一种铈(镧)基块体金属玻璃纳米压痕蠕变行为的加载速率敏感性

通过球形压头纳米压痕蠕变实验研究了加载速率对{(Ce0.2La0.8)0.78Ni0.22}75Al25块体金属玻璃室温蠕变变形的影响。结果表明:该Ce(La)基块体金属玻璃的蠕变变形量随着加载速率的增加而增大。此外,根据经验幂律函数计算出了材料室温蠕变应变速率敏感系数m,当加载速率从0.8 m N/s增大到80 m N/s时,m从0.028逐渐增长到0.079,显示出显著的压痕加载速率敏感性。研究表明,这是由于高加载速率条件下,压头周围材料内部多重剪切带被激活并扩展导致材料软化引起的。另外,这些m值都远小于1,表明材料在室温下的纳米压痕蠕变行为是非均匀的。     

一种铁基块体金属玻璃纳米压痕蠕变行为的加载速率敏感性(英文)

通过纳米压痕蠕变实验研究了加载速率对{[(Fe0.6Co0.4)0.75B0.2Si0.05]0.96Nb0.04}96Cr4块体金属玻璃室温蠕变变形的影响。结果表明,该铁基块体金属玻璃的蠕变变形随着加载速率的增加而增大。此外,根据经验幂率函数计算得到了材料室温蠕变应力指数,当加载速率从1mN/s增加到50mN/s时,应力指数从28.1逐渐下降到4.9,显示出显著的压痕加载速率敏感性。最后,基于自由体积理论和剪切转变区理论对该铁基块体金属玻璃的纳米压痕蠕变行为进行了探讨,并对实验结果和分析结果提供了半定量的解释。     

Zr基块体金属玻璃蠕变行为的纳米压痕研究

在本工作中,通过纳米压痕实验研究了加载速率和保载时间对(Zr0.6336Cu0.1452Ni0.1012Al0.12)97.4Er2.6块体金属玻璃（BMG）的蠕变变形行为的影响。实验结果表明,合金试样的蠕变位移随着加载速率或保载时间的增加而增大。另一方面,合金样品的硬度（H）也随着加载速率或保载时间的增加而降低。合金试样在纳米压痕过程中具有尺寸效应,合金试样的硬度随着压痕深度的增加而降低。合金试样在纳米压痕过程中具有锯齿流动现象,并且该现象具有速率依赖性。具体而言,随着加载速率的减小,锯齿流动现象更加明显。合金试样的蠕变应力指数随着加载速率或保载时间的增加而减小。     

Fe-Co-B-Si-Nb-Cr块体非晶合金在纳米压痕过程中的变形行为

利用纳米压痕技术研究直径为3 mm的{[(Fe0.6Co0.4)0.75B0.2Si0.05]0.96Nb0.04}96Cr4块体非晶合金的变形行为以及加载速率对其塑性变形行为的影响规律.结果表明:该块体非晶合金在低加载速率下表现出显著的锯齿流变,而在高的加载速率下表现为连续的塑性变形;在纳米压痕过程中,该块体非晶合金出现室温蠕变现象,且其硬度值随着加载速率的增大而减小.     

U_(65)Fe_(30)Al_5非晶合金的纳米压痕蠕变行为研究

在室温下利用纳米压痕测试技术研究了峰值载荷和加载速率对U65Fe30Al5新型非晶合金蠕变行为的影响规律。结果表明,随着峰值载荷和加载速率的增加,在相同蠕变时间内,蠕变位移呈增大趋势,但当加载速率高于特定阈值时,蠕变位移不再增大。通过蠕变经验公式拟合发现,蠕变过程的应力指数随峰值载荷的增加不断变大,但随加载速率的增加先减小后基本恒定。与常规晶态合金相比,U65Fe30Al5非晶合金具有更大的应力指数,这反映出后者内部结构中富含自由体积。     

一种Zr基块体金属玻璃的纳米压入蠕变行为研究

通过斜坡-保载的球形纳米压痕法研究了Zr55Cu28Ni5Al10Nb2块体金属玻璃的室温蠕变行为。蠕变实验同时考虑了加载速率和峰值载荷水平的影响,并采用基于弹性-粘弹性对应原理的现象学法来描述材料的压痕蠕变行为。结果显示,蠕变位移显示了明显的速率和载荷依赖性。五组元Kelvin模型能很好地拟合蠕变位移-时间数据,不同加载速率条件下的拟合-预测效果非常好。对于缓慢的加载过程,斜坡段对蠕变行为的影响不可忽略。     

工业纯钛TA2中低温蠕变特征研究

工业纯钛TA2中低温蠕变行为存在显著的温度及应力相关性。基于外加应力水平和蠕变应变的变化关系,确定不同蠕变温度下的门槛应力水平。根据短时蠕变实验数据,利用包含稳态蠕变速率的本构方程外推稳态蠕变速率,而后进行两组相对长时的蠕变实验,证明了工业纯钛中低温蠕变是存在稳态蠕变阶段的。利用稳态蠕变速率与应力关系,计算出工业纯钛室温蠕变应力指数为6.96,也说明了外推稳态蠕变速率的可靠性。由中低温蠕变激活能随着蠕变进行变化不大（≈60KJ/mol）,且一直大于以位错为变形主导机制的变形激活能（30-40KJ/mol）,表明孪晶对于工业纯钛中低温蠕变发展整个阶段均起重要作用。根据蠕变后试样孪晶结构随温度的变化解释了TA2蠕变行为的温度相关性,同时也证明了孪晶对于TA2蠕变行为的重要性.     

纳米面心立方金属的变形机制及影响其力学性能的因素

综述了纳米面心立方金属的变形机制随晶粒尺寸的减小而发生的变化,即变形机制由晶界处发射不全位错、形成孪晶转变为晶界滑移、晶粒转动.当变形机制为晶界处发射不全位错、形成孪晶时,存在最佳孪晶形成晶粒尺寸范围,此时的孪晶形核应力最小.另一方面,随着晶粒尺寸的减小,在变形机制发生转变的临界晶粒尺寸附近存在韧-脆断裂方式的转变.提高孪晶密度、在纳米晶材料中加入微米晶相形成双峰晶粒材料可以提高纳米晶材料的塑性,得到更好的综合机械性能.     

面心立方金属材料压入初期突变现象的位错机制

接触应力是引发金属构件形变与失效的重要来源之一。为了理解材料的力学行为与失效机制,研究者对接触条件下位错的产生与运动开展了大量研究。然而由于实验技术的限制,对接触初期塑性变形机理的认识仍较为薄弱。近年来得益于原位表征和高测试精度的优点,仪器化纳米压入技术被陆续地应用于研究材料接触初期变形行为,尤其针对面心立方结构(FCC)的金属材料,结合模拟分析与微观表征,大大促进了对相关位错行为的理解。因此,在简要介绍仪器化纳米压入技术的特点、模型及应用的基础之上,首先,介绍了纳米压入接触初期载荷-位移曲线的突变现象,讨论了其与位错行为的关系;其次,重点以面心立方金属材料为对象,从位错萌生和位错运动与反应两个方面分别介绍了二者与突变现象的关系,并结合文献报道,详细讨论了压入过程位错萌生的影响因素,以及位错运动与反应机制;最后,进行了总结和展望,提出借助多种先进实验和模拟方法的交叉使用,将有助于揭示接触条件下的位错行为,从而为仪器化纳米压入技术的发展和理解接触条件下金属材料的变形与失效提供理论基础。     

冲击载荷下应变诱导高锰钢表层组织纳米化机制

利用高分辨电子显微术,对高能冲击接触加载下高锰钢摩擦表面塑变诱导纳米晶形成机制进行了研究,结果表明,冲击接触加载下,高锰钢冲击接触表面由纳米尺度奥氏体与非晶组成,位错反应和重组以及高密度孪晶在奥氏体纳米化过程中起重要作用;微小孪晶与层错之间或层错与位错之间的相互作用,使晶体向非晶转变,随着非晶数量增加,纳米晶尺度减小。     

High-Temperature Creep Behavior and Microstructural Evolution of a Cu-Nb Co-Alloyed Ferritic Heat-Resistant Stainless Steel

The creep behavior of Fe–17 Cr–1.2 Cu–0.5 Nb–0.01 C ferritic heat-resistant stainless steel was investigated at temperatures ranging from 973 to 1123 K and stresses from 15 to 90 MPa. The evolution of precipitates after creep deformation was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersion spectrum, and transmission electron microscopy. The minimum creep rate decreased with the decrease in the applied load and temperature, thereby extending the rupture life. Cu-rich phase and Nb-rich Laves particles were generated in dominant quantities during the creep process, and the co-growth relationship between them could be detected. Creep rupture was featured by ductile fracture with considerable necking. As increasing the temperature and decreasing the stress, the softening of the metal matrix was accelerated, showing more obvious plastic fl ow. The true stress exponent and activation energy were 4.9 and 375.5 kJ/mol, respectively, indicating that the creep deformation was dominated by the diffusion-controlled dislocation creep mechanism involving precipitate-dislocation interactions. Based on the creep rupture data obtained, the Monkman–Grant relation and Larson-Miller parameter were established, which described the creep rupture life for the studied steel well.     

Material Parameters for Creep Rupture of Austenitic Stainless Steel Foils

Creep rupture properties of austenitic stainless steel foil, 347SS, used in compact recuperators have been evaluated at 700 °C in the stress range of 54-221 MPa to establish the baseline behavior for its extended use. Creep curves of the foil show that the primary creep stage is brief and creep life is dominated by tertiary creep deformation with rupture lives in the range of 10-2000 h. Results are compared with properties of bulk specimens tested at 98 and 162 MPa. Thin foil 347SS specimens were found to have higher creep rates and higher rupture ductility than their bulk specimen counterparts. Power law relationship was obtained between the minimum creep rate and the applied stress with stress exponent value, n = 5.7. The value of the stress exponent is indicative of the rate-controlling deformation mechanism associated with dislocation creep. Nucleation of voids mainly occurred at second-phase particles (chromium-rich M₂₃C₆ carbides) that are present in the metal matrix by decohesion of the particle-matrix interface. The improvement in strength is attributed to the precipitation of fine niobium carbides in the matrix that act as obstacles to the movement of dislocations.     

Impressions and Conclusions of the Conference on Mechanical Properties and adherence of scale layers and their influence on the oxidation of metals

Review of the papers presented to the Conference and of discussions. The topics dealt with included the various ways in which growing oxide scales can deform to accommodate their growth stresses. According to that plastic deformation occurs by the following mechanisms: dislocation glide, dislocation climb, Herring-Nabarro stress-assisted diffusion creep, grain-boundary sliding, mechanical twinning and viscous flow of amorphous oxides. The deformation depends on the scale configuration and the stress system; many oxide systems are rather plastic at high temperatures, but pores, defect doping elements and second phase inclusions play important parts, too. It is generally accepted that the evidence for some plastic deformation in growing oxide scales is very strong, the most favoured mechanism at high temperatures being diffusion controlled creep associated with grain boundary sliding. Factors influencing adhesion of scales include electrostatic forces at the metalloxide interface, interface irregularities, stress/strain interactions between oxide and metal, stress relaxation in metal and oxide, and the presence of stress raisers such as voids, second phase particles and pores at the metal/oxide interface. The necessity of developing new measuring methods is pointed out, too.     

Rearrangement of dislocation structures in the aging of ice single crystals

Aging of ice single crystals subjected to creep exhibits peculiar behavior. If the sample is unloaded after sufficient strain, a forward jump in creep rate is observed at reloading. Sequences of loading periods alternated with either increasing or decreasing unloading intervals were performed to document this phenomenon. During the tests, acoustic emission was recorded in order to characterize dislocation activity and spatial distribution. Predictions obtained from a field dislocation theory coupling the evolution of statistical and polar dislocation densities compare fairly well with experimental results. Polar dislocation density reflects lattice incompatibility and long-range internal stresses. The associated back-stress and its relaxation during aging are seen as the origin of the acceleration effect. The interplay between dislocation velocity enhancement and polar dislocation annihilation during aging controls the phenomenon, whereas statistical dislocations only play a minor role. The reverse relaxation deformation observed during unloading periods is reproduced well by the model.     

Investigation of Strain Rate Effect by Three-Dimensional Discrete Dislocation Dynamics for fcc Single Crystal During Compression ProcessEI北大核心CSCD

Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) have become increasingly prevalent in engineering applications. In these MEMS, a lot of micro-components, such as thin films, nanowires, micro-beams and micropillars, are utilized. The characteristic geometrical size of those components is at the same scale as that of grain, the mechanical behavior of crystal materials exhibits significant size effect and discontinuous deformation. In addition, those MEMS are often subjected to high strain rate at work, such collision and impact loading. The coupling deformation characteristics of small scale crystals and high strain rate makes their mechanical behavior more complicated. Accordingly, investigation of the effect of the strain rate on crystal materials at micron scale is significant for both the academia and industry. In this work, a plastic deformation model of fcc crystal under axial compression was developed based on three-dimensional discrete dislocation dynamics (3D-DDD), which considered the influence of externally applied stress, interaction force between dislocation segments, dislocation line tension and image force from free surface on dislocation movement during the process of plastic deformation. It was applied to simulate the plastic deformation process of a Ni single crystal micropillar during compression under different loading strain rates. 3D-DDD and theoretical analysis are carried out to extensively investigate the effect of strain rate on flow stress and deformation mechanisms during plastic deformation process of crystal materials. The results show that the flow stress and the dislocation density increased with the loading strain rate. In the case of low strain rate, the flow stress was dominated by the activation stress of FreakRead (FR) source in plastic deformation. With the increase of strain rate, the contribution of activation stress of FR source to the flow stress decreases and the effective stress gradually dominated the flow stress. Under high strain rate loading, with the increase of the initial FR source, the dislocation density also increased at the same strain correspondingly, which makes it easier to meet the requirement of the loading strain rate, so the flow stress is smaller. In addition, under the low strain rate loading, a few activated FR sources can meet the requirement of the plastic deformation, a single slip deformation come up as a result. While, as the loading strain rate increases, more and more activated FR sources would be needed to coordinate the plastic deformation, the deformation mechanisms of the single crystal micropillar transformed from single slip to multiple slip.     

Rate-dependent inhomogeneous creep behavior in metallic glasses

Creep deformation can be classified as homogeneous flow and inhomogeneous flow in bulk metallic glass (BMG). In order to understand the conversion conditions of the two types of creep deformation, the effect of loading rate on the creep behavior of a Ti₄₀Zr₁₀Cu₄₇Sn₃ (at.%) BMG at ambient temperature was investigated using nanoindentation and molecular dynamic simulation. Results indicate that at low loading rates, many serrations appear in loading stage, leading to inhomogeneous serrated flow in the creep stage. When the loading rate is high enough, the creep deformation tends to be homogeneous. The related mechanism responsible for the rate-dependent creep behavior is attributed to the number of pre-existing major shear bands which is influenced significantly by the loading rate.     

Microstructure and thermal expansion of copper-based amorphous alloys during structural relaxation

(Cu43Zr48Al9)98Y2 amorphous alloy bar was prepared by the arc melting copper mold absorption casting method,and then,the amorphous alloy was annealed at different temperatures for different times.The influence of heating rate on thermal expansion and thermal stability was studied by thermomechanical analysis(TMA),and the microstructure evolution of the amorphous alloy during structural relaxation and crystallization was studied by XRD and TEM.Results show that the structural evolution behavior of the(Cu43Zr48Al9)98Y2 amorphous alloy can be divided into five different stages(structural relaxation preparation stage,structural relaxation stage,first crystallization stage,second crystallization stage,and grain growth stage).When the heating rate is 20 K/min,the amorphous alloy has the smallest thermal expansion coefficient and the best thermal stability.The width of the supercooled liquid region is 66.42 K.Samples with different relaxation states were prepared by annealing at the heating rate of 20 K/min.The structural evolution of amorphous alloys with different relaxation states is as follows:amorphous→CuZr2+AlCu2Zr7→CuZr2+AlCu2Zr7+CuZr(B2)+CuZr(M)+Cu10Zr7→CuZr2+AlCu2Zr7+CuZr(B2)+CuZr(M).After annealing at 706 K and 726 K(in the supercooled liquid region)for 1.5 h,the amorphous-nanocrystalline composites were obtained.When the annealing temperature is 706 K,the crystallization process of the sample is as follows:amorphous→Cu10Zr7→Cu10Zr7+CuZr,and for the sample at 726 K,it is as follows:amorphous→CuZr2+AlCu2Zr7+Cu10Zr7→Cu10Zr7+CuZr2→CuZr2+CuZr(B2)+Cu10Zr7.     

Atomistic simulations of diffusional creep in a nanocrystalline body-centered cubic material

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are used to study diffusion-accommodated creep deformation in nanocrystalline molybdenum, a body-centered cubic metal. In our simulations, the microstructures are subjected to constant-stress loading at levels below the dislocation nucleation threshold and at high temperatures (i.e., T > 0.75T_melt), thereby ensuring that the overall deformation is indeed attributable to atomic self-diffusion. The initial microstructures were designed to consist of hexagonally shaped columnar grains bounded by high-energy asymmetric tilt grain boundaries (GBs). Remarkably the creep rates, which exhibit a double-exponential dependence on temperature and a double power-law dependence on grain size, indicate that both GB diffusion in the form of Coble creep and lattice diffusion in the form of Nabarro–Herring creep contribute to the overall deformation. For the first time in an MD simulation, we observe the formation and emission of vacancies from high-angle GBs into the grain interiors, thus enabling bulk diffusion.     

[011]取向镍基单晶合金蠕变特征

研究了一种[011]取向镍基单晶合金的拉伸蠕变特征及其变形期问的微观组织结构.结果表明:在750℃/680 MPa条件下,合金的初期蠕变和稳态蠕变速率相对较高,蠕变寿命较短.TEM观察显示,蠕变期间的变形特征是1/20<110>位错在基体中运动,发生反应形成1/3<112>超Shockley不全位错切入γ'相后产生层错;在870℃/500 MPa条件下,蠕变中期出现不均匀滑移带并有大量超不全位错剪切γ'相,使合金具有较高的应变速率;在980℃/200 MPa条件下,合金具有较长的蠕变寿命和较低的稳态蠕变速率.不同Burgers矢量的位错相遇发生反应形成界面位错网,位错网可以阻止位错切入γ'相,γ'相沿[010]方向扩散生长,逐渐转变成筏形组织.蠕变后期位错切入,γ'相,是合金变形的主要方式.