Highly power/bandwidth efficient digital transmission with selectedENCAP-OQPSK modulation schemes

The use of encoded-amplitude-and-phase offset quaternary phase-shift keying (ENCAP-OQPSK) signal encoding techniques are considered for power/bandwidth efficient transmission systems. It is shown that a coding gain is achievable. Connections with trellis-coded offset quadrature amplitude modulation (OQAM) schemes previously proposed by the authors are established     

Adaptive modulation and combining for bandwidth and power efficient communication over fading channels

Traditional fading mitigation techniques are designed relative to the worst‐case channel conditions, resulting in a poor utilization of the spectrum and the available power a good percentage of the time. In contrast, we introduce and investigate in this paper new adaptive modulation and diversity combining techniques that jointly select the most appropriate constellation size and the most suitable diversity branches in response to the channel variation and given a desired bit error rate (BER) requirement. Numerical results show that these newly proposed adaptive modulation and combining schemes can reduce considerably the average receiver channel estimation complexity as well as the power drain from the battery while offering high spectral efficiency and satisfying the desired outage probability and BER requirements. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Computationally efficient bandwidth allocation and power control for OFDMA

The paper studies the problem of finding an optimal subcarrier and power allocation strategy for downlink communication to multiple users in an orthogonal-frequency-division multiplexing-based wireless system. The problem of minimizing total power consumption with constraints on bit-error rate and transmission rate for users requiring different classes of service is formulated and simple algorithms with good performance are derived. The problem of joint allocation is divided into two steps. In the first step, the number of subcarriers that each user gets is determined based on the users' average signal-to-noise ratio. The algorithm is shown to find the distribution of subcarriers that minimizes the total power required when every user experiences a flat-fading channel. In the second stage of the algorithm, it finds the best assignment of subcarriers to users. Two different approaches are presented, the rate-craving greedy algorithm and the amplitude-craving greedy algorithm. A single cell with one base station and many mobile stations is considered. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed low complexity algorithms offer comparable performance with an existing iterative algorithm.     

Cluster based power efficient cooperative spectrum sensing under reduced bandwidth using location information

Frequency spectrum sharing between licensed primary users (PUs) and unlicensed secondary users (SUs) requires the SUs to reliably detect the spectrum occupancy. Due to multipath fading, single terminal detection is unreliable and results in a high probability of missed detection. This is solved by applying cooperative detection. However, when the number of SUs is large, the bandwidth for reporting their sensing results to the common receiver will be very huge. In this paper, we propose an improved frequency divisional cluster based cooperative spectrum sensing based on the location information which employs a censoring method to reduce the average number of sensing bits sent to the common receiver. The reduction in the number of sensing bits using proposed method in turn reduces the total transmission power of the secondary users in the cognitive network thus improving its battery life.     

Switchable compliant actuator with fast stiffness modulation and energy efficient power transmission

This article presents the design of a switchable compliant actuator (Swi-CA), capable of fast stiffness modulation over a wide range and energy-efficient equilibrium position control. Compliant actuators are designed to have a variable stiffness to generate a restoring force upon displacement. In previous studies, such actuators provided compliance by changing both output stiffness and equilibrium position using a clutch to switch between two modes. We implemented a bifurcation-based switching mechanism to shift between stiffness modulation and equilibrium position control modes via mechanical integration of a variable stiffness spring with a parallel elastic unit without the use of an additional clutch. The distinctive features of the proposed Swi-CA are threefold. First, the central bending of a leaf spring widens the range of modulated stiffness and increases the average stiffness modulation speed. Second, the developed slider-crank mechanism has high power transmission efficiency and fast stiffness modulation. Lastly, an optimized elliptical cam generated negative stiffness during output and enabled switching between the two modes without the use of a controllable clutch. Analytical models and experimental validation of the proposed design clearly demonstrated its advantages for applications requiring fast stiffness modulation and energy-efficient operation, such as some robotics applications.     

Toward accurate and efficient available bandwidth measurement

The packet-pair technique is the most popular end-based approach for bandwidth measurement. Most packet-pair based proposals use the fluid cross-traffic model to justify the design of their estimation techniques. However, real traffic is certainly not fluid. The consistency of the statistical packet-pair dispersion model in general bursty cross-traffic conditions has still not been fully justified in published research. Furthermore, we note that existing measurement techniques do not take account of the actual measurement variance, which means that they are often subject to significant fluctuations in accuracy. To achieve high accuracy and efficiency in available bandwidth measurement, we contribute analytical insights into packet-pair dispersion techniques by developing a queuing model to describe the impact of the cross-traffic on the packet-pair dispersion under bursty cross-traffic conditions. Based on this model, the consistency of statistical packet-pair dispersion measurement in general cross-traffic conditions is demonstrated and new approaches that help to detect and eliminate the elastic bias caused by measurement variance are presented. We show that the algorithm we developed works correctly on the Internet and offers more dependable measurement results than existing tools.     

New bandwidth efficient overlapped pulse shape

A new pulse shape of duration twice the symbol interval is proposed for bandwidth efficient modulation. The proposed pulse shape is obtained by convolving a square pulse shape with a sinusoidal frequency shift keying (SFSK) pulse shape. The power spectral density (PSD) of a signal with the proposed pulse shape shows less power in spectral sidelobes than that of a signal with overlapped raised-cosine pulse shape     

A highly linear and efficient differential CMOS power amplifier with harmonic control

A 2.45 GHz fully differential CMOS power amplifier (PA) with high efficiency and linearity is presented. For this work, a 0.18-/spl mu/m standard CMOS process with Cu-metal is employed and all components of the two-stage circuit except an output transformer and a few bond wires are integrated into one chip. To improve the linearity, an optimum gate bias is applied for the cancellation of the nonlinear harmonic generated by g/sub m3/ and a new harmonic termination technique at the common source node is adopted along with normal harmonic termination at the drain. The harmonic termination at the source effectively suppresses the second harmonic generated from the input and output. The amplifier delivers a 20.5dBm of P/sub 1dB/ with 17.5 dB of power gain and 37% of power-added efficiency (PAE). Linearity measurements from a two-tone test show that the power amplifier with the second harmonic termination improves the IMD3 and IMD5 over the amplifier without the harmonic termination by maximally 6 dB and 7 dB, respectively. Furthermore, the linearity improvements appear over a wide range of the power levels and the linearity is maintained under -45 dBc of IMD3 and -57dBc of IMD5 when the output power is backed off by more than 5dB from P/sub 1dB/. From the OFDM signal test, the second harmonic termination improves the error vector magnitude (EVM) by over 40% for an output power level satisfying the 4.6% EVM specification.     

A power efficient differential 20-GHz low noise amplifier with 5.3-GHz 3-dB bandwidth

A 20-GHz differential two-stage low-noise amplifier (LNA) is demonstrated in a foundry digital 130-nm CMOS technology with 8-metal layers. This LNA has 20-dB voltage gain and /spl sim/5.5-dB noise figure at 20GHz with 24-mW power consumption. The measured IP/sub 1 dB/ and IIP/sub 3/ are -11 dBm and -4dBm. Compared to the previously published bulk CMOS LNAs operating above 20GHz, this LNA has exceptionally low power and current consumption especially considering its differential topology and wide bandwidth.     

Some bandwidth properties of simultaneous amplitude and angle modulation

This paper treats some bandwidth properties of modulated signals of the formq(t) cos [omega_{c}t + varphi(t)]where bothq(t)andvarphi(t)are modulating time functions. For such simultaneous amplitude and angle modulation (AAM), relationships are given connecting the bandwidth of the modulated signal with the properties of the modulating time functions. Some useful bounds on the bandwidth are found and a relationship is derived between the amplitude and the angle modulating functions which results in a minimum bandwidth. Several examples of such minimum bandwidth signals are given.     

On the modulation bandwidth of semiconductor microcavity lasers

The small signal injection current modulation bandwidth of vertical cavity microlasers in the conventional macroscopic regime and in the microscopic regime of “controlled spontaneous emission” is investigated. A microlaser, under constraint of nonlinear gain or current density limitations, is found to have the same intrinsic modulation bandwidth as conventional edge-emitting lasers with the same cavity losses and photon density     

Joint power and bandwidth allocation in downlink transmission

We formulate and analyze the problem of optimal downlink scheduling with instantaneous channel and queue size information when both power and bandwidth may be adaptively split among multiple users. We derive optimal solutions of low computational complexity, as well as faster and simpler approximations, to various versions of this problem when the power, rate, and bandwidth allocations to the users can all take continuous values. For this case, we show that the optimal scheme requires transmission to no more than two users during each time slot when users can receive at arbitrary rates, even when the user rate per unit of bandwidth is upper bounded by the best available modulation scheme. Our methods also extend easily to incorporate other intuitive constraints such as upper limits on user rates to improve frame fill efficiency. Simulation results suggest that the simple approximations work nearly as well as the throughput optimal schemes when continuous bandwidth and power partitions are allowed. In practice, the rate and bandwidth assignments to users take discrete values, and we present heuristic methods motivated by the continuous optimum to this discrete case.     

Design of coded CPFSK modulation systems for bandwidth and energyefficiency

Consideration is given to the problems related to the design of M-ary continuous-phase frequency-shift keying (CPFSK) systems with modulation index h=J/M, combined with eternal rate r binary convolution encoders. The following questions are raised and answered: (1) how should different encoder-modulator systems be compared and how can comparable systems be recognized from the system parameters, i.e. M, h, and r?; (2) what are the limits on the information rate per unit bandwidth, versus signal-to-noise ratio, when reliable transmission is required?; (3) how does one choose the system parameters M, h, and r when the overall system has to achieve a specified performance?; and (4) how does one design the external rate r binary convolutional encoder to put in front of the M-ary CPFSK modulation system with h=J/M ? A simple approximation for the bandwidth of a CPFSK signal is given and shown to be sufficiently accurate for system design purposes. The design of the external convolutional encoder is carried out in a novel way that leads to fewer states in the combined encoder-modulator system and thus yields improved performance for a given demodulation-decoding complexity compared to previous approaches for the design of coded CPFSK systems     

Theoretical power output and bandwidth of traveling-wave amplifiers

Expressions are developed to calculate the theoretical power output of traveling-wave amplifiers using any type of RF structure. Calculations are made for helix-type tubes and it is shown how to calculate the power output of tubes using more dispersive structures in terms of calculations made for helix tubes. The principal factors accounting for higher power output of dispersive structures are presented and discussed. The gain and bandwidth of forward-wave helix amplifiers are derived from the small-signal theory as functions of frequency and it is shown that the gain in db times the frequency bandwidth is a constant as a function of helix length for highgamma_{0}a'and the gain times the bandwidth squared is a constant for lowgamma_{0}a'.     

Iterative reliability-based decoding in bandwidth efficient coding schemes

In this paper, we enhance and investigate the performance of some bandwidth efficient coding schemes with iteratively decodable structure and cycles in their graph representation. In particular, we deal with bit-interleaved coded modulation and transmit diversity, using low-density parity-check and turbo codes as component codes. Simulation results show that the suboptimality of iterative decoding for moderate length codes can be at least partially compensated. Hence they allow us to also measure partially this suboptimality.     

Effective differential gain and modulation bandwidth reduction inquantum well lasers due to confinement factor modulation

A mechanism that may reduce the effective differential gain due to the modulation of the confinement factor with carrier density in quantum-well lasers is described. This mechanism may limit modulation bandwidth for quantum-well lasers with high threshold carrier density and narrow confining layer     

Peak transform for efficient image representation and coding.

In this work, we introduce a nonlinear geometric transform, called peak transform (PT), for efficient image representation and coding. The proposed PT is able to convert high-frequency signals into low-frequency ones, making them much easier to be compressed. Coupled with wavelet transform and subband decomposition, the PT is able to significantly reduce signal energy in high-frequency subbands and achieve a significant transform coding gain. This has important applications in efficient data representation and compression. To maximize the transform coding gain, we develop a dynamic programming solution for optimum PT design. Based on PT, we design an image encoder, called the PT encoder, for efficient image compression. Our extensive experimental results demonstrate that, in wavelet-based subband decomposition, the signal energy in high-frequency subbands can be reduced by up to 60% if a PT is applied. The PT image encoder outperforms state-of-the-art JPEG2000 and H.264 (INTRA) encoders by up to 2-3 dB in peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), especially for images with a significant amount of high-frequency components. Our experimental results also show that the proposed PT is able to efficiently capture and preserve high-frequency image features (e.g., edges) and yields significantly improved visual quality. We believe that the concept explored in this work, designing a nonlinear transform to convert hard-to-compress signals into easy ones, is very useful. We hope this work would motivate more research work along this direction.     

Resilient,bandwidth scalable and energy efficient hybrid PON architecture

The existing anti-phishing approaches use the blacklist methods or features based machine learning techniques. Blacklist methods fail to detect new phishing attacks and produce high false positive rate. Moreover, existing machine learning based methods extract features from the third party, search engine, etc. Therefore, they are complicated, slow in nature, and not fit for the real-time environment. To solve this problem, this paper presents a machine learning based novel anti-phishing approach that extracts the features from client side only. We have examined the various attributes of the phishing and legitimate websites in depth and identified nineteen outstanding features to distinguish phishing websites from legitimate ones. These nineteen features are extracted from the URL and source code of the website and do not depend on any third party, which makes the proposed approach fast, reliable, and intelligent. Compared to other methods, the proposed approach has relatively high accuracy in detection of phishing websites as it achieved 99.39% true positive rate and 99.09% of overall detection accuracy.     

Peak factor in orthogonal multicarrier modulation with variablelevels

Usually in multicarrier modulation (MCM) the level of the modulated signal is constant and does not depend on the specific vector of information symbols which are actually transmitted. In such a case the value of peak factor (PF) for an MCM signal composed N carriers is 10 log₁₀N [dB]. The author proposes a method for reducing the PF, where for each vector of information symbols, for which the maximum of the instantaneous envelope power exceeds some given threshold value, the amplitudes of all carriers are uniformly reduced to obtain equality between the maximum of the instantaneous envelope power and the threshold. Moreover, for each vector of symbols, for which the maximum of the instantaneous envelope power is lower than the threshold, the amplitudes of all carriers are uniformly increased to obtain equality. Thus the PF of the whole modulation is reduced without reducing the net bit rate. The price paid for reduction of the PF is an insignificant increase in bit error rate (BER)     

室内VLC白光LED调制带宽拓展

针对室内照明场景应用需求,探究了驱动电流的变化对四种常用LED光源频率特性所产生的影响效果,得出荧光粉LED的频率特性响应几乎不受驱动电流变化的影响的结论。结合硬件预均衡策略对1 W荧光粉LED的调制带宽拓展进行了理论分析和硬件电路设计,测试结果表明:在不对蓝光过滤的条件下,荧光粉LED调制带宽由1 MHz提高到了32 MHz,单盏荧光粉LED在非归零-开关键控（non-return-to-zero on-off-keying,NRZ-OOK）调制下可达到26 Mbit/s的传输速率,误码率7.5510-6,传输距离达到3 m,符合于室内照明通信对传输距离的要求。