基于多Agent的谈判支持系统研究

为提高谈判效率，简化其操作，并增加谈判的智能辅助机制，将分布式人工智能中的Agent技术引入谈判过程，提出了以多Agent系统代替谈判人与对手协商的谈判支持系统框架，研究了有关的Agent理论与方法，为新一代高效、快捷的商务谈判支持系统研究提供了新的思路。     

基于Agent的谈判模型研究

提出了一种基于Agent技术的谈判模型,应用模糊数学理论建立了谈判论据及谈判解接受度数学模型。采用约束放松的方法对谈判模型进行求解,得到了谈判Agent满意的谈判解。阐述了双边多属性谈判过程,设计并开发了Agent谈判系统原型,实例计算分析表明,该谈判模型是一种双赢的谈判模型。     

基于Agent和CBR的电子商务谈判系统模型研究

提出一种融合了多Agent和案例推理（CBR）技术的电子商务谈判系统模型,在多Agent环境下应用CBR技术捕获并重用以前成功的谈判案例,从中提取适应性策略来为交易提供决策支持,这些策略可以根据所处环境的改变动态生成。对相关问题进行了讨论,包括谈判案例的匹配和谈判策略的选择。     

基于辩论的多Agent商务谈判认知模型

针对在基于辩论的谈判中如何表示Agent的认知结构和决策机制的问题,提出一个应用于商务谈判的Agent的认知决策模型。该模型由卖方和买方Agent两部分构成,其中,Agent的认知结构用自我目标认知以及对对方的目标认知等集合来表示,Agent的决策用多目标优化模型来辅助进行。基于辩论的谈判实例验证了该模型的实用性。     

一种基于模糊规则的Multi-agent自动谈判策略

针对当前电子商务中基于Agent的谈判系统的谈判策略的静态性问题,提出基于模糊规则的动态谈判策略。Agent在谈判中能根据对方心理因素和动态确定自己的谈判策略后,产生新一轮的提议,帮助用户做出最优的交易决策,且自动地选择合适的策略。分析表明,采用基于模糊规则的策略比采用固定的策略的谈判结果更让用户感到满意。     

基于多Agent多对象多要素的智能谈判模型

多Agent的协作协商问题是当前MAS系统研究的重点和热点.现实世界中买卖谈判所涉及的领域和问题极其广泛,其中又以多对象多要素买卖谈判更为常见.文章通过对现实谈判中的复杂的谈判协商问题,提出了基于多Agent多对象多要素的智能谈判模型（M3INM）.该模型为谈判支持系统在多对象多要素环境下的应用提供一个参考.     

一种基于市场驱动的Multi-agent自动谈判策略

针对当前电子商务中基于Agent的谈判系统的谈判策略的静态性问题,提出基于市场驱动的谈判策略。Agent在谈判中能根据变化的市场情况做出可以调整比率的让步,帮助用户做出最优的交易决策,且自动地选择合适的策略。实验结果表明,采用基于市场驱动的策略比采用固定的策略的谈判结果更让用户感到满意。     

基于Agent的多问题并行遗传谈判模型

Agent谈判增加了电子商务系统的主动性,一个有效的谈判模型是系统实现的关键。分析了已有Agent谈判模型的特点,设计的基于Agent的多问题并行谈判模型解决了已有谈判模型中存在的谈判问题单一、非并行、不考虑对手收益和固定权重等问题。模型中产生谈判方案的算法的自适应性体现在问题权重、遗传参数和收益偏差的动态调整上,给出了问题实数编码和权重调整公式。最后,设计了一个面向三个问题的电子谈判实例,验证了谈判模型的可行性和有效性。     

基于辩论的社会性Agent间的谈判模型

通过对Agent间存在的有关社会性的关键元素进行分析,建立了基于辩论的社会性Agent间的谈判模型,并建立了相关的决策函数;然后通过一个存在于多Agent社会中而具有社会性的Agent间的谈判实例,在假设了相关数据的基础上对模型和决策函数进行了举例计算,分析验证了其有效性,并在对相关的谈判原语作出定义的基础上对此谈判实例的辩论对话过程进行了模拟。     

支持需求聚合的C2B旅游电子商务自动谈判系统研究

为了更好地撮合旅游服务供需双方的交易活动,将C2B电子商务模式和自动谈判系统相结合,提出一种新的支持需求聚合的C2B旅游电子商务自动谈判系统。引入Agent技术自动聚合大量分散的旅游服务需求,再由C2B电子商务自动谈判系统通过谈判代理Agent和旅游服务企业方的谈判Agent进行自动谈判,撮合旅游服务供需双方交易。阐述系统的总体框架和运行机制;研究需求聚合的策略和方法;基于FIPA规范设计相应的自动谈判协议和自动谈判过程控制算法。基于JADE开发了一套原型系统,验证了相关设计的可行性。     

Negotiation support systems and team negotiations: The coalition formation perspective

The use of software to support negotiations has captured the attention of academics and practitioners for some three decades and the research stream of negotiation support systems (NSS) has emerged. Over the years, many NSS have been developed and used in training and research but they have been rarely deployed in organizations. Our speculation is that much existing research is confined to dyadic (i.e., one-to-one) settings which may not adequately reflect the real-world situations in which teams, rather than individuals, often engage in negotiations. To address the gap, our current research aspires to conceptualize the NSS in supporting team negotiations and to theoretically examine their impact. Coalition formation has been a prevalent organizational phenomenon that constitutes important dynamics in any negotiating team; it will be conceptualized as the mechanism through which NSS impacts upon team negotiation outcomes in our paper. Globalization has rendered cross-cultural negotiations a commonplace; at the same time, culture serves as a most salient attribute in activating coalitions. In light of the above, cultural diversity is studied as the antecedent to coalition formation and moderates the influence of NSS on the extent of coalition formation. A set of research propositions, derived from a theoretical framework, are raised and their implications discussed.     

基于Web的NSA和NSS集成的商务洽谈系统

商务洽谈是解决电子商务冲突的最好方法之一。该文研究和讨论了基于Web的集成商务洽谈的两大实现技术：洽谈软件代理NSA和洽谈支持系统NSS，并给出了一个基于Web的NSS和NSA集成的商务洽谈系统框架。     

Exploring computer-based multilingual negotiation support for English-Chinese dyads: can we negotiate in our native languages?

The increasing number of international negotiations involving multiple languages has triggered a growing reliance on computer-based multilingual support. Whereas empirical studies on negotiation support systems (NSS) have shown that NSS generally improve negotiation performance, very few NSS exist that cater for multilingual negotiations. With multilingual support, international negotiators of different language backgrounds are expected to address communication barriers and problems. This study involves the development of an NSS prototype with multilingual support as well as a laboratory experiment to examine the efficacy of such support on six important negotiation outcome variables (individual outcome, joint outcome, equality of outcome, time to settlement, satisfaction with process and satisfaction with outcome). Findings suggested significant effects of NSS support on individual outcome and joint outcome. Multilingual support helped to improve equality of outcome (under qualified conditions), but the time taken was significantly longer. The paper underlines the possibility and significance of computer-based multilingual support to address diverse linguistic groups in global negotiation context.     

基于人工心理偏好表示的多方—多属性谈判支持系统

为了解决多方—多属性谈判支持系统中谈判人偏好表示的难点问题,设计了一种基于人工心理偏好表示的多方—多属性谈判支持系统。首先建立了基于云模型的人工心理描述模型,模型充分表达了人工心理的模糊性和随机性。并分析了基于云模型人工心理偏好表示的多方—多属性谈判过程,同时给出通过中介方式基于云模型人工心理偏好表示的谈判建议解求解方法。最后以系统雏形与谈判实验为案例,结果表明该方法能较好地表达谈判支持系统中谈判人的偏好。     

电子商务中洽谈技术的研究与分析

商务洽谈是电子商务活动中的关键行为。首先介绍了电子商务洽谈的概念和分类 ;然后从软件工程的角度描述了电子商务洽谈的生命周期 ;最后给出了电子商务洽谈的过程模型 ,并解释和分析了实现过程模型所需的框架———商务洽谈空间及其各参数的含义。     

基于GAI多属性依赖的协商模型

多属性之间的依赖关系增加协商Agent效用函数的复杂性,从而也增加多属性协商问题的复杂度.本文提出一种基于GAI多属性依赖的协商模型.该模型使用GAI分解将协商Agent的非线性效用函数表示为依赖属性子集的子效用之和.在协商过程中,协商双方采用不同的让步策略和提议策略来改变提议的内容.卖方Agent利用本文提出的GAI网合并算法将协商双方的GAI网合并,并利用生成的GAI树产生使社会福利评估值最大的提议.实验表明当买方Agent采用局部让步策略且卖方Agent采用全局让步策略时,协商双方能够在有限的协商步内达到接近Pareto最优的协商结局.     

A quantitative method used in negotiation support systems

It is important for small and medium sized business to enter international market with an electronic international trade network-the Marketplace, which is a large and synthetic computer-based network to enable an organization to engage in buying and selling products and services across national borders almost as easily as one can conduct such business locally. As one of its necessary components, Negotiation Support Systems(NSS) aid negotiators to bargain and reach agreement in negotiation process. On the basis of discussing the framework and capabilities of the Marketplace and the theory of negotiation, this paper introduces a quantitative method used in negotiation support system, which systematically analyses trade-offs between variables and is an additive scoring method to get to the efficient frontier in order to recommend high quality alternatives near it. The principle and techniques of this approach are also suggested.     

Negotiation support systems: roots, progress and needs

Abstract. This paper identifies game theories and social behavior science as important roots for negotiation support systems (NSS) research. As these are not typically cited in the NSS literature, summary reviews of them are provided with indications of their relevance to NSS study. On the other hand, neither offers a sufficiently general-purpose formal model of negotiation that could serve as a backbone for NSS research. A survey of that research is provided, indicating that prugress to date has been somewhat eclectic and devoid of such a model. Our central contention is that a theoretical foundation for NSS study is much needed. Desirable characteristics of a suitable negotiation model are identified as guidance for future research that will aim to devise (and subsequently apply and test) such a model.     

A Negotiation Meta Strategy Combining Trade-off and Concession Moves

In this paper we present a meta strategy that combines two negotiation tactics. The first one based on concessions, and the second one, a trade-off tactic. The goal of this work is to demonstrate by experimental analysis that the combination of different negotiation tactics allows agents to improve the negotiation process and as a result, to obtain more satisfactory agreements. The scenario proposed is based on two agents, a buyer and a seller, which negotiate over four issues. The paper presents the results and analysis of the meta strategy’s behaviour.     

基于代理的电子商务洽谈模式的研究和设计

商务洽谈是电子商务活动中十分关键的行为。该文从软件生命周期的角度阐述了电子商务洽谈的生命周期，并给出了相应的商务洽谈过程模型，最后给出了一个基于软件代理的商务洽谈的应用框架。