冰鲜鸡肉品质及其货架期的研究进展与展望

相对于热鲜鸡肉和冷冻鸡肉,冰鲜鸡肉在口感、风味、新鲜度以及营养等方面具有很大优势,具有很好的市场发展前景。但冰鲜鸡肉的品质在生产加工和流通过程中容易发生腐败变质。随着消费者食品安全意识的日益提高,冰鲜鸡肉的品质及其货架期受到越来越多的关注。本文总结了冰鲜鸡肉的品质表征指标;阐述了微生物因素、物理因素以及化学因素对冰鲜鸡肉品质的影响;比较了化学、超高压和辐照等6种保鲜技术对冰鲜鸡肉保鲜的效果及特点;结合食品货架期预测模型,梳理了已有预测冰鲜鸡肉货架期的相关研究;最后分析了冰鲜鸡肉品质及其货架期的研究现状,并对其未来的研究趋势进行了展望,指出随着研究技术、手段和保鲜技术的不断发展,冰鲜鸡肉货架期的研究也将不断向实用和智能化的方向发展。     

冰鲜鸡保鲜技术研究进展

随着各种动物性新型流感的不断爆发,冰鲜鸡渐渐取代由热鲜鸡成为鸡肉消费的主要趋势。本文综述了冰鲜鸡肉的保鲜方法及其研究机理。为今后冰鲜鸡保鲜技术的研究与发展提供理论基础。     

基于离子迁移谱技术对冰鲜鸡肉和解冻鸡肉的鉴别

为实现冰鲜鸡肉和解冻鸡肉的快速鉴别,本实验采用离子迁移谱技术,取新鲜(对照组)、冰鲜和解冻鸡胸肉各10 g并搅碎成肉糜状,测定其剪切力、保水性(蒸煮损失率、汁液流失率、滴水损失率及加压损失率)、色泽和质构等理化指标并进行离子迁移谱的图谱采集,对其进行标准变量正态变换处理,利用主成分分析及判别函数分析进行鉴别。结果表明:冰鲜鸡肉的各项理化指标与新鲜鸡肉相比无显著性差异(P0.05),而与解冻鸡肉相比差异显著(P0.05);冰鲜鸡肉与解冻鸡肉的主成分分析得分达到98.60%,判别函数法得分高达99.17%,完全能够将2种样品进行区分。因此,离子迁移谱用于鉴别冰鲜鸡肉和解冻鸡肉是可行的。     

基于液相色谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱方法分析冰鲜鸡肉代谢标志物

采用液相色谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱（liquid chromatography-quadruple time-of-flight mass spectrometry，LC-QTOF MS）结合正交偏最小二乘（orthogonal partial least square，OPLS）法分析不同贮存时间的冰鲜鸡肉（1、3、5、7、10?d）和鲜鸡肉（0?d）的代谢物，从中筛选出29?个差异代谢物，主要包括蛋白质、脂肪和核苷酸降解产物。在冰鲜鸡肉贮存过程中，苯丙氨酸、色氨酸、棕榈酸和二十碳五烯酸含量显著上升，肌肽、鹅肌肽和肌苷酸等物质含量显著降低，并且发现贮存5?d以内的冰鲜鸡肉和鲜鸡肉在代谢物组成上具有更多的相似性。本实验表明，基于LC-QTOF?MS技术的代谢组学方法结合OPLS模型对冰鲜鸡肉和鲜鸡肉的鉴别具有可行性，本研究为冰鲜鸡肉代谢物研究提供思路，为冰鲜鸡肉的质量控制及品质评价提供数据支撑。     

北京市大型超市中冰鲜鸡肉微生物污染状况调查

为了调查北京市大型超市中冰鲜鸡肉卫生状况,于2013年4月—2014年1月在北京市8家大型超市采集冰鲜鸡肉样品70份,检测其基本微生物指标以及常见食源性致病菌。所测全部样品的检验不合格比例：菌落总数38%、大肠菌群37%,沙门氏菌、志贺氏菌未检出,金黄色葡萄球菌检出率32%,因此市售冰鲜鸡肉制品中细菌污染状况不容忽视,相关部门应加强冰鲜鸡肉屠宰、加工、运输等各环节的监测。     

香辛料保鲜液与壳聚糖魔芋葡甘聚糖复合膜在冰鲜鸡肉保鲜中的应用

为延长冰鲜鸡肉的保鲜期,采用肉桂精油、生姜精油为保鲜剂,壳聚糖和魔芋葡甘聚糖(konjac glucomannan,KGM)作为涂膜材料,以冰鲜鸡肉挥发性盐基总氮(total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N)、pH值、汁液流失率和菌落总数为指标,基于单因素试验和四因素三水平的正交试验,考察肉桂、生姜精油作为天然保鲜剂添加到可食性膜溶液中对冰鲜鸡肉的保鲜作用,以达到减少冰鲜鸡肉保存和运输过程中水分过度散失、延长保质期、减少化学合成防腐剂的使用以及资源浪费的目的,为冷链运输及延长冷鲜肉在超市中的货架期提供参考。试验结果表明,0.9%肉桂精油和0.9%生姜精油配合1.0%的壳聚糖溶液和0.9%魔芋葡甘聚糖溶液制成的涂膜保鲜剂对冰鲜鸡的保鲜效果最好,能有效的使冰鲜鸡肉的货架期由原来的3 d延长至16 d。     

出口冰鲜鸡肉保质期限的研究

在检疫卫生注册的出口鸡肉加工厂,在正常的生产卫生条件下,将加工的鸡肉产品速冻,使其中心温度达到-1±0.5℃后,在-1℃、0℃、4℃、10℃五种不同保存温度下,对冰鲜肉进行保质期限试验研究。通过感官检查和实验室检查冰鲜肉的品质变化,确定了不同保存温度下冰鲜鸡肉的最佳保质期限。     

超高压杀菌对冰鲜鸡肉感官品质及微生物的影响

研究了超高压杀菌对冰鲜鸡肉的感官品质和微生物的影响,分析了150、250、350、450MPa处理压力,保压时间为5、10、15min对冰鲜鸡大胸、琵琶腿、鸡翅中冷藏过程中感官品质及微生物的影响,结果表明:处理压力是主要影响因素;250MPa、保压时间10min为冰鲜鸡大胸、琵琶腿、鸡翅中的最佳处理参数;超高压处理显著延长冰鲜鸡肉产品货架期2~3d。     

冰鲜时间对不同性别青爪乌鸡和黄麻鸡鸡肉中肌苷酸含量的影响

为研究品种、性别及冰鲜时间对鸡肉肌苷酸(IMP)含量的影响,选取甘肃省渭源县黄香沟牧场养殖的青爪乌鸡和黄麻鸡2个鸡种作为试验对象,采用高效液相色谱法分析了不同性别鸡肉肌苷酸含量及不同冰鲜时间条件下肌苷酸含量变化情况。结果表明:IMP含量在0~4℃条件下随着保鲜时间延长呈先上升再下降的趋势,8 h时出现峰值,青爪乌鸡肉中肌苷酸含量大于黄麻鸡(p<0.05);对青爪乌鸡和黄麻鸡而言,母鸡肉肌苷酸含量大于公鸡肉(p<0.05)。在4℃冷藏8 h后,青爪乌鸡鸡肉中IMP、腺苷二磷酸(ADP)、次黄嘌呤(Hx)、肌酐(HxR)含量显著高于黄麻鸡鸡肉(p<0.05),AMP含量稍高于黄麻鸡鸡肉;青爪乌鸡母鸡肉中IMP、HxR含量显著高于公鸡肉(p<0.05),AMP、ADP、Hx含量高于公鸡肉(p>0.05);ATP均未检出。因此得知:冰鲜时间对青爪乌鸡和黄麻鸡肉中IMP的降解有显著影响,推荐鸡肉在0~4℃条件下保鲜8 h食用风味最佳。本实验为鸡屠宰采后肉质保鲜技术的利用提供参考依据。     

要不要改改吃活禽的习惯

上海市农委主任 孙雷 冰冻或冰鲜、有产地证明、检疫合格的禽肉，烧熟烧透，就没有问题，可以放心食用。冰鲜鸡肉，在0—4摄氏度的时候，其口感比现杀要好。     

The Predominance of Psychrotrophic Pseudomonads on Aerobically Stored Chilled Red Meat

Microbial spoilage of meat during chilled aerobic storage causes significant financial losses to the industry. Even with modern day preservation techniques, spoilage remains an unsolved problem. Spoilage of meat is a complex process that involves the activity of endogenous enzymes and microorganisms. Psychrotrophic Pseudomonas species are the key microorganisms that cause spoilage in aerobically stored chilled meat. Spoilage pseudomonads are highly robust and able to withstand stressful environmental conditions that would otherwise inhibit the growth of other spoilage organisms. In order to implement efficient control measures, and to minimize spoilage, a thorough understanding of the characteristics of spoilage pseudomonads is essential. This review focuses on the spoilage process and the key metabolic attributes of the main psychrotrophic spoilage Pseudomonas species to explain their predominance on meat over other psychrotrophic bacteria. This review also highlights less studied, but important, characteristics of psychrotrophic pseudomonads such as biofilm formation and quorum sensing in the context of meat spoilage. The importance of the use of model systems that are closely applicable to the food industry is also discussed in detail.     

包装冷却肉中微生物腐败及其挥发性气味的研究进展

肉的腐败气味一直是消费者评判肉品新鲜度的重要指标.不同包装冷却肉中的微生物群落和代谢途径不同,导致肉品贮藏期间释放出不同的挥发性气味物质,这直接决定了肉的腐败气味和腐败程度;因此,进行包装肉挥发性物质的定性、定量分析对认知肉品腐败进程具有重要意义.本文通过综述冷却牛肉、猪肉、羊肉及禽肉在托盘包装、真空包装、气调包装中的...     

冷却肉微生物腐败与冷链系统

冷却肉极易发生微生物腐败,温度是最关键的影响因素。冷链系统持续的低温能抑制微生物的生长繁殖,预防冷却肉腐败。本文简述了微生物代谢活动对冷却肉腐败的影响,重点将冷链系统分为加工冷链、运输冷链、销售冷链和家庭保藏四部分,分别从概念及存在的问题等方面加以阐述,并展望了其未来有待提高完善的地方。     

Real-Time Detection of Volatiles Released During Meat Spoilage: a Case Study of Modified Atmosphere-Packaged Chicken Breast Fillets Inoculated with <Emphasis Type="Italic">Br. thermosphacta</Emphasis>

The microbial spoilage of meat is accompanied by the release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), many of which are odorous. These compounds give spoiled meat its characteristic pungent, sour, sulphury odour that provides consumers with an indication that the meat is unpalatable. Characterising meat spoilage based on volatile markers is of interest to the food industry in view of developing food freshness indicators (FFIs) to maintain food quality and reduce food waste. Conventional analytical methods for detecting VOCs developing during food spoilage involve intermittent sampling that delivers only snapshots of the release processes and thereby only limited information on the kinetics of their production and release. Proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) is an on-line technique that enables the detection of VOCs in real-time, thereby offering the possibility to follow the release of VOCs with a high time resolution. An analytical method using PTR-MS was developed to enable the continuous detection of VOCs released from chicken breast fillets inoculated with Brochothrix thermosphacta and stored under modified atmosphere (30 % CO₂, 70 % O₂) at 4 °C for 1 week. The meat spoilage VOCs detected by PTR-MS displayed different temporal dynamics of production and release, depending on the extent of spoilage. This paper describes the development of an analytical set-up for real-time detection of volatile spoilage markers using PTR-MS. This case study using inoculated chicken breast fillets demonstrates the applicability of this method to characterise individual VOC release patterns, which is of potential utility in the development of FFIs for the consumer market.     

冷鲜鸡胸肉主要腐败菌的分离及低温贮藏对货架期的影响

冷鲜鸡肉的货架期与其腐败菌的种类和数量密切相关。采用选择性培养基对冷鲜鸡胸肉中的主要腐败菌进行了分离,并对其低温条件下的货架期进行了研究。结果表明,假单胞菌、热死环丝菌、肠杆菌和乳酸菌是冷鲜鸡胸肉中的主要腐败菌;在低温贮藏过程中,前两种菌的数量呈明显上升趋势,并成为优势菌群。在2、4、8和10℃贮藏条件下,冷鲜鸡胸肉的货架期分别为14、10、5和3 d。     

冬凌草甲素/壳聚糖复合膜对冰鲜鸡胸肉的保鲜效果

制备了冬凌草甲素/壳聚糖(OR-CS)复合膜,考察了其对冰鲜鸡胸肉的保鲜效果.将复合膜覆盖于鸡胸肉表面,复合膜外再包被一层保鲜膜,4℃贮藏,检测贮藏过程中鸡胸肉的pH、色度、保水性、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N值)、菌落总数、感官质量的变化.试验结果表明,通过OR-CS复合膜处理的冰鲜鸡胸肉能显著延缓贮藏期间的pH值、菌落...     

冷却肉保鲜剂的研究进展

对冷却肉腐败变质的原因,以及冷却肉保鲜剂的研究进展进行了综述,以期为今后冷却肉保鲜的研究及生产提供参考。     

Applications of Hyperspectral Imaging in Chicken Meat Safety and Quality Detection and Evaluation: A Review

Currently, the issue of food safety and quality is a great public concern. In order to satisfy the demands of consumers and obtain superior food qualities, non-destructive and fast methods are required for quality evaluation. As one of these methods, hyperspectral imaging (HSI) technique has emerged as a smart and promising analytical tool for quality evaluation purposes and has attracted much interest in non-destructive analysis of different food products. With the main advantage of combining both spectroscopy technique and imaging technique, HSI technique shows a convinced attitude to detect and evaluate chicken meat quality objectively. Moreover, developing a quality evaluation system based on HSI technology would bring economic benefits to the chicken meat industry. Therefore, in recent years, many studies have been conducted on using HSI technology for the safety and quality detection and evaluation of chicken meat. The aim of this review is thus to give a detailed overview about HSI and focus on the recently developed methods exerted in HSI technology developed for microbiological spoilage detection and quality classification of chicken meat. Moreover, the usefulness of HSI technique for detecting fecal contamination and bone fragments of chicken carcasses are presented. Finally, some viewpoints on its future research and applicability in the modern poultry industry are proposed.     

冷鲜肉保鲜过程中的微生物污染及其预防措施

随着人们生活质量的不断提高,对肉类的需求逐渐由量向质转变,肉品质越来越受到重视。冷鲜肉是一种低温生鲜肉类制品,从屠宰到上市在低温的环境中经历了僵直、解僵和成熟的过程,具有鲜嫩多汁、汤清肉鲜、易咀嚼以及易被消化等特点。冷鲜肉的水分含量高且营养较丰富,动物体内携带的微生物以及在屠宰、加工、储存和运输环境中的微生物都极易在其中生长繁殖,从而引发冷鲜肉腐败变质,货架期缩短。本文概述了冷鲜肉污染的几种主要途径,并介绍了产品包装、保鲜剂、物理处理及宰前饲喂等预防腐败、延长冷鲜肉货架期的措施,为进一步探索更加高效的冷鲜肉保鲜方式提供参考依据。