基于综合干旱指数的鄱阳湖流域干旱时空分异特征研究

干旱指数适用性问题是当前干旱研究中的热点问题。本文基于标准化降水指数(SPI),标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI)和降水Z指数(CZI)等传统标准化干旱指数,以线性组合方法构建综合气象干旱指数(linear combination synthesis drought index,LSDI),提出混淆矩阵评价方法对所有气象干旱指数的适用性进行比选分析,并在鄱阳湖流域加以应用。研究表明:(1)LSDI指数与标准化干旱指数的准确率和精度的季节性均值近似相等,但LSDI指数召回率和综合评价指标F1-Score的季节性均值更高。LSDI指数能够像标准化干旱指数一样很好地捕捉到干旱事件,同时具备三个标准化干旱指数表征干旱的优势,对干旱事件识别的效果更好。(2)鄱阳湖流域干旱强度未来趋势:夏季和冬季表现为下降趋势,干旱情况有所缓解,春秋季表现为上升趋势,干旱情况有所加重。(3)鄱阳湖流域夏季和秋季干旱发生频率高,频率范围在30%～40%。干旱发生频率呈现赣南较低,赣北较高的空间分布形式。(4)鄱阳湖流域易发生全域性和局域性干旱,夏季和秋季干旱发生范围存在不显著上升趋势;春季和冬季干旱发生范围存在不显著下降趋势。     

南盘江流域水文干旱对气象干旱的响应特征研究

选取南盘江流域3个站点40年(1970年-2009年)的逐月径流资料和20个站点同期逐月降水资料,计算标准化径流指数(SSFI)和不同时间尺度的标准化降水指数(SPI),从中选取水文干旱样本和同期的SPI进行统计分析,研究水文干旱对气象干旱的响应特征。结果表明:南盘江流域SSFI对SPI具有良好的响应关系;SSFI对SPI的响应关系随时间尺度的不同相关性不同;总体来看,流域内水文干旱对气象干旱的响应时间约为6个月。     

基于Copula函数的新型综合干旱指数构建与应用

干旱指数是研究干旱的重要工具,构建综合干旱指数是目前干旱监测、风险评估的前沿和趋势。本文基于阿基米德Copula函数,联合降雨(气象)、径流(水文)两种要素,构建了一种能够综合表征气象干旱和水文干旱的新型综合干旱指数MSDI_p,并用其表征渭河流域的干旱演变特征,且进一步对其背后的驱动力进行了探究。结果表明:(1)MSDI_p指数既能像标准化降水指数(SPI)一样敏锐地捕捉干旱的发生,也能像标准化径流指数(SRI)一样很好地刻画干旱的持续时间和结束,同时具备气象和水文两种干旱指数表征不同类型干旱的优势,能综合表征干旱演变特征;(2)受气候变化和人类活动影响,渭河流域过去50余年综合干旱呈显著增强趋势;(3)渭河流域综合干旱指数序列存在变异点(1994年),且未来流域干旱情势有加剧趋势;(4)太阳黑子和大气环流异常因子等对渭河流域综合干旱的发生有较大影响,其中太阳黑子活动的影响最强。且除直接影响外,太阳黑子还能通过影响大气环流异常因子进而对综合干旱的发生造成间接影响。     

Compound dry-hot events on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and their effects on vegetationEI北大核心CSCD

基于Copula函数联合标准化降水指数(SPI)和标准化地表温度指数(SLTI),构建了复合干热事件指数(CDHI)用于评价青藏高原复合干热事件,分析了2000—2019年夏季干旱和高温的时空变化特征,探究了降水和地表温度对复合干热事件的相对贡献度及不同植被对复合干热事件的响应程度。结果表明:SPI与SLTI拟合效果最好的函数为Gaussian Copula函数,CDHI与标准化增强型植被指数(SEVI)拟合效果最好的函数也为Gaussian Copula函数;青藏高原夏季干热情况有轻微加重的趋势,4种植被类型中草地和林地的干热情况加重,干热情况在空间上呈现北部减缓、南部加重的趋势;SLTI持续增大是复合干热事件严重程度加重的主要原因,农田的SPI、SLTI对CDHI变化的相对贡献度差值最大,分别为0.71和0.29;东北部的植被生长易受复合干热事件影响,农田对复合干热事件最为敏感。     

Construction of an optimized comprehensive drought index for agricultural watersheds in cold regions and its applicability analysisEI北大核心CSCD

以挠力河流域为寒区农业流域典型区,构建融合多源信息的综合干旱指数用于寒区农业流域干旱特征的评估,并分析其适用性。基于构建的SWAT模型模拟挠力河流域水文气象要素,计算单一的标准化降水蒸散发指数(SPEI)、标准化土壤湿度指数(SSI)和标准化径流指数(SRI),运用主成分分析法和熵权法分别对3种单一干旱指数赋权,通过最小偏差法计算最优组合权重,构建融合气象干旱、农业干旱和水文干旱信息的综合干旱指数(OCDI)。结果表明:OCDI的干旱事件监测结果与历史干旱事件吻合度较高,综合考虑多时间尺度下的OCDI对于挠力河流域干旱状况描述更为准确和全面;3种单一干旱指数监测的干旱程度空间分布差异明显,融合多源信息的OCDI能够从气象干旱、农业干旱和水文干旱多角度揭示挠力河流域综合干旱特征;OCDI与不同类型单一干旱指数均有较高的相关性,在挠力河流域上游对于干旱的综合表征能力更优且年尺度的OCDI综合表征能力优于季尺度和月尺度;OCDI能够较好地识别和区分该流域的综合干旱程度,随着OCDI所识别综合干旱程度的加重,流域实际受旱面积相应增大。     

基于SPEI的嘉陵江流域旱涝时空演变分析

判断旱涝灾害发生的频率、范围、强度和趋势具有重要意义.在嘉陵江流域1958～2017年实测月平均气温和月降水数据的基础上,引入不同时间尺度的标准化降水蒸发指数(SPEI),结合旱(涝)频率、旱(涝)站次比和旱(涝)强度评估指标分析了嘉陵江流域旱涝频率、范围、强度的时空演变特征.结果表明:嘉陵江流域近60 a来雨涝的频率...     

表征生态状况的综合干旱指数构建及干旱风险分析

联合标准化降水指数、标准化土壤湿度指数、标准化地下水指数和标准化生态缺水指数,基于熵权法和相关系数赋权法分别构建了西北地区综合干旱指数CDI＿E和CDI＿C,分析了CDI＿E、CDI＿C与标准化叶绿素荧光指数(SSIF)、自适应帕尔默干旱指数(scPDSI)间的相关性,评估了CDI＿E、CDI＿C对植被状况的表征以及综合干旱的监测能力,并选取典型干旱事件进行验证。利用游程理论分析了1986—2015年西北地区的综合干旱特征及暴露度、脆弱性、恢复力3个风险因子,采用等权法计算综合干旱风险,依据10 a滑动窗口分析干旱风险的变化趋势。结果表明：CDI＿C考虑了干旱与植被的响应关系,且与scPDSI的相关性较强,能较好地反映西北地区的综合干旱情况;CDI＿C可以同时监测到气象、农业、地下水和生态干旱,且反映的干旱与实际情况一致;CDI＿C显示研究时段内西北大部分地区呈变湿趋势;综合干旱在新疆、青海等干旱半干旱区的发生频率较高且干旱风险较大,各区干旱风险呈先增后减的趋势。     

基于FUZZ-EWM法的综合干旱指数构建与应用

研究典型干旱半干旱地区渭北旱塬干旱时空演变特征,对旱灾干扰的干旱半干旱区域的水资源可持续利用和农业可持续发展研究提供理论指导。根据区域内及附近的6个气象站50多年逐月气象资料,结合地理气候特征,选取了Palmer干旱指数(PDSI)、标准化降水指数(SPI)和标准化蒸散指数(SPEI)作为干旱评价的单项指数,并采用FUZZ-EWM法构建出综合干旱指数(DI),然后利用ARCGIS10.1插值研究DI的时空分布和变化趋势,基于Morlet小波函数分析DI的变化周期。结果表明:(1)渭北旱塬是干旱的重灾地,轻旱、中旱频发,重旱、特旱次之。干旱以30年为第一主周期,在主周期内还包括17~18年与6年的小周期。(2)年内干旱的时域与频域差异较大,其中春季以轻、中旱为主,夏季重旱与特旱频发,春夏连旱发生频繁,秋冬季节干旱情况较春夏有所缓解。(3)对现状年水资源供需平衡分析,得到缺水率与综合干旱指数的评价结果基本一致。基于FUZZ-EWM法构建的综合干旱指数DI,对典型的干旱半干旱地区渭北旱塬有良好的适用性,值得进一步推广使用。     

考虑地表-土壤-作物水分联合亏缺的综合旱情指数研究

区域干旱发生发展受地表水、土壤水、作物水等多种缺水过程的共同影响，以往基于单一缺水过程构建的干旱指数难以反映实际旱情，综合考虑多种缺水过程构建综合旱情指数，对有效开展区域旱情监测具有重要的意义。基于水文作物耦合模型(VIC-EPIC)模拟数据，通过线性加权集成标准化径流指数(SRI)、土壤含水量距平指数(SMAPI)和作物缺水指数(CWDI),构建了反映地表-土壤-作物水分联合亏缺的综合旱情指数(CDSI),并采用1981—2020年数据在湘江流域开展了应用研究。结果表明，基于CDSI提取的旱情特征序列与流域内35个县1990—2007年受旱率相关性在0.4～0.8之间，82.9%通过5%显著性水平检验，与反映单一水分亏缺的SRI、SMAPI和CWDI相比，相关性整体上有较大提升。CDSI能够较好地反映区域实际旱情发生发展，可为大范围旱情准确识别和评估提供有效支撑。     

基于水贫困指数的安徽省水资源安全评价

本文基于水贫困指数概念模型构建了安徽省水安全评价指标体系,并采用改进的标准化方法对分指标进行标准化处理,从资源(R)、途径(A)、利用(U)、能力(C)和环境(E)5个分指标方面入手,对安徽省2009—2019年的水资源安全进行综合评价。结果显示:安徽省近10年的水安全状态为基本安全;有3年的水贫困指数显示为不安全等级,水安全状态整体向好的方向发展;水资源和水环境系统与社会经济发展基本能够协调。水贫困指数可以对安徽省进行水资源安全评价,为水资源合理开发利用提供参考。     

Effect of Air Temperature on Historical Trend of Long-Term Droughts in Different Climates of Iran

Effective monitoring of drought plays an important role in water resources planning and management, especially under global warming effect. The aim of this paper is to study the effect of air temperature on historical long-term droughts in regions with diverse climates in Iran. To this end, monthly air temperature (T) and precipitation (P) data were gathered from 15 longest record meteorological stations in Iran covering the period 1951–2014. Long-term meteorological droughts behavior was quantified using two different drought indices, i.e. the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI). Linear and non-linear trends in T, P, SPI and SPEI were evaluated using non-parametric and parametric statistical approaches such as non-modified and modified Mann-Kendall Test, Theil-Sen approach, and simple regression. The results indicated that the significant trends for temperature are approximately all increasing (0.2 °C to 0.5 °C per decade), and for precipitation are mostly decreasing (?7.2 mm to ?14.8 mm per decade). It was also indicated that long-term drought intensities monitored by the SPI and SPEI have had significant downward trend (drought intensification with time) at most stations of interest. The observed trends in the SPI series can be worsen if air temperature (in addition to precipitation) participates in drought monitoring as SPEI. In arid and extra arid climates, it was observed that temperature has strong effects on historical drought characteristics when comparing the SPI and SPEI series. Due to the determinative role of temperature in mostly dry regions like Iran, the study suggests using the SPEI rather than SPI for more effective monitoring of droughts.     

鄱阳湖干旱多尺度特征及其与月均水位的相关性

以鄱阳湖13个气象站1957~2013年的逐月降水量、平均气温、各站点纬度和同期水位站逐月平均水位为实验数据,分别计算1、3、6、12、24、48个月尺度下标准降水指数(SPI)和标准降水蒸散指数(SPEI)时间序列,并利用Morlet小波分析理论,分析了该序列多时间尺度变化特征。基于Mann-Kendall检验,分析了鄱阳湖气象干旱趋势特征;利用Spearman秩相关系数,研究了不同时间尺度SPI和SPEI序列与月平均水位的相关关系。研究表明,鄱阳湖流域SPI和SPEI序列存在约68个月变化的主周期,两个主要特征时间尺度变化的强分布;气象干旱与湖水位的相关关系随时间尺度的增大而减弱。     

A Novel Multi-Scalar Drought Index for Monitoring Drought: the Standardized Precipitation Temperature Index

Nowadays human beings are facing many environmental challenges because of frequently occurring drought hazards. Several adverse impacts of drought hazard are continued in many parts of the world. Drought has a substantial influence on water resources and irrigation. It may effect on the country’s environment, communities, and industries. Therefore, it is important to improve drought monitoring system. In this paper, we proposed a novel method – Standardized Precipitation Temperature Index (SPTI) for drought monitoring that utilize the regional tempreature. We compared the performance of our proposed drought index – SPTI with commonly used drought indices (i.e., Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI)) for 17 meteorological stations of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) province (Pakistan) that have both extreme (arid and humid) climatic environment. We found that SPTI is strongly correlated with SPI and performed better than SPEI in low temperature regions for drought monitoring. In summary, SPTI is recommended for detecting and monitoring the drought conditions over different time scales.     

Drought Occurrence Probability Analysis Using Multivariate Standardized Drought Index and Copula Function Under Climate Change

This study aims to investigate the effect of climate change on the probability of drought occurrence in central Iran. To this end, a new drought index called Multivariate Standardized Drought Index (MSDI) was developed, which is composed of the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) and the Standardized Soil Moisture Index (SSI). The required data included precipitation, temperature (from CRU TS), and soil moisture (from the ESA CCA SM product) on a monthly time scale for the 1980–2016 period. Moreover, future climate data were downloaded from CMIP6 models under the latest SSPs-RCPs emission scenarios (SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5) for the 2020–2056 period. Based on the normalized root mean square error (NRMSE), Cramer-von mises statistic (S_n), and Nash Sutcliffe (NS) evaluation criteria, the Galambos and Clayton functions were selected to derive copula-based joint distribution functions in both periods. The results showed that more severe and longer droughts will occur in the future compared to the historical period and in particular under the SSP5-8.5 scenario. From the derived joint return period, a drought event with defined severity or duration will happen in a shorter return period as compared with the historical period. In other words, the joint return period indicated a higher probability of drought occurrence in the future period. Moreover, the joint return period analysis revealed that the return period of mild droughts will remain the same, while it will decrease for extreme droughts in the future.

     

干旱指数在四川省的适用性分析

干旱灾害频发严重制约着四川省的农业发展,为合理分析四川省干旱情况,干旱指数的选择尤为重要。本文基于四川省39个气象站点1960年-2013年的气象资料,分别计算1961年、1994年、2006年和2009年-2010年各站点相对湿润指数M、气象干旱综合指数CI、标准化降水指数SPI和标准化降水蒸散指数SPEI,利用Arcgis反距离插值法进行空间插值,并与中国气象灾害大典记录的四川省典型年干旱情况进行对比分析,进而评价四种干旱指数在四川省的适用性。结果表明:对于1961年夏旱,M指数和CI指数均表现出无旱或轻旱,SPI指数结果较实际情况偏小,SPEI指数监测出了干旱的重灾区,效果在四个干旱指标中最好;1994年夏伏旱,M指数监测结果偏小;CI指数出现了空报,对川东地区和川西高原的监测结果偏小,SPEI指数在达县、巴中一带结果偏小,而SPI指数在成都、绵阳一带的结果偏小。2006年伏旱,M指数监测结果偏小;CI指数比M指数效果稍好,但结果仍然偏小;SPI指数和SPEI指数监测出的干旱特征与实际一致;2009年-2010年的冬春连旱,SPEI指数效果最好,M指数次之,SPI指数效果最差。SPEI指数最能反映四川省典型干旱年干旱的空间分布特征。     

Projected Changes of Future Extreme Drought Events under Numerous Drought Indices in the Heilongjiang Province of China

Effective drought prediction methods are essential for the mitigation of adverse effects of severe drought events. This study utilizes the Reconnaissance Drought Index, Standardized Precipitation Index and Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index to assess the occurrence of future drought events in the study area of the Heilongjiang province of China over a period of 2016–2099. The drought indices were computed from the meteorological data (temperature, precipitation) generated by the global climate model (HadCM3A2). Moreover, Mann-Kendall trend test was applied for the assessment of future climatic trends and detecting probable differences in the behaviour of various drought indices. Drought forecasting periods has been divided into three categories: the early phase (1916–2030), middle phase (2031–2060) and late phase (2061–2099). The occurrence of future droughts is also ranked according to their intensity (mild, moderate, severe and extreme drought). Based on the drought results, more number of drought events are expected to occur during 12-month drought analysis are, RDI during 2084–2098 (DD = 14, DS = ?1.38), SPEI during 2084–2098 (DD = 14, DS = ?1.33) and SPI during 2084–2095 (DD = 12, DS = ?1.19). The 1st and 2nd months of the years studied predicted a warming trend, while the 7th, 8th, and 9th months predicted a wetter trend. Finally, it was observed that RDI is more sensitive to drought and indicated a high percentage of years under severe and extreme drought conditions during the drought frequency analysis. Conclusively, this study provides a strategies for water resources management and monitoring of droughts, in which drought indices like RDI can play a central role.     

Spatio-Temporal Variation of Water Availability in a River Basin under CORDEX Simulated Future Projections

In the present study, spatio-temporal variability of hydrological components under climate change is analysed over Wainganga River basin, India. In order to address the climate change projection, hydrological modelling is carried out using a macro scale, semi-distributed three (3)-Layer Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC-3 L) model. The high-resolution (0.5^o?×?0.5^o) meteorological variables are divided into multiple periods to calibrate and validate the VIC-3 L model. The future projections (2020–2094) of the water balance components are achieved using the high resolution hydrological variables from the COordinated Regional Downscaling EXperiment (CORDEX) dataset under Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios. The uncertainty associated with the multi-model projections are evaluated using Reliability Ensemble Averaging (REA) and the bias correction is accomplished with non-parametric quantile mapping. A probabilistic based areal drought index is also computed for different scenarios using Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI). From the results, it is observed that amount of rainfall, evapotranspiration, and runoff has increased over the basin with no change in the spatial pattern. However, temporal variability is noticed with an increasing trend for rainfall and runoff in the non-monsoon season than the monsoon. Streamflow is expected to increase significantly, especially for medium to low flows (those occurring between 0.2 and 0.9 probability of exceedance in a Flow Duration Curve). In addition, the area under the drought condition has decreased under the projected climate scenarios.     

黑河流域1967-2009年气象干旱时空变化特征

以标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI)反映气象干旱,基于黑河流域内外19个气象站1967-2009年月气象数据,计算季节尺度SPEI序列,利用M-K趋势检验、小波分析、反距离权重(IDW)插值等方法分析黑河流域春、夏、秋、冬四季43年间干旱变化趋势、周期特征以及干旱频率的空间分布特征。结果表明:中、上游干旱指数呈增大趋势,即旱情有所减缓,而下游干旱指数呈减小趋势,即干旱情况逐渐加重;无旱频率最大,且从上游到下游整体呈增加趋势;黑河流域干旱周期特征主要表现出16~22a和32~33a的年代际周期及2~5a和6~11a的年际周期特征;黑河流域四个季节轻中旱发生频率比重特旱发生频率大得多,且春、夏和秋季的轻中旱发生的高频区集中在中上游,冬季集中在下游,而四季的重旱和特旱发生高频区空间分布特征与轻旱和中旱正好相反。研究结果可为黑河流域水资源合理开发利用和科学抗旱提供理论依据。     

Comparison of Meteorological,Hydrological and Agricultural Drought Responses to Climate Change and Uncertainty Assessment

A comparison study of meteorological, hydrological and agricultural drought responses to climate change resulting from different General Circulation Models (GCMs), emission scenarios and hydrological models is presented. Drought variations from 1961–2000 to 2061–2100 in Huai River basin above Bengbu station in China are investigated. Meteorological drought is recognized by the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) while hydrological drought and agricultural drought are indexed with a similar standardized procedure by the Standardized Runoff Index (SRI) and Standardized Soil Water Index (SSWI). The results generally approve that hydrological and agricultural drought could still pose greater threats to local water resources management in the future, even with a more steady background to meteorological drought. However, the various drought responses to climate change indicate that uncertainty arises in the propagation of drought from meteorological to hydrological and agricultural systems with respect to alternative climates. The uncertainty in hydrological model structure, as well as the uncertainties in GCM and emission scenario, are aggregated to the results and lead to much wider variations in hydrological and agricultural drought characteristics. Our results also reveal that the selection of hydrological models can induce fundamental differences in drought simulations, and the role of hydrological model uncertainty may become dominating among the three uncertainty sources while recognizing frequency of extreme drought and maximum drought duration.     

Spatio-temporal Changes and Frequency Analysis of Drought in the Wei River Basin,China

This study has investigated the spatio-temporal changes of droughts from 1961 to 2005 in the Wei River Basin. The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) was employed to describe the droughts. The trends of SPI value at all the meteorological stations were calculated by using the modified Mann-Kendall (MMK) trend test method, indicating that the western basin has a significantly wet trend, whilst the eastern basin including the Guanzhong Plain has a trend towards drought . Since the historical droughts records were too short to fully investigate drought properties in this basin, a practical nonparametric method was proposed to calculate the joint probability distribution of drought properties, which overcomes the shortcomings of the univariate and parametric frequency analysis. The frequency analysis of drought in the Wei River Basin indicates that the Guanzhong Plain and the surrounding areas of Huanxian meteorological station have a high drought risks, whilst the western and northern basin except the surrounding areas of Huanxian station has a relatively low drought risk.