高层住宅内凹槽形态对厨房油烟颗粒物扩散影响的研究——以武汉地区为例

我国高层住宅厨房由于中式煎炸爆炒等烹饪手法,极易形成油烟强暴露的环境,危害人群健康。高层住宅内凹槽作为与中间户型厨房直接相邻的室外过渡空间,其形态对油烟颗粒物通风扩散水平有着重要影响。文章采用调研与CFD数值模拟相结合的方法,分析中间户型厨房油烟扩散与凹槽内过渡流场的关联关系,探讨自然通风条件下高层住宅不同凹槽形态对厨房油烟扩散分布的影响规律。研究结果表明,随着内凹槽平面进深的增大,厨房平均风速呈提升趋势,颗粒物浓度分布降低,到达一定进深范围后出现峰值,此后厨房平均风速降低,油烟高浓度面积占比增大。最终得出结论：内凹槽形态比例在1∶5.0～1∶3.0区间范围内更有利于厨房油烟颗粒物对外扩散。     

探讨凹型建筑外立面火灾竖向蔓延

选取10起典型外立面火灾案例进行分析,结合FDS软件进行建模,模拟凹型平面建筑外立面火灾,分析火场温度、烟气蔓延、CO浓度,模拟结果与矩形平面模型(标准模型)、不同进深的凹型模型、不同面宽的凹型模型模拟结果进行对比,研究凹型平面建筑外立面火灾竖向蔓延的特点。凹型平面建筑进深的增加对烟气蔓延、火场温度并没有本质影响;面宽的增加使火场温度降低,烟气蔓延减缓。     

巷道火灾中烟气流动规律研究

矿井火灾烟气蔓延,威胁着井下工作人员的生命安全。文章利用FDS软件模拟不同风速和不同火源位置下烟气蔓延特性,应用烟气温度、烟气浓度等参数,得到不同工况下烟气流动规律,结果表明:不同火源位置下,烟气流动差异很大;通风风速越大,火源上风侧烟气浓度越低,下风侧烟气聚集越多。     

武汉地区高层住宅被动式节能设计参量影响关系分析

城镇化水平的提高促进了高层住宅的发展,也使之成为建筑节能领域关注的重点之一。基于武汉地区气候特征和能耗特征,选取塔式、板式高层住宅建立典型模型。通过能耗模拟计算,针对外墙传热系数、窗墙比、建筑朝向等不同被动式影响因素进行比较研究,探讨不同被动式因素与建筑能耗之间的量化关系,为高层住宅被动式节能设计提供思路和参考。     

高层住宅现浇空心钢筋混凝土构造墙的优化设计及施工

以工程实际为例,从深化设计和施工过程管控这2个方面对高层住宅现浇空心钢筋混凝土构造墙的优化设计及施工技术进行论述。实践证明,在高层住宅中应用空心钢筋混凝土构造墙,可将外墙砌体填充墙全部优化为混凝土结构一次性浇筑成型,达到减少外墙砌体结构施工时间、缩短工程建设整体工期的目的。     

外墙内保温系统在高层住宅中的应用

简要介绍了外墙内保温系统中的适能系统和适墙系统，指出各自的优点及适用范围，并探讨了外墙内保温系统在高层住宅中的具体应用，阐述了冷热桥的处理，外墙温度的应力与开裂等问题的解决方法，以期指导实践。     

含内天井高层住宅火灾烟气流动分析

为研究内含天井对高层住宅火灾中烟气流动特征,分析烟气对室外走廊以及安全疏散的影响,利用FDS建立模型,并对不同风向、风速环境条件下火灾进行数值模拟。设置二层厨房起火,分析风速0~10 m/s的情况下烟气运动、能见度分布、温度分布、毒性气体浓度分布,分析不同楼层到达危险状态的时间。结果表明:火灾产生的烟气主要通过天井有效排出,在建筑的局部区域出现部分烟气蔓延到室外走廊的现象;除与着火层相邻的三层外,各火灾场景均能满足各层人员安全疏散的性能指标;三层安全出口附近距离地面2 m高度处的烟气能见度在417~549 s时达到5 m以下,不满足人员安全疏散的性能指标;不同风向、不同风速的状况下,三层的能见度达到临界值的时间没有体现出明显差异,即风向和风速对天井内烟气流动的规律影响较小。     

长隧道火灾烟气运动三维数值模拟

对某长隧道在50 MW释热率、不同风速条件下的火灾过程进行模拟,采用扩散燃烧模型对燃烧过程加以描述,分别利用k-ε模型和P-1模型计算湍流流动和辐射作用。计算结果表明,纵向风速较小时会形成烟气回流,对50 MW的隧道火灾,2 m/s的纵向通风能有效抑制烟气回流;纵向通风隧道内,烟气运动表现为径向扩散与纵向蔓延的结合;隧道通风风速越大,火源下游烟气起伏运动越剧烈。隧道发生火灾时,纵向风速应以刚好抑制烟气出现回流为宜。     

基于FDS的某地下车库火灾烟气系统优化

通过FDS软件对某地下车库火灾烟气扩散进行数值模拟研究,在建立尽可能接近真实情况的物理模型的前提下,确定模型的热释放速率、排烟量以及模拟时间,分析排烟口的布置方式、排烟口风速、排烟口面积等3种不同条件对烟气层的发展和火灾控制的影响规律,得出了该地下车库不同火灾场景下的烟气浓度扩散、温度分布及可见度分布相应结论,为今后地下车库火灾烟气系统的优化设置提供了一定的参考和理论依据。     

火灾下城际铁路隧道温度分布规律研究

结合某铁路隧道工程实例,采用数值模拟分析方法对火灾时隧道内部温度分布进行研究。设计6种工况,分析不同通风排烟方式及列车运行或停止情况下隧道的温度分布规律,得出不同工况下隧道拱顶、侧墙及隧道断面的最高温度分布规律,分析研究火灾对隧道结构的破坏情况。结果表明,隧道内的温度分布受列车运行速度的影响较为明显;当送风排烟速度不低于临界风速时,热烟气对隧道衬砌结构基本没有影响。     

Influence of insulation configuration on heating and cooling loads in a continuously used building

This paper is focused on the energy performance of buildings containing massive exterior building envelope components. The effect of mass and insulation location on heating and cooling loads is analyzed for six characteristic wall configurations. Correlations between structural and dynamic thermal characteristics of walls are discussed. A simple one-room model of a building exposed to periodic temperature changes is analyzed to illustrate the effect of material configuration on the ability of a wall to dampen interior temperature swings. Whole-building dynamic modeling using DOE-2.1E is employed for the energy analysis of a one-story residential building with various exterior wall configurations for six different US climates. The best thermal performance is obtained when massive material layers are located at the inner side and directly exposed to the interior space.     

Wind effects on smoke motion and temperature of ventilation-controlled fire in a two-vent compartment

High-rise building fire is often influenced by the ambient wind. Study concerning fire behavior in the compartment of high-rise buildings in wind environment is needed for exploring some effective methods used for evaluation of compartment fire smoke movement and control. In this paper, smoke flowing direction and temperature of ventilation-controlled fire in a two-vent compartment are studied when ambient wind blows to the vent at higher altitude. It is found that there is a critical wind speed, above which the direction of smoke movement is dominated by wind rather than by buoyancy. It is also found that ambient wind has a complex influence on smoke temperature in the compartment. When wind speed exceeds another critical value, only one steady state appears in the smoke temperature rising curve. Otherwise three steady states appear. Heat transfer through the compartment walls has great influence on the second critical wind speed.     

高层建筑外表面对流换热系数的数值模拟研究

通过西安市1幢既有高层住宅建立几何模型,以西安地区的自然气候条件为基础,运用CFD软件模拟外墙外表面的对流换热系数情况。研究结果表明风速对高层建筑对流换热系数影响很大,并成正比例关系;建筑高度对对流换热系数也有一定影响,主要表现在迎风面上成正比,背风面上无明显影响;风向投射角也会影响高层建筑表面的对流换热系数,在迎风面上随着夹角的变大对流换热系数也变大,对背风面无太大影响。     

超高层建筑玻璃幕墙破裂对室内排烟影响研究

采用FDS对某超高层建筑标准办公层在不同排烟模式、环境风下玻璃幕墙破裂时的火灾参数进行分析.结果表明:机械排烟关闭时,室内排烟效果由高到低分别为无风下玻璃幕墙破裂、玻璃幕墙不破裂、有风下玻璃幕墙破裂.机械排烟开启时,室内排烟效果由高到低分别为玻璃幕墙不破裂、无风下玻璃幕墙破裂、有风下玻璃幕墙破裂.机械排烟关闭时人员的可...     

A computational study on the use of balconies to reduce flame spread in high-rise apartment fires

High-rise apartment fires are perhaps the most dangerous residential fires. Within high-rise buildings, flames and smoke can travel through ductwork, between interior walls, and up elevator shafts and stairwells. One of the fastest ways a fire spreads to other floors is along the exterior of the building due to open windows. Flame spread up vertical walls has been studied experimentally and computationally for years in the US and abroad. A numerical study has been undertaken to examine the reduction of vertical flame spread due to the presence of a balcony. The depth and geometry of the balcony greatly affects the vertical movement of fire. By varying the balcony depth and geometry, the aim of this study is to find an optimum configuration that reduces vertical fire spread on the external wall.     

高层建筑条形走廊自然排烟效果的数值模拟与评价

采用场-区模型模拟火灾发生时高层建筑条形走廊内的自然排烟过程,考虑了室外风向、风速、起火房间位置、走廊宽度和外窗尺寸、季节以及内走廊长度等因素对自然排烟过程的影响,对模拟结果进行分析并得出相应结论,结果显示当内走廊长度超过30m时,走廊内采用自然排烟不能保证人员的安全疏散。     

Characteristics of pressure distribution and solution to the problems caused by stack effect in high-rise residential buildings

This paper shows the characteristics of pressure distribution caused by stack effect in high-rise residential buildings and proposes solutions for stack effect problems during the cold season. First, field measurements were conducted in two high-rise residential buildings in Korea to understand the characteristics of pressure difference and problems due to stack effect. Next, several high-rise residential buildings were simulated to confirm these characteristics and problems. From the field measurements and simulation results, the Thermal Draft Coefficients varied from 0.20 to 0.49. These values meant that most of the stack pressure difference in high-rise residential buildings acted on interior partitions rather than on exterior walls, so that serious problems due to large pressure differentials can occur on the inside of the building. The separation method which includes installing ‘air-lock doors’ between the elevator core area and residential area, is proposed to solve the pressure difference problems.     

室外风对高层建筑竖井内烟气运动影响的数值模拟

采用火灾模拟专业软件FDS对不同火源位置、不同风向条件下火灾烟气的运动进行模拟,测定典型位置处温度、速度、CO及CO2体积分数变化情况。实验结果表明:在近地风场中,风向对竖井内烟气蔓延的影响大小顺序为迎风>背风>侧风,竖井开口位于迎风面时,外界风对竖井内烟气运动影响最大:火源位于中性面以上时,烟气通过竖井与前室的开口向竖井内蔓延,并向下运动;而火源位于中性面以下时,前室内烟气向外部运动,竖井内无烟气流入。     

A fire safety study of Hong Kong refuge floor building wall layout design

Since 1996, refuge floors have been an indispensable passive building element of the fire protection plan for Hong Kong high-rise buildings. These floors must be designed to comply with the relevant requirements of the Building Codes of Hong Kong. Hence, 50% of the floor area must be deployed for refuge purposes. And they must have at least two fully open building side walls so that a desired wind effect is assumed so that any smoke that enters will be purged from the safe area. Therefore wind-induced natural cross-ventilation is of prime importance for the protection of the refuge floor in fire safety. If this wind effect is not achieved, entering smoke will accumulate and cause the safety system to fail. Therefore fundamental studies of this flow phenomenon are very important and needed. This paper studies the wind-induced flow behaviour of Hong Kong's refuge floors. Different building wall layout designs are addressed. By way of this study, the author suggests that a refuge floor shall be designed to have two opposite building side walls open instead of the present Building Codes that require at least any two of them.     

高层建筑钢板-混凝土组合剪力墙研究综述

随着国家经济的迅猛发展和城市建设的快速推进,建筑物的高度越来越高,其底部剪力墙承受的竖向荷载也越来越大,为了顺应高层建筑物的发展进程,钢板-混凝土组合剪力墙的研究和应用引起了广泛关注.文中概述了钢板-混凝土剪力墙的基本性能和结构形式,对其国内外的研究概况和发展进程进行了详细的介绍,并进一步总结当前研究中存在的不足之处,...