的相关系数阈值,大量样本运算验证该阈值,算法成功率大于92.4%。     

A Novel Artificial Superposition Compound Eye

A new artificial superposition compound eye model is presented based on micro-lens array. In all compound eyes, it has the advantages of small volume, light weight, wide FOV, high sensitivity and much higher energy utilization ratio. Nevertheless, its structure is relatively complicated, especially the GRIN medium in the crystalline cone. Therefore, the modeling, analysis and fabrication for it are burdensome. In the established model, the GRIN is replaced by a curved micro-lens array. Thus, the modeling, analysis and optimization process are simple, and the components of artificial superposition compound eye are easy to be fabricated. The system is modeled by ZEMAX software. With the help of raytracing, its principle is analyzed, and the sensitivity comparison between the superposition compound eye and the apposition compound eye is done. The model＇ s validity is proven.     

鱼眼镜头光学

鱼眼镜头的视场高达180°或超过180°,可以作为全景电影的摄影和放映镜头,本文介绍了它的结构型式的发展,讨论了它的成象理论,给出了适合它的理想象高公式和光栏球差公式,最后提供了一个实例。     

基于面部检测和可变ROI灰度投影的驾驶员眼睛精确定位方法研究

提出一种基于面部检测和可变ROI(Region of Interested)灰度投影的驾驶员眼睛精确定位方法.用该方法通过肤色检测确定面部ROI和人眼矩形ROI,在ROI内对图像进行阈值二值化变换,接着对二值化后的人眼图像进行腐蚀、膨胀操作;对膨胀后的双眼进行垂直积分投影,并进行垂直ROI分割;分别在垂直ROI内对左、右眼进行水平投影,分别获得左、右眼睛的精确定位坐标.这种方法可有效克服由背景、头发、眉毛、睫毛、面部灰度分布不均、脸部旋转产生的干扰.试验证明方法具有相当高的实时性和准确性.     

基于多微面光纤面板的仿生复眼图像拼接及定位算法

为研究仿生复眼系统的图像拼接以及目标定位技术，使用三维设计制图软件SolidWorks对9个光学透镜组成的仿生复眼系统镜头支架进行设计；使用尺度不变特征变换算法对特征点进行提取，通过采用欧氏距离法和随机抽样一致性算法对特征点对进行筛选；采用加权平均法对图像进行融合；根据子眼镜头之间相互交叠的信息，选用了双目测距原理对空间目标进行三维定位。搭建了一套视场角为74.3°的视觉系统，得到了一副大视场的仿生复眼拼接图像，对空间4个不同位置的目标进行了定位，证明此仿生复眼系统能够获取大视场的拼接图像，能够对空间目标进行定位。     

基于人眼视觉响应的低光照图像增强

为解决光照图像可视信息不足的问题,提出一种基于人眼视觉响应的图像增强算法.利用导向滤波对图像亮度通道的反相图进行局部平滑计算掩摸,根据亮度通道的全局均值和标准差计算关键参数,对图像光亮度通道进行自适应曲线调整,全面提升动态范围.通过增强前后的亮度通道计算颜色饱和度增益和偏差进行颜色校正,结合灰度直方图分布进一步拉伸全局对比度.采用SSIM、VLD和MOS评价指标对不同图像增强方法结果进行对比.实验结果表明:该算法对低光照图像具有良好的增强效果,能够有效增强图像亮度和细节,提高视觉可视性.     

Experimental Studies of Toxicity on HNIW and Its Intermediates

The polycyclic nitramine hexanitrohexaazaisowurtane（HNIW） is a compound of high energy density. HNIW can replace 1, 3, 5-trinitro-1, 3, 5-triazacyclohexane（RDX） or HMX, hut its toxicity is unknown. In this paper, HNIW, hexabenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane （HBIW）, tetraacetyldibenzulhexaazaisowurtzitane （TADBIW）, tetraacetyldiformylhexaazaisowurtzitane（TADFIW） and tetraacetylhexaazaisowurtzitane（TAIW）, which are intermediates of the synthesis of the HNIW, were selected as the tested objects in acute toxicity test, acute eye stimulation test and skin irritation test according to the standards of ＂chemical product testing method-401 ： acute oral toxicity test＂, ＂chemical product testing means-405： acute eye irritation/corrosion test＂ and ＂chemical product testing means-404： acute dermal irritation/corrosion test＂ of National Circumstance Protect Bureau. The results show that all of the five objects have no toxicity, no stimulation to eye and skin under the tested conditions.     

Nitrosation and Nitration of Tetraacetyldibenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane

Tetraacetyldibenzylhitane (TADBIW) was subjected to debenzylation by nitrosating with inorganic materials available commercially to synthesize tetraacetyldinitrosohexaazaisowurtzitane (TADNSIW). TADNSIW was purified, and its structure was determined by FTIR, 1H NMR, MS and element analysis. The debenzylation reaction of TADBIW gave quantitative benzaldehyde as a by-product. This indicates that the reaction produces an imine cation as an intermediate. Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) was prepared from unpurified TADNSIW with the yield over 96.0 % and the purity more than 98.0 %. And the mechanism of the reaction from TADNSIW to HNIW is proposed to be oxidation of nitroso and nitration of acetyl on the molecule of TADNSIW, This reaction system involved is simple, and the reaction can complete within a short time and under mild conditions. The product can be easily to separate and the waste disposed readily.     

A Robust Algorithm for Watermarking 2D Vector Maps with Low Shape-Distortions

The technique of watermarking has been introduced into 2D vector maps for many potential applications such as protecting the copyright of important GIS （geographical information system） data and tracing the data source of military maps. In most previous works, although the validity of the map data could be preserved during the embedding procedure, the shape-distortions of the map elements are usually neglected which would tend to degrade the invisibility of the watermarking schemes. A shape-preserving algorithm for watermarking 2D vector maps is presented in this paper. A 1D distance sequence extracted from the original map is adopted as the cover data instead of 2D coordinates. A watermark bit is represented by changing the distributions of the cover data. The embedding procedure induces lower shape-distortions than in former works. Experimental results indicate better invisibility of the proposed scheme, as well as its robustness to certain attacks such as map simplification, interpolation, additive noise and most geometric transforms.     

Open Rule-setting System Applied to Conceptual Design of Engines

Open rule-setting method advanced in this paper concentrates on providing designers of engines with a convenient way to express their design innovations and develop the expected prototypes in the early CAD stage, and constitute effective models for the following analysis process of CAE and CAPP. The problems arisen in the process of conceptual design with the traditional experience-based development method are analyzed. Based on those analyses, open rule-setting method is presented and some associated technical problems are discussed. The functional framework of open rule-setting system was built as software engineering methods. The speciality of the engine product as a kind of complex product and the requirement of the engine product based on its structural particularity to rule-setting system are considered carefully. A demonstration is supplied to illustrate how the open rule-setting method enhances the efficiency and quality of the engine conceptual design.     

Research on Linux Network Device Driver

By analyzing the working principle of Linux network device driver, discussing the Linux network driver structure and its key technologies, the general network driver structure and its design methodologies in Linux system are summarized. Through modifying the network device driver of Linux device driver 3rd version snull, c and improving the COW technology, the Zero-Copy technology in Linux （kernel version 2.6.11 ） is implemented. In the end, the success test tells us that the thorough analysis of network device driver is the foundation of many applications, and it also provides a certain improvement to a lot of real applications, even to military application development.