Modeling and simulation of core switching noise for ASICs

This paper presents simulation and analysis of core switching noise for a CMOS ASIC test vehicle. The test vehicle consists of a ceramic ball grid array (CBGA) package on a printed circuit board (PCB). The entire test vehicle has been modeled by accounting for all the plane resonances using the cavity resonator method. The models included both the on-chip and off-chip decoupling capacitors. Using both time domain and frequency domain simulations, the role of plane resonances on power supply noise for fast current edge rates has been discussed. The models have been constructed to amplify certain parts of the test vehicle during simulations     

Accurate power supply and ground plane pair models [for MCMs]

In this paper, we derive a theory and method for the use of two-dimensional (2-D) discrete transmission lines (TL's) or discrete coupled transmission lines (CTL's) in modeling power supply and ground planes accurately. If the stray coupling between power or local ground and global ground is not significant, the discrete TL's model is used. Otherwise the discrete CTL's model is used. An arbitrarily shaped plane pair is discretized into a 2-D TL or CTL array by an automatic mesh algorithm. The equivalent distributed circuit, including skin loss effect at high frequencies, represents this power ground plane pair. The theory is extended to be applicable to a generic multiple dielectric layer structure. The model computation results are in excellent agreement with S parameter measurements for practical frequency ranges, including the first major resonant nulls and peaks. The null or peak of the S parameter frequency response represents the test port interaction with the resonant standing wave of these planes at that frequency. The resultant S parameter data of these models can be condensed into a simpler N port equivalent circuit to represent a larger hierarchical power and ground plane network for fast simulation     

一种双层渐变的EBG结构滤波器

电磁带隙(EBG)结构在微波波段具有广泛的应用,该文研究了一种双层渐变的EBG结构,该结构的接地板上刻蚀了6个周期性的圆,贴片是由6个蝶形单元组成,通过仿真实验确定了圆的半径和与蝶形单元的相对位置.与传统的电磁带隙结构相比,该结构具有小型化和结构紧凑的特点.同时还研究了一种在接地板上刻蚀非周期性圆的结构,此时圆的半径按照渐变函数有规律的变化,结果表明,渐变形式的引入减小了电磁带隙结构的通带波纹,这使得电磁带隙结构具有很好的阻带特性和较小的通带波纹.     

Modeling of irregular shaped power distribution planes usingtransmission matrix method

A major problem in power distribution networks is simultaneous switching noise (SSN), which causes several signal integrity issues. To understand the behavior of the power distribution system (PDS) and its contribution to SSN, noise prediction methods are necessary. This paper presents a method for analyzing arbitrary shaped power distribution networks both in the frequency and time domain. Using a two dimensional array of distributed RLCG circuits, the impedance of a power/ground plane pair is computed. For the efficient computation of the power distribution impedances at specific points in the network, a multi-input and multi-output transmission matrix method has been used. To verify the accuracy of this method, the simulation results have been compared with Spice which uses a circuit based approach and an analytical solution based on the cavity modes in the structure. The simulation results have also been compared with measurements for an L-shaped structure. The transmission matrix method has been applied to a split plane and an arbitrary shaped power plane to demonstrate the application of this technique to irregular geometries     

Pole-residue formulation for transient simulation of high-frequencyinterconnects using householder LS curve-fitting techniques

As digital circuits approach the GHz range, and as the need for high performance wireless devices increases, new simulation tools which accurately characterize high frequency interconnects are needed. In this paper, a new macromodeling algorithm for time domain simulation of interconnects is presented. The algorithm incorporates Householder LS curve-fitting techniques. The approach generates a universal macromodeling tool that enables simulation of interconnects in a modified version of simulation program with integrated circuit emphasis (SPICE). This results in a method that conveniently incorporates accurate EM models of interconnects or experimental data into a circuit simulator. The time domain simulation results using this new tool are compared with results from other simulators     

Design and modeling of high-impedance electromagnetic surfaces for switching noise suppression in power planes

This paper presents a detailed design and modeling approach for power planes with integrated high-impedance electromagnetic surfaces (HIS). These novel power planes, which were introduced recently, have the unique ability of providing effective broadband simultaneous switching noise (SSN) mitigation. Full-wave electromagnetic simulation is used to study the impact of the geometry on the performance of these novel power planes. It is demonstrated that power planes using inductance-enhanced HIS can be designed for broadband mitigation of the SSN from the upper hundred megahertz to the gigahertz frequencies. Physics-based compact models for the unit cell of power planes with integrated HIS are developed and several of them connected in a two-dimensional array to build full models for large and multilayer power planes. The compact model offers fast analysis of power planes. As an example, we show that the full-wave simulation time of a 10/spl times/10 cm power plane with integrated HIS can be dramatically reduced from 24 to 48 h using a commercially available three-dimensional full-wave solver to less than 1 min when using the compact circuit model developed here.     

Optimization of an Innovative Type of Compact Frequency-Reconfigurable Antenna

This paper presents a novel patch antenna geometry that is well suited to frequency reconfigurability, achieved through the use of switches connecting metal portions to the ground plane. An optimization methodology is presented that allows operating without gaps in the 1.7–2.7 GHz band with sizes bounded by 0.17 wavelengths at the lowest frequency. The optimization procedure combines a global optimizer (genetic algorithm), and a local optimizer (1-bit neighborhood) for the geometry, and exhaustive search for the switching patterns. During optimization, performances are evaluated by method of moments simulation. The resulting structure has very attractive characteristics, such as small size, space filling, and good Return Loss (at 50 $Omega$). A proof-of-concept prototype has been fabricated and measured, with switches simulated by soldering. Inclusion in simulation of the detailed behavior of commercial microelectromechanical systems devices is also reported.      

基于光子晶体的多频微带缝隙天线的设计与仿真

在普通微带缝隙天线介质基板内引入光子晶体结构,设计了一种基于PBG结构的多频微带缝隙天线,采用平面波展开法对该天线进行了理论分析,并用HFSS 10.0对该天线进行了仿真.与传统的微带缝隙天线相比,PBG结构的引入改善了微带缝隙天线的辐射特性及多频工作性能.该天线可以用于跳频通信系统中.     

Performance Analysis of ATM Replicated Banyan Networks with External Input–Output Queueing

This paper develops an improved analysis of ATM switching architectures adopting a replicated banyan interconnection network provided with dedicated input and output queues, one per switch inlet and outlet. Two different plane selection policies are studied, random choice and alternate sharing, and two different operation modes are considered for the interaction between input and output queues, backpressure and output queue loss. These different internal operations are ranked in terms of traffic performance and the problem of optimal allocation of a given buffer budget between input and output queues is addressed. The analysis, which assumes that the network is loaded by uniform traffic, always provides conservative results whereas known models are less accurate and give optimistic traffic results. Packet delay and loss probability performance is evaluated for the ATM switch and its accuracy is assessed using computer simulation also in comparison with results given by previous models.     

开关电源传导EMI仿真分析

随着电子技术的发展,电磁兼容性的研究越来越受到重视。文章以反激式开关电源为研究对象,分析并建立了MOSFET、变压器等元件的高频模型,利用电容、电感、变压器、MOSFET、功率二极管的高频模型组建了仿真电路。使用OrCAD10．5／PSpice软件模拟仿真,同时对其传导EMI进行了分析并提出了相应的抑制方法,这些工作对开关电源的电磁兼容性设计具有一定的指导作用。     

Double-plane pattern enhancement of rectangular slotted waveguide antennas using slotted concave surfaces

Conventional slotted waveguide antennas are well known and prominently used for many military and even marketable applications. This is due to their different advantageous electrical and mechanical characteristics. It is also well known that this type of antennas is a typical array of slots with which the width of the main beam can be controlled in only one plane by using a different number of elements in such antennas. Numerous research, discuss the capability of using an array of such antennas in order to narrow down the main beam in both planes and even achieve a scanning phased array. In this paper, a new and broader approach is presented concerning beam width control of the typical configuration of such antennas. This work presents the ability to control the main lobe in both planes using only one slotted waveguide to a certain extent. Different simulation results are considered at the 2.4 GHz frequency demonstrating improved effectiveness in terms of directivity and high gain as well as minimizing the side-lobe level and mechanically controlling the main lobe of the antenna.     

SUPERCONDUCTING MICROSTRIP LINE MODEL STUDIES AT MILLIMETRE AND SUB-MILLIMETRE WAVES

This paper presents results of superconducting microstrip transmission line simulation for the frequency range 100–1100 GHz. The simulation is used to calculate the characteristic impedance and the wave propagation constant in a superconducting microstrip line having different geometry. Indeed, modelling provides the only tool for designing superconducting microstrip-based circuits at millimetre and sub-millimetre wavelengths because no direct measurements of such a line can be made at this wavelengths and at cryogenic temperature of 4 K with ultimate accuracy. Niobium, as the most commonly exploited superconducting material, was used for the modelling, though the same approach would work for any different BCS superconductor. In order to evaluate the model accuracy, we have made an extensive comparison study of the superconducting microstrip models known from earlier publications, performed numerical simulations using 3D EM — solver, HFSS, and used a new model introduced in this paper with all simulation result plotted in the paper.     

Modeling of noninvasive microwave characterization of breast tumors

This paper describes an approach for the noninvasive microwave characterization of tumors in breast tissue. Tumors are modeled as lossy dielectric targets. Their complex natural resonances (CNR) can be extracted from the time-domain response and correlated with diagnostically useful properties. Finite-difference time-domain simulation is used to obtain the time-domain response from a tumor with a short electromagnetic pulse as an input. The normal breast tissue and tumor are modeled as dispersive media using the Debye model and CNRs are extracted using Prony's method. It is shown that the locations of the dominant CNRs are separated in the complex frequency plane as functions of the tumor dielectric properties. The technique has potential as a diagnostic tool to characterize breast lesions in conjunction with other imaging modalities such as ultrasound for detection.     

Full-wave electromagnetic simulation of millimeter-wave active devices and circuits

This paper discusses the most recent progress in developing effective physics-based models for devices operating at millimeter-wave frequencies. The model is based on coupling dynamic electromagnetic wave solutions with carrier transport models. The potentials of this modeling approach for both device simulation and the global simulation of millimeter-wave circuits are demonstrated. Results comparing the full-wave model developed with conventional electrostatic models are provided through the simulation of different microwave transistors. The ability of the model to detect traveling wave effects, such as phase mismatch between the input and output electrodes of a conventional transistor, and their effects on the device gain are also provided. Results from the simulation of an air-bridged gateMesfet, designed to reduce traveling wave effects in high frequency transistors and solve the problem associated with high gate resistance, are illustrated and discussed. Finally, results showing the ability of this technique to model the nonlinearity and the harmonic distortion are provided through the simulation of an amplifier circuit.     

用空间传播和RCS模型研究RFID装置最大识别距离

通过自由空间传播模型和雷达散射横截面（RCS）模型,研究了反向散射射频识别（RFID）装置的最大识别距离。用高频电磁场仿真软件FEKO对折叠偶极子标签天线进行了建模仿真,得到天线的远场辐射方向图、输入阻抗以及在不同负载情况下天线的单站RCS值。经过理论分析和仿真计算,由两个电波传播模型分别得出RFID装置可能的最大识别距离。最后比较了两种模型的计算结果,较小的距离即为该反向散射RFID装置的最大识别距离。     

MEMS微传感器件IP库的建立方法

为实现MEMS器件系统级的模拟,运用等效电路宏模型的方法建立相应的IP模型库单元。本文以悬臂梁结构的微传感器为例,描述了如何根据基本结构与数学方程建立等效电路宏模型,并采用COVENTORWARE软件进行了模型的各个模态的谐振频率和相关曲线的验证,最后通过我们自行开发的IP库单元建立接口软件对单元进行了封装与入库。     

Accurate Time-Domain Simulation of Continuous-Time Sigma–Delta Modulators

In this paper, we present a methodology for the simulation of continuous-time (CT) sigma-delta converters. This method, based on a fixed-step algorithm, permits not only a time-domain simulation of the modulator output but also the simulation of intermediary signals. The method is based on the discretization of the CT models and the use of a discrete simulator such as Simulink, which is more efficient than an analog simulator. By using filters with a sampling frequency that is higher than the modulator output frequency, the model can simulate input signals with a bandwidth that is higher than half the modulator sampling frequency. The transformation is exact in terms of noise transfer function and asymptotically exact in terms of signal transfer function (the transfer function from the modulator input to each stage filter output rapidly tends to the CT-model transfer function when the number of steps increases).     

通过导电壁上窗口透入的电磁波对人体作用的研究

本文用时域有限差分法和人体非均匀电磁模型研究了通过无限大导电壁上窗口透入的电磁场与人体的相互作用。首先对平面电磁波通过导电壁上窗口的透入特性进行了计算,并与解析解进行比较,证明了计算的可靠性。在此基础上对不同极化情况的入射平面波的透入场与靠近窗口的坐姿人体模型的作用进行了研究。计算了人体模型中的电磁场分布和所吸收的电磁能量。     

Rigorous Analysis of Rectangular Dielectric Resonator Antenna With a Finite Ground Plane

A probe-fed rectangular dielectric resonator antenna (RDRA) placed on a finite ground plane is numerically investigated using method of moments (MoM). The whole structure of the antenna is exactly modeled in our simulation. The feed probe, coaxial cable and ground plane are modeled as surface electric currents, while the dielectric resonator (DR) and the internal dielectric of coaxial cable is modeled as volume polarization currents. Each of the objects is treated as a set of combined field integral equations. The associated couplings are then formulated with sets of integral equations. The coupled integral equations are solved using MoM in spatial domain. The effects of ground plane size, air gap between dielectric resonator and ground plane, probe length, and position on the radiation performance of the antenna including resonant frequency, input impedance, radiation patterns, and bandwidth are investigated. The results obtained for the antenna parameters based on the MoM investigation shows that there is a close agreement with those obtained by measurement. Moreover it is shown that the MoM results are more accurate than other simulation results using software package such as High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS).      

Analysis of asymptotic theory of differential phase millimeter-wave scintillations in the oxygen absorption region

This paper presents a model for dual frequency differential phase scintillations for a plane wave propagating through a turbulent medium characterized by a complex refractive index. In contrast to the predicted enhancement of the low-frequency portion of the amplitude spectrum by absorption fluctuations, our theoretical model predicts that the absorption mechanism has virtually no significant effect on the absolute phase spectrum, but can enhance the differential phase spectrum at intermediate frequencies when the propagation frequencies are very close. The effect of turbulence scale size is also analyzed. Experimental differential phase spectra agree well with the theoretical models presented here.