西藏实施农村薪柴替代工程

近年来，西藏自治区紧紧围绕社会主义新农村建设，积极探索生态能源发展模式，大力开展沼气、太阳能、风能等农村可再生能源建设。     

我国西南地区车用替代能源发展战略的思考

评述了车用替代燃料现状,根据我国西南地区的能源分布特点,压缩天然气（CNG）,煤制甲烷和生物质注化燃料显然更适合本地区车用替代燃料,它们具有资源丰富,供给稳定,空气污染少等优点,可以充分利用本地的能源资源,在发展车用替代燃料时,政府应发挥应有作用。     

滇西北老君山地区替代能源技术模式评价与选择

分析了老君山地区的能源消费水平与结构现状,在生活能源消费中薪柴占96.906%的数据显示,该地区能源消费结构极其不合理.采用综合评价法和层次分析法对替代能源技术模式进行了评价与选择研究,提出该地区应优先发展的各种替代能源技术模式的综合获益能力和发展潜力排序依次为节柴、小水电、微水电、沼气、太阳能热水器行业.     

替代能源简介

为了能够更广泛的利用可再生能源,产生了替代能源的概念。替代能源是指以新开发利用的能源替代已往长期使用、目前广泛使用的能源。狭义的替代能源指一切可以替代石油的能源;广义的替代能源是指可以替代目前使用的石化燃料的能源。     

汽车替代能源

由于石油资源的日益枯竭和对环境保护的要求 ,需要寻找汽车替代能源。叙述了几种可替代能源的开发和利用情况     

城市能源规划及发展战略探讨

城市能源规划的编制是一个涉及多目标、多价值的决策过程,在此过程中应充分考虑经济、社会、生态等诸多因素,并在满足国家及地方生态要求的基础上开展相关工作,这样才能够保证城市能源规划的科学性和有效性,促进城市能源体系的健康有序发展。能源规划隶属于行业规划,在现阶段能源短缺问题日益突出的状态下,传统的城市能源规划已经与时代的发展脱节,因此需要在深入研究城市能源规划的基础上,对其发展战略进行探讨,以发挥城市能源规划应有的效果。     

替代能源

为了能够更广泛的利用可再生能源,产生了替代能源的概念。狭义的替代能源仅仅是指一切可以替代石油的能源：而广义的替代能源是指可以替代目前使用的石化燃料的能源。大多数的新能源都是替代能源,包括太阳能、核能、风能、海洋能等。     

我国发展替代能源和车用替代燃料的政策

我国确立了“以可再生能源替代化石能源。以新能源替代传统能源、以优势能源替代稀缺能源”的替代能源发展总体战略,并将重点确定为发展多元化车用替代燃料。具体为：①鼓励推广应用天然气汽车。1999年启动的“空气净化工程清洁汽车行动”和2006年启动的“节能与新能源汽车”高科技计划都支持研发和推广使用天然气汽车。     

替代能源的发展前景

在中国现有能源供给的约束条件下,发展替代能源,实现传统能源之间、传统能源和新能源之间的替代是解决中国能源供需瓶颈,供需结构性矛盾以及减轻环境压力的有效途径。在中国未来的能源消费格局中,决定不同形式能源的应用及发展前景的决定因素有两点,即能源使用过程中的内外部成本和后继储量以及是否可再生。《国家中长期科学和技术发展规划纲要》指出可再生能源在2020年中国能源消费中的比重将达到16％。     

Sustainable energy planning based on a stand-alone hybrid renewableenergy/hydrogen power system: Application in Karpathos island, Greece

This study presents the sustainable planning of a renewables-based energy system, which aims to fulfil the electric needs of the island by replacing the existing diesel generators with new wind farms, photovoltaic installations and hydrogen production systems. Electric system design and least cost planning analysis were concluded using historic data from both demand and supply sides. An optimal “sustainable island” scheme should ensure 100% use of renewable energy resources for power generation, while hydrogen production is ideal for covering storage and transportation needs. Due to its morphology and scale, Karpathos applies perfectly for wind and solar energy systems, due to increased solar resource (about 1790 kWh/m².year of global irradiation) and high wind potential (average of 9 m/s in specific locations). Therefore, this case study examines an increase in RES penetration up to 20% in the electric energy mixture, a hydrogen production plan just for the needs of transport and a more aggressive, 100% renewables scheme that ensures a self-fulfilling energy system based on indigenous renewable resources.     

An economic model for energisation and its integration into the urban energy planning process

It is widely recognised that access to and supply of modern energy play a key role in poverty alleviation and sustainable development. The emerging concept of energisation seems to capture this idea, and if implemented in its full complexity it should have multiple beneficial effects. To demonstrate this, an economic model is developed for an urban developmental context, drawing on the theory of urban ecosystems and illustrating energy and waste production and consumption issues with current South African data sets. This new understanding of the concept of energisation is then integrated into a local government energy planning process, by means of a checklist for energy planners, covering 18 aspects that between them affect all 7 identifiable tiers of the energy service supply network. A 6-step structured approach is proposed for integrating sustainable energisation into the first four phases of the advanced local energy planning (ALEP) tool.     

Efficient energy utilization and environmental issues applied to power planning

This document shows the importance of policies for electric energy savings and efficient energy utilization in power planning. The contributions of economic, social, and environmental items were evaluated according to their financial effects in the delay of investments, reduction of production costs and decrement of environmental emissions. The case study is Baja California, México; this system has a unique primary source: geothermal energy. Whether analyzing the planning as usual or planning from the supply side, the forecast for 2005–2025 indicates that 4500 MW additional installed capacity will be required (3-times current capacity), representing an investment that will emit 12.7 Mton per year of CO₂ to the atmosphere and will cost US$2.8 billion. Systemic planning that incorporates polices of energy savings and efficiency allows the reduction of investments and pollutant emissions. For example, a reduction of 20% in the growth trend of the electricity consumption in the industrial customers would save US$10.4 billion over the next 20 years, with a potential reduction of 1.6 Mton/year of CO₂. The increase in geothermal power generation is also attractive, and it can be combined with the reduction of use and energy losses of utilities, which would save US$13.5 billion and prevent the discharge of 8.5 Mton/year of CO₂.     

西藏以可再生能源为主导的能源体系构建研究

未来5～10年是西藏经济由快速发展实现跨越发展的关键时期,是西藏的工业化水平和人民生活水平得到普遍提高的关键时期,作为经济发展的物质基础,能源需求的大幅度快速增加势在必然,西藏经济的腾飞无疑需要能源行业的率先发展。西藏是全国水能、地热和太阳能蕴藏量最丰富的地区之一,但常规能源匮乏,解决西藏能源供应的唯一出路在于发挥该区的资源优势,多元化的利用得天独厚的可再生能源资源,建立以水能、地热能、太阳能为主体的安全、可持续的能源供应体系,保证能源与经济协调发展,保证能源与生态环境的和谐发展。     

Mapping the potential for decentralized energy generation based on renewable energy sources in the Republic of Croatia

There are regions in the Republic of Croatia (underdeveloped, devastated by war, depopulated, as well as islands and mountainous areas) which are still disconnected from the electricity network or where the current network capacity is insufficient. In addition, these regions have good renewable energy potential. Since the decentralized energy generation (DEG) covers a broad range of technologies, including many renewable energy technologies (RET) that provide small-scale power at sites close to the users, this concept could be of interest for these locations. This paper identifies the areas in Croatia where such systems could be applied. Consideration is given to geographical locations as well as possible applications. Wind, hydro, solar photovoltaic, geothermal, and biomass conversion systems were analyzed from a technological and economic point of view. Since the renewable energy sources (RES) data for Croatia are rather scarce, the intention was to give a survey of the present situation and an estimate of future potential for DEG based on RES. The energy potential (given as capacity and energy capability) and production costs were calculated on a regional basis and per type of RET. Finally, the RES cost–supply curves for 2006 and 2010 are given.     

Centralisation and decentralisation in strategic municipal energy planning in Denmark

Denmark's future energy system is to be entirely based on renewable energy sources. Municipalities will play an important role as local energy planning authorities in terms of adopting and refining this vision in different local contexts. Based on a review of 11 municipal energy plans, this paper examines to what extent municipal energy planning matches national 100% renewable energy strategies. The results indicate a willingness among Danish municipalities to actively carry out energy planning, and the plans reveal a large diversity of (new) activities. At the same time, however, there is a strong need for better coordination of municipal energy planning activities at the central level. It is suggested that the role of municipalities as energy planning authorities needs to be outlined more clearly in, e.g., strategic energy planning which integrates savings, efficiency and renewable energy in all (energy) sectors. This requires the state to provide municipalities with the necessary planning instruments and establish a corresponding planning framework. Consequently, there is a need for a simultaneous centralisation and decentralisation during the implementation of the 100% renewable energy vision. The paper outlines a basic division of tasks between the central and the local level within such a strategic energy planning system.     

西藏农村能源可持续发展面临的问题与对策

介绍了地处青藏高原的西藏可再生能源资源:电力资源、太阳能资源、地热资源、风能资源和生物质能的发展历程,分析了西藏农牧区能源利用现状,指出西藏农村能源利用面临的主要问题和困难,并针对这些问题提出了西藏农村能源可持续发展的对策:①加快小城镇化进程,实现能源资源的合理配置;②因地制宜,多能互补;③调整农村能源消费结构,积极支持可再生能源开发。     

我国能源发展战略演变及其效果评述

目前我国能源发展战略基本形成以国家能源战略、能源中长期规划纲要以及能源五年计划三个层次为主的能源战略体系和以规划为主导、相关政策和文件为辅助的政策体系。2000年以来,能源发展战略历经了以结构调整为重点、以节约能源为重点以及之后结构调整和区域协调并重三个阶段。由于缺乏国家综合能源战略,政策执行力弱,导致能源决策和规划思想相对滞后、发展思路相对狭隘。就此提出了我国能源战略管理体系的设想与建议。     

The energy situation in OIC countries The possible contribution of renewable energy resources

The paper reviews the socioeconomic situation and energy utilization in Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC) countries which vary considerably. The review indicates that growing energy requirements are associated with economic development and population increase. Renewable energy utilization is indicated as an appropriate alternative for providing a considerable portion of future energy demand in certain energy-consuming sectors. When reviewing the present state of the art of major renewable energy technologies, particular attention is paid to both direct and indirect solar technologies. Possible adaption of renewables into the socioeconomic structures of OIC countries is discussed. The programme of action for renewables in the OIC is stressed, pointing to the priority attached to enhancing the renewable energy contribution.