双功能过渡金属化合物的构建与应用

氢能作为一种清洁能源,通过不可储存的可再生资源发电催化水分解制氢,被认为是解决能源和环境危机最有前景的技术之一。电解水反应必须使用高效催化剂降低析氢反应(HER)和析氧反应(OER)的过电势,因此开发高效、廉价的HER-OER双功能催化剂具有简化整体系统和降低成本的优势。综述报道了近3年HER-OER双功能催化剂的最新发展,对几种主要类型的双功能全电解水催化剂的合成、催化活性、稳定性及增强活性的方法进行了详细讨论,并对双功能催化剂面临的挑战和发展方向进行了展望。     

Co-Cu双金属MOF纳米片的合成及电催化析氧反应研究

析氧反应(OER)是电解水制氢的阳极反应,其反应速度仅为阴极析氢反应(HER)速度的十分之一。为了加快反应速度,通常需要使用RuO₂等贵金属催化剂,但贵金属的稀缺性及较低的催化活性限制了其发展。金属有机框架(MOFs)材料是一类非常具有发展前景的OER电催化剂,然而目前MOFs在电催化OER中的应用也面临诸多问题,例如制备过程复杂、配体价格昂贵、催化活性低等。在此,提出了一种简易的表面活性剂辅助法制备Co-Cu双金属MOF纳米片的方法,在室温下搅拌对苯二甲酸和硝酸铜、硝酸钴,十二烷基硫酸钠的混合溶液,即可得到尺寸约为100～200nm的Co-Cu MOF纳米片。通过X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)等手段对材料结构进行了表征。电催化OER性能测试表明,Co-Cu MOF(n_Co∶n_Cu=2∶1)在碱性条件下对OER反应具有优异的OER活性,达到电流密度10mA/cm²时的过电位(η₁₀)仅为320mV,明显优于单一的Co M...     

金属镍铜负载钒氧化物的高效电解产氢性能

镍基电极材料是碱性电解水中最具工业应用前景的过渡金属催化剂,而其缓慢的析氢反应动力学及低活失活问题仍亟待解决。本研究以泡沫镍(NF)为基底,采用一步循环伏安法制备了主晶相为独立分相的多晶态金属镍铜合金、夹杂有少量非晶态V₂O₅相、具有三维多孔团簇结构的金属镍铜负载钒氧化物电催化剂(VO_x-NiCu/NF)。纳米颗粒、团簇交织形成的微米孔及泡沫镍的一级微孔共同构成了VO_x-NiCu/NF的三级多孔微纳结构,使其电催化活性面积增加了28倍,并在析氢反应中表现出优异的催化性能。在碱性介质中,获得-10 mA·cm^-2的析氢电流密度,VO_x-NiCu/NF需要的过电势(η₁₀)仅为35 mV,表现出类铂的催化活性,具有优异的长效稳定性及强劲的耐用性。电极表面形成的多孔团簇结构,显著增加了催化活性位点并为物质传递提供大量通道。镍铜合金及非晶态V₂O₅相,在一定程度协同改善了材料的固有析氢活性。理想的组...     

半金属氢氧化物材料用于电化学水氧化（英文）

寻找具有高本征活性的水氧化催化剂材料对许多清洁能源技术的发展至关重要.氢氧化物半导体对析氧反应具有一定的电催化活性.然而,该材料导电性较差,限制着其电催化本征活性的提升.本文提出一种兼具高导电性和高催化活性的半金属氢氧化物析氧电催化材料.通过阳离子掺杂和阴离子空位协同作用,镍铁水滑石半导体可转化为半金属材料,其电阻率降低了两个数量级.相应半金属氢氧化物阵列电极的电催化活性显著提升,在10 mA cm^-2电流密度下其析氧过电势仅为195 mV,Tafel斜率仅为40.9 mV dec^-1,显著优于商用RuO₂催化剂(316 mV,99.6 mV dec^-1).原位拉曼光谱和理论计算结果表明,半金属氢氧化物可在较低过电位下转化为羟基氧化物中间体,有助于高价态金属活性位点的形成与稳定,从而提升材料的析氧本征活性.本研究表明,兼具优异导电性和催化活性的半金属氢氧化物可作为先进的电极材料.     

Co3O4/MoS2@TM异质结电极的制备及其析氧性能研究

电解水是一项有前景的大规模生产绿色氢能的技术。然而由于析氧反应(OER)的内在动力学缓慢,阻碍了这种能量转换技术的发展。这就需要高活性且稳定的电催化剂。因此本文采用简单的两步水热合成法在钛网上构筑了具有自支撑的异质结构Co_3O_4/MoS_2。所制备的Co_3O_4/MoS_2异质结催化剂在1 M KOH溶液中具有优异的OER催化性能,当电流密度达到10 mA·cm~(-2)时,所需过电势为306 mV,相应的塔菲尔(Tafel)斜率为51 mV dec~(-1)。催化剂表现出优异的OER催化活性源于异质结构以及Co_3O_4和MoS_2的协同作用。本工作为合理设计高效、低廉的复合型催化剂提供了有效的策略。     

Co基金属有机框架及其衍生材料的电催化析氢研究进展

电催化裂解水产氢是一种可持续的环保能源储存技术,也是降低碳排放的重要手段。金属有机框架(MOFs)因具有比表面积大、孔隙率可调、结构调整多样化及修饰策略简易等优点,从而在电催化析氢领域引起了研究者的广泛关注。综述了Co基金属有机框架(Co-MOFs)及其衍生材料的制备方法、结构调节,以及微观结构对催化活性、催化稳定性和析氢能力的影响。结果表明：Co-MOFs及其衍生材料较传统催化剂表现出更加优异的电化学析氢活性。此外,提出了高性能催化剂的设计策略,并对其在电催化析氢领域的应用前景进行了展望。     

CoP/RGO复合材料的制备及结构性能研究

通过原位还原将金属钴(Co)粒子负载于氧化石墨烯(GO)合成钴/还原氧化石墨烯(RGO)(Co/RGO),在氩气保护条件下与次磷酸钠(NaH_2PO_2)混合加热反应制得磷化钴(CoP)/RGO(CoP/RGO)复合材料,并对样品进行了表征,在0. 5mol/L的硫酸溶液中采用线性扫描法测试了材料的电催化析氢性能。结果表明:负载于石墨烯上的CoP纳米颗粒形貌单一,晶格间距0. 24nm,Co和P的比例约1∶1,复合材料做成的电极其催化析氢过电位显著减小为116mV,经过500次循环后性能略有衰减,析氢过电位为130mV,性能衰减率为12%。与单一材料相比具有较高的催化活性,有效提高了电催化析氢性能。     

原位生长在聚喹唑啉基共轭微孔聚合物表面的MoS2 及其析氢性能

合成一种三环喹唑啉的共轭微孔聚合物(TQ-CMPs)并用水热法使二硫化钼原位生长在其骨架表面,制备出一种新型复合电催化析氢催化剂并研究了它的电催化析氢活性。结果表明,TQ-CMPs与MoS₂的质量比为2∶1的催化剂具有优异的电催化析氢活性,其过电势为71 mV,Tafel斜率为52 mV·dec^-1。比表面积较大的TQ-CMPs,使MoS₂的分散度提高、避免了MoS₂的堆积和聚集并使更多的MoS₂边缘暴露,从而提高了催化剂的效率。TQ-CMPs丰富的孔道结构和延伸的π共轭骨架,有利于质量运输和电荷转移。     

Co2Ni1O4/不锈钢复合材料的制备及其电催化析氧性能

电解水包括析氢反应(HER)与析氧反应(OER),由于OER是复杂的4电子转移过程,制作出具有优异耐久性的高活性的非贵金属OER电催化剂对于电解水至关重要。为了降低成本,选择304型不锈钢网(SS)作为基体,使用电沉积的方法制备钴-镍双氢氧化物,利用真空煅烧的方法制备钴-镍氧化物。使用XRD、SEM、TEM、XPS和电化学工作站对Co₂Ni₁O₄/SS复合材料的晶体结构、形貌和电催化OER性能进行了研究。结果表明:电沉积制备的钴-镍双氢氧化物煅烧之后转变成尖晶石结构的钴-镍氧化物;在不锈钢表面成功合成了大量密集的层状结构;在1.0 mol/L KOH电解液中,Co₂Ni₁O₄/SS电极表现出优异的OER电催化性能,达到10 mA·cm?2电流密度时所需要的过电位仅为240 mV,Tafel斜率为53.92 mV·dec?1,并且表现出优异的稳定性。      

电化学法制备Co(OH)2/Cu(OH)2异质结电极及其作为析氧电催化剂的研究

贵金属IrO₂和RuO₂被广泛认为是优异的析氧(OER)催化剂，但是高成本限制其应用与发展，故开发高效的非贵金属OER催化剂具有重大的实际意义和应用前景。采用简便的电化学法制备了一种三维异质结电极Co(OH)₂/Cu(OH)₂作为优良的OER催化剂。Co(OH)₂/Cu(OH)₂由于其三维异质结构，使其具有较大的比表面积和充足的活性位点，同时调节了表面Co的电子结构进而提高OER活性，表现出优良的催化性能。在1mol/L KOH溶液中，Co(OH)₂/Cu(OH)₂能在270mV的低过电位下达到10mA/cm²,并且能保持在100mA/cm²的大电流密度下较长时间进行OER反应，是一种优良的OER催化剂。     

Zirconium‐Regulation‐Induced Bifunctionality in 3D Cobalt–Iron Oxide Nanosheets for Overall Water Splitting

The design of high‐efficiency non‐noble bifunctional electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is paramount for water splitting technologies and associated renewable energy systems. Spinel‐structured oxides with rich redox properties can serve as alternative low‐cost OER electrocatalysts but with poor HER performance. Here, zirconium regulation in 3D CoFe₂O₄ (CoFeZr oxides) nanosheets on nickel foam, as a novel strategy inducing bifunctionality toward OER and HER for overall water splitting, is reported. It is found that the incorporation of Zr into CoFe₂O₄ can tune the nanosheet morphology and electronic structure around the Co and Fe sites for optimizing adsorption energies, thus effectively enhancing the intrinsic activity of active sites. The as‐synthesized 3D CoFeZr oxide nanosheet exhibits high OER activity with small overpotential, low Tafel slope, and good stability. Moreover, it shows unprecedented HER activity with a small overpotential of 104 mV at 10 mA cm^?2 in alkaline media, which is better than ever reported counterparts. When employing the CoFeZr oxides nanosheets as both anode and cathode catalysts for overall water splitting, a current density of 10 mA cm^?2 is achieved at the cell voltage of 1.63 V in 1.0 m KOH.     

Pseudocapacitive Ni‐Co‐Fe Hydroxides/N‐Doped Carbon Nanoplates‐Based Electrocatalyst for Efficient Oxygen Evolution

The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalytic activity of a transition metal oxides/hydroxides based electrocatalyst is related to its pseudocapacitance at potentials lower than the OER standard potential. Thus, a well‐defined pseudocapacitance could be a great supplement to boost OER. Herein, a highly pseudocapacitive Ni‐Fe‐Co hydroxides/N‐doped carbon nanoplates (NiCoFe‐NC)‐based electrocatalyst is synthesized using a facile one‐pot solvothermal approach. The NiCoFe‐NC has a great pseudocapacitive performance with 1849 F g^?1 specific capacitance and 31.5 Wh kg^?1 energy density. This material also exhibits an excellent OER catalytic activity comparable to the benchmark RuO₂ catalysts (an initiating overpotential of 160 mV and delivering 10 mA cm^?2 current density at 250 mV, with a Tafel slope of 31 mV dec^?1). The catalytic performance of the optimized NiCoFe‐NC catalyst could keep 24 h. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, electrochemically active surface area, and other physicochemical and electrochemical analyses reveal that its great OER catalytic activity is ascribed to the Ni‐Co hydroxides with modular 2‐Dimensional layered structure, the synergistic interactions among the Fe(III) species and Ni, Co metal centers, and the improved hydrophily endowed by the incorporation of N‐doped carbon hydrogel. This work might provide a useful and general strategy to design and synthesize high‐performance metal (hydr)oxides OER electrocatalysts.     

NiMoFe and NiMoFeP as Complementary Electrocatalysts for Efficient Overall Water Splitting and Their Application in PV‐Electrolysis with STH 12.3%

Complementary water splitting electrocatalysts used simultaneously in the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) can simplify water splitting systems. Herein, earth‐abundant NiMoFe (NMF) and phosphorized NiMoFeP (NMFP) are synthesized as complementary overall water splitting (OWS) catalysts. First, NMF is tested as both the HER and OER promoter, which exhibits low overpotentials of 68 (HER) and 337 mV (OER). A quaternary NMFP is then prepared by simple phosphorization of NMF, which shows a much lower OER overpotential of 286 mV. The enhanced OER activity is attributed to the unique surface/core structure of NMFP. The surface phosphate acts as a proton transport mediator and expedites the rate‐determining step. With the application of OER potential, the NMFP surface is composed of Ni(OH)₂ and FeOOH, active sites for OER, but the inner core consists of Ni, Mo, and Fe metals, serving as a conductive electron pathway. OWS with NMF‐NMFP requires an applied voltage of 1.452 V to generate 10 mA cm^?2, which is one of the lowest values among OWS results with transition‐metal‐based electrocatalysts. Furthermore, the catalysts are combined with tandem perovskite solar cells for photovoltaic (PV)‐electrolysis, producing a high solar‐to‐hydrogen (STH) conversion efficiency of 12.3%.     

Exceptional Performance of Hierarchical Ni–Fe (hydr)oxide@NiCu Electrocatalysts for Water Splitting

Developing low‐cost bifunctional electrocatalysts with superior activity for both the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is of great importance for the widespread application of the water splitting technique. In this work, using earth‐abundant transition metals (i.e., nickel, iron, and copper), 3D hierarchical nanoarchitectures, consisting of ultrathin Ni–Fe layered‐double‐hydroxide (Ni–Fe LDH) nanosheets or porous Ni–Fe oxides (NiFeO_x) assembled to a metallic NiCu alloy, are delicately constructed. In alkaline solution, the as‐prepared Ni–Fe LDH@NiCu possesses outstanding OER activity, achieving a current density of 10 mA cm^?2 at an overpotential of 218 mV, which is smaller than that of RuO₂ catalyst (249 mV). In contrast, the resulting NiFeO_x@NiCu exhibits better HER activity, yielding a current density of 10 mA cm^?2 at an overpotential of 66 mV, which is slightly higher than that of Pt catalyst (53 mV) but superior to all other transition metal (hydr)oxide‐based electrocatalysts. The remarkable activity of the Ni–Fe LDH@NiCu and NiFeO_x@NiCu is further demonstrated by a 1.5 V solar‐panel‐powered electrolyzer, resulting in current densities of 10 and 50 mA cm^?2 at overpotentials of 293 and 506 mV, respectively. Such performance renders the as‐prepared materials as the best bifunctional electrocatalysts so far.     

Single Ni Atoms and Clusters Embedded in N‐Doped Carbon “Tubes on Fibers” Matrix with Bifunctional Activity for Water Splitting at High Current Densities

Among the bifunctional catalysts for water splitting, recently emerged transition‐metal single‐atom catalysts are theoretically considered to possess high potential, while the experimental activity is not satisfactory yet. Herein, an exceptionally efficient trifunctional metal–nitrogen–carbon (M–N–C) catalyst electrode, composed of a hierarchical carbon matrix embedding isolated nickel atoms with nickel–iron (NiFe) clusters, is presented. 1D microfibers and nanotubes grow sequentially from 2D nanosheets as sacrificial templates via two stages of solution‐ and solid‐phase reactions to form a 1D hierarchy. Exceptionally efficient bifunctional activity with an overpotential of only 13 mV at 10 mA cm^?2 toward hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and an overpotential of 210 mV at 30 mA cm^?2 toward oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is obtained, surpassing each monofunctional activity ever reported. More importantly, an overpotential of only 126 and 326 mV is required to drive 500 mA cm^?2 toward the HER and OER, respectively. For the first time, industrial‐scale water splitting with two bifunctional catalyst electrodes with a current density of 500 mA cm^?2 at a potential of 1.71 V is demonstrated. Lastly, trifunctional catalytic activity including oxygen reduction reaction is also proven with a half‐wave potential at 0.848 V.     

In-situ constructed Ru-rich porous framework on NiFe-based ribbon for enhanced oxygen evolution reaction in alkaline solution

Exploiting economical and high-efficient electrocatalysts of oxygen evolution reaction(OER)remains urgent in the field of sustainable hydrogen generation by water electrolysis.Ru-and Ir-based materials are benchmark electrocatalysts towards the OER,yet the precious metals are expensive and scarce.Herein,we develop a kind of Ru-doped NiFe-based catalyst with three-dimensional nanoporous surface(NP-Rux),which fulfils both performance and cost requirements for the OER electrocatalysis.This novel material can directly work as a support-free electrode and exhibits excellent OER performance with an ultralow overpotential of 245 mV at 10 mA cmr-2 and a small Tafel slope of 15 mV dec-1 as well as low charge transfer resistance.The superior performance could be rationalized as follows:(1)Generated Ru-rich nanoporous architecture can not only supply a large number of active sites but also facilitate mass transfer at the electrode/electrolyte interface;(2)Multiple metals(hydro)oxides generated on the surface have the synergistic catalytic effect for the OER;(3)The in-situ generation of(hydro)oxides and the firm bonding of nanoporous layer and the substrate allow for easy electron transfer.These features make NP-Rux a promising oxygen-evolving electrode material toward water electrolysis.     

Carbon‐Quantum‐Dots‐Loaded Ruthenium Nanoparticles as an Efficient Electrocatalyst for Hydrogen Production in Alkaline Media

Highly active, stable, and cheap Pt‐free catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) are facing increasing demand as a result of their potential use in future energy‐conversion systems. However, the development of HER electrocatalysts with Pt‐like or even superior activity, in particular ones that can function under alkaline conditions, remains a significant challenge. Here, the synthesis of a novel carbon‐loaded ruthenium nanoparticle electrocatalyst (Ru@CQDs) for the HER, using carbon quantum dots (CQDs), is reported. Electrochemical tests reveal that, even under extremely alkaline conditions (1 m KOH), the as‐formed Ru@CQDs exhibits excellent catalytic behavior with an onset overpotential of 0 mV, a Tafel slope of 47 mV decade^?1, and good durability. Most importantly, it only requires an overpotential of 10 mV to achieve the current density of 10 mA cm^?2. Such catalytic characteristics are superior to the current commercial Pt/C and most noble metals, non‐noble metals, and nonmetallic catalysts under basic conditions. These findings open a new field for the application of CQDs and add to the growing family of metal@CQDs with high HER performance.     

Cation‐Modulated HER and OER Activities of Hierarchical VOOH Hollow Architectures for High‐Efficiency and Stable Overall Water Splitting

Atom‐scale modulation of electronic regulation in nonprecious‐based electrocatalysts is promising for efficient catalytic activities. Here, hierarchically hollow VOOH nanostructures are rationally constructed by partial iron substitution and systematically investigated for electrocatalytic water splitting. Benefiting from the hierarchically stable scaffold configuration, highly electrochemically active surface area, the synergistic effect of the active metal atoms, and optimal adsorption energies, the 3% Fe (mole ratio) substituted electrocatalyst (VOOH‐3Fe) exhibits a low overpotential of 90 and 195 mV at 10 mA cm^?2 for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in alkaline media, respectively, superior than the other samples with a different substituted ratio. To the best of current knowledge, 195 mV overpotential at 10 mA cm^?2 is the best value reported for V or Fe (oxy)hydroxide‐based OER catalysts. Moreover, the electrolytic cell employing the VOOH‐3Fe electrode as both the cathode and anode exhibits a cell voltage of 0.30 V at 10 mA cm^?2 with a remarkable stability over 60 h. This work heralds a new pathway to design efficient bifunctional catalysts toward overall water splitting.     

Constructing Pure Phase Tungsten‐Based Bimetallic Carbide Nanosheet as an Efficient Bifunctional Electrocatalyst for Overall Water Splitting

Carbides are commonly regarded as efficient hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalysts, but their poor oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalytic activities seriously limit their practical application in overall water splitting. Here, vertically aligned porous cobalt tungsten carbide nanosheet embedded in N‐doped carbon matrix (Co₆W₆C@NC) is successfully constructed on flexible carbon cloth (CC) as an efficient bifunctional electrocatalyst for overall water splitting via a facile metal–organic framework (MOF) derived method. The synergistic effect of Co and W atoms effectively tailors the electron state of carbide, optimizing the hydrogen‐binding energy. Thus Co₆W₆C@NC shows an enhanced HER performance with an overpotential of 59 mV at a current density of ?10 mA cm^?2. Besides, Co₆W₆C@NC easily in situ transforms into tungsten actived cobalt oxide/hydroxide during the OER process, serving as OER active species, which provides an excellent OER activity with an overpotential of 286 mV at a current density of ?10 mA cm^?2. The water splitting device, by applying Co₆W₆C@NC as both the cathode and anode, requires a low cell voltage of 1.585 V at 10 mA cm^?2 with the great stability in alkaline solution. This work provides a feasible strategy to fabricate bimetallic carbides and explores their possibility as bifunctional catalysts toward overall water splitting.     

A Heterostructure Coupling of Exfoliated Ni–Fe Hydroxide Nanosheet and Defective Graphene as a Bifunctional Electrocatalyst for Overall Water Splitting

Herein, the authors demonstrate a heterostructured NiFe LDH‐NS@DG10 hybrid catalyst by coupling of exfoliated Ni–Fe layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanosheet (NS) and defective graphene (DG). The catalyst has exhibited extremely high electrocatalytic activity for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in an alkaline solution with an overpotential of 0.21 V at a current density of 10 mA cm^?2, which is comparable to the current record (≈0.20 V in Fe–Co–Ni metal‐oxide‐film system) and superior to all other non‐noble metal catalysts. Also, it possesses outstanding kinetics (Tafel slope of 52 mV dec^?1) for the reaction. Interestingly, the NiFe LDH‐NS@DG10 hybrid has also exhibited the high hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) performance in an alkaline solution (with an overpotential of 115 mV by 2 mg cm^?2 loading at a current density of 20 mA cm^?2) in contrast to barely HER activity for NiFe LDH‐NS itself. As a result, the bifunctional catalyst the authors developed can achieve a current density of 20 mA cm^?2 by a voltage of only 1.5 V, which is also a record for the overall water splitting. Density functional theory calculation reveals that the synergetic effects of highly exposed 3d transition metal atoms and carbon defects are essential for the bifunctional activity for OER and HER.