颗粒结构对焦粉燃烧性能的影响

在日本铁矿烧结中每年排放约32MtCO2,占总排放量的2.6%。由于烧结废气中含有一定量的CO,因此如果焦粉能够完全燃烧就可减少其消耗量。为明确焦粉在烧结过程中的燃烧机理,目前的研究主要是基于焦粉在铁矿石、石灰石和氧化铝等各种烧结物料颗粒间的位置对其着火温度和燃烧速率的影响。对粗焦粉颗粒来说,铁矿石和石灰石的附着会降低其着火温度,加快燃烧速率。除焦粉和石灰石形成的复合小球状颗粒外,细焦粉颗粒则会黏附于其他物料颗粒表面或者与其他物料颗粒共存形成的复合颗粒,既不会改变焦粉的着火温度,也不会改变其燃烧速率。石灰石对加快焦粉燃烧速率似乎具有催化作用。     

添加铁矿粉对焦炭质量影响的研究

高反应性焦炭能够降低高炉焦比,减少CO2的排放量,改善高炉内铁矿石还原反应的反应效率。研究了在配合煤中添加碱性铁矿粉和酸性铁矿粉炼焦,铁矿粉的配入量对焦炭热性能的影响规律。试验结果表明,随着铁矿粉配入量的提高,焦炭的反应性增大,随后增幅放缓,且添加碱性矿粉的焦炭反应性高于添加酸性矿粉的焦炭,反应后强度与机械强度均有明显劣化;焦炭的灰分增大、硫含量逐步下降;焦炭的各向异性指数不断下降。     

高炉内H2体积分数对焦炭气化反应的影响

为了明确高炉富氢冶炼条件下焦炭的气化行为,利用高温模拟试验研究了高炉内φ(H₂)对焦炭气化反应和孔隙结构的影响,得到了不同φ(H₂)下矿石的还原与焦炭气化反应的关系、焦炭气化最严重的温度区间及焦炭微观孔隙结构的变化。研究结果表明,矿石的还原度和焦炭的失重率在升温过程中都逐渐增加。随着φ(H₂)的增加,焦炭的气化率增加幅度最大的温度区间逐渐向低温区移动,主要由于随着φ(H₂)的增加,矿石的还原反应逐渐趋向于在低温区进行,使得其在高温区产生的可供焦炭气化反应的CO2和H₂O的总量降低;φ(H₂)由5%增加至10%时,焦炭的气化率增加幅度最大;随着φ(H₂)的增加,焦炭的平均壁厚逐渐降低,孔隙率、比表面积及总孔容都逐渐增加;焦炭大孔所占比例逐渐增加,焦炭气孔壁的薄壁结构所占比例逐渐增加。     

高喷煤比操作对焦炭劣化的影响

为考查提高喷煤量对焦炭在炉内劣化的影响，在宝钢高炉上进行了风口取样研究。结果表明，喷煤量达到200kg/t以上时焦炭劣化严重。高炉生产实绩回归显示，焦炭的热性能对高炉透气性的影响比冷强度显著。分析认为焦炭热性能指标CRI、CSR对高炉高煤比操作更重要。借此还提出了提高喷煤量和改善焦炭质量需加强研究的课题。     

快速失重法测定富矿粉,焦粉的水分

人重水分测量装置确定了富矿粉和焦粉的极限失重温度。在两者的极限失重温度（３００℃,４５０℃）下进行了水分测量,含有６．６５％朱分的富矿粉,测定时间为５ｍｉｎ;含有２．２５水分的焦粉,测定时间为２．７５ｍｉｎ。     

铁矿粉对铁焦炭化过程体积演变的影响

摘要：为了研究铁矿粉对铁焦炭化过程中体积膨胀 收缩机制的影响,采用高温热台显微镜、Image pro plus软件、扫描电镜、XRD等先进的表征手段解析了不同铁矿粉及其添加量对铁焦成焦过程的宏观体积、微观结构和矿物组成的影响。研究结果表明,随着铁矿粉添加量的增加,铁焦炭化过程中的体积收缩量逐渐减小。相同铁矿粉添加量时,铁矿粉种类对铁焦炭化过程中的体积演变影响较小。炭化过程中铁焦内含铁矿物由Fe2O3逐渐还原为金属Fe,但不同铁矿物还原后在铁焦内的分布规律有所差异。     

Reduction of Pellets‐Nut Coke Mixture under Simulating Blast Furnace Conditions

In recent years an intensive work has been carried out to decrease the coke losses of the blast furnace through mixing small‐sized coke called “nut coke” in the iron ore burden layers. In order to clarify the influence of nut coke on the pellets reducibility, industrial iron ore pellets were reduced with and without nut coke participation under different temperatures and atmospheres. Isothermal and non‐isothermal reduction tests under simulating blast furnace conditions were performed using an experimental laboratory rig. Furthermore, reflected light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray technique were applied to characterize the microstructure and different phases developed in the origin and reduced pellets. Pellets reduced isothermally without nut coke participation exhibited reduction retardation (RR) at elevated temperature (≥1373 K) whereas the presence of nut coke had a positive effect of preventing such phenomena. The non‐isothermal reduction of pellets showed that, as the amount of nut coke in pellets bed increased, the reducibility of pellets increased, too. The rate controlling mechanism of pellets and pellets‐nut coke mixtures was predicted from the correlation between apparent activation energy calculations and microstructure examination.     

钾蒸气对顶装焦与捣固焦劣化的影响

为了探究钾蒸气对顶装焦和捣固焦劣化行为的影响,在相同试验条件下向两种焦炭赋相同含量的钾蒸气,研究相同钾蒸气条件下,捣固焦与顶装焦粉化率及热态性能变化的差异。结果表明,在钾蒸气设定量低于5%时,捣固焦的粉化率较高,即钾蒸气对捣固焦结构的直接破坏能力强于顶装焦;在钾蒸气设定量超过5%后,两者相差不大。吸附钾蒸气后,两种焦炭的反应性均随钾蒸气的增多而增强,反应后强度则降低。     

重点钢铁厂铁矿石还原及焦炭气化的藕合反应

通过在模拟高炉温度和煤气成分变化的条下,对我国重点钢铁厂铁矿石还原及焦炭气化的藕合反应研究,阐明了焦炭气化与铁矿石还原与反应历程有关。分析预测高炉冶炼效果除考虑恒定温度和恒定煤气成分下焦炭与铁矿石冶金性能外,还应考虑焦炭与铁矿石藕合反应过程CO过剩量。研究表明宝钢、首钢、本钢、鞍钢CO过剩系数η_C较小,煤气利用好;包钢、重钢和梅山冶金公司η_CO较大,煤气利用较差。     

Model of Radial Distributions in the Upper Part of the Blast Furnace Shaft

A mathematical model is developed to estimate the radial distribution of the ore‐to‐coke ratio in the blast furnace shaft on the basis of molar flow and energy balance equations. It utilizes the radial temperature distribution of the gas measured above the burden surface to estimate the thermal flow ratios in concentric rings of the shaft, and from this the ore‐to‐coke distribution under the assumptions that a thermal reserve zone of a given temperature exists in the furnace. The model, which also predicts the radial distribution of temperature and pressure in the shaft, has been evaluated on measurements from an industrial blast furnace and verified by comparing the results with temperatures from an in‐burden probe.     

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A theoretical coke rate calculation model was established based on the traditional engineering method with the consideration of the combustion of pulverized coal, oxygen enrichment, blast humidity and other factors. A coefficient, measuring the amount of heat load with the change of furnace carbon, is proposed to establish the calculation method of heat loss. The theoretical coke rate and appropriate direct reduction rate of some large- scale blast furnace are calculated based on this model. Then the effects of different factors, including blast temperature, blast humidity, top temperature, iron ore grade, ash content and sulfur content of coke, carbonate flux consumption, silicon content of hot metal, direct reduction rate and slag rate, on coke rate were analyzed. The results show that the theoretical coke rate is 277. 15kg/t and appropriate direct reduction rate is 0. 34. The iron ore grade, ash content of coke, silicon content of hot metal and direct reduction rate have significant influences on coke rate. In addition, the calculation values in this model are lower than those of traditional model, which means the degrees of the factors affecting coke rate decrease nowadays.     

氧化钙对焦炭性能的影响

 碱土金属对焦炭气化反应具有正催化作用,而焦炭的气化特性影响高炉的能量利用状况。通过实验室条件下配煤炼焦试验,系统研究了添加氧化钙质量分数分别为0%,1%,2%,4%,8%,12%时对焦炭强度、气化起始反应温度、平均反应速率及表观活化能的影响。研究结果表明：当配加氧化钙质量分数为4%时,焦炭强度降低最大为7%,气化起始反应温度降低最多为80℃,平均气化反应速率增加最大,表观活化能降低最大约30%。     

高炉块状带焦炭强度模拟研究

 重点研究焦炭在高炉块状带内的抗压强度与温度和反应程度的关系。使用1台热模型对高炉块状带进行了模拟研究,1台可调气氛高温抗压试验机对所获焦炭试样进行了抗压强度检验,得到了焦炭在实际温度下的反应后抗压强度分布。在高炉间接还原区内,焦炭抗压强度随温度的升高而直线下降,在高温区内强度下将更为严重。焦炭失碳率是影响其强度的主要因素,在高煤比条件下应采用高反应性煤种并保留适量未燃煤,以保护焦炭强度。     

焦炭高温抗压强度研究

采用可调气氛高温抗压试验机研究了焦炭的高温抗压强度.在高炉实际反应程度范围内,焦炭抗压强度与失碳率LC呈直线关系.失碳率的影响随温度的升高而减弱.抗压强度与温度的关系也可以用直线来进行描述.讨论了高炉内温度和失碳率对焦炭强度的综合影响以及焦炭强度在高炉内的分布规律.结果表明,焦炭抗压强度在燃烧区外可降低70%以上.     

焦炭和无烟煤混合物的热性质研究

在实验室条件下,研究焦炭、无烟煤以及焦炭与无烟煤的混合物与CO2在高温下的气化反应作用机理及规律,为高炉混装粒煤冶炼提供理论参考。通过研究发现：混装一定量粒煤后,焦炭的起始反应温度和剧烈反应温度均有所提高,焦炭的反应性下降,反应后强度增加,说明无烟煤对焦炭的气化反应具有保护作用,而且对高反应性焦炭保护作用更加明显。     

Coke Collapse Model and Collapse Profile Variation Law for Bell-Less Top BF

 The mathematical model of minimum safety factor that investigated the collapse trends of coke layer under different charging parameters was established firstly on the basis of the slope stabilization theory in soil mechanics, and then the model of burden profile after coke collapse was improved by adopting the predetermination of quadratic curve and energy correction methods. The research will provide theoretical evidences for describing the coke profile more accurately and technical direction for choosing suitable charging parameters of blast furnace. The results show that: it is helpful to improve the stability of coke layer with increasing chute inclining angle and length of the coke flat; when the main falling point of ore moves toward furnace wall or the coke flat is wider, the curve radian of burden profile after coke collapse becomes smaller; the ore to coke ratio distribution agrees with the gas top temperature measurement well under considering coke collapse comparing with the result of ignoring coke collapse.     

沥青配比与焦炭质量之间的关系

 为了提高焦炭强度及粒度，利用40 kg试验焦炉研究了不同沥青添加方式（型煤中添加或直接添加）以及不同沥青添加比例对配煤焦炭质量的影响。研究结果表明，将沥青按照6%的比例配入型煤，随着型煤配比的逐步增加，焦炭的强度和粒度均明显改善，且与沥青比例存在很好的相关性；当配入30%比例的型煤时，型煤中沥青的配比与焦炭质量也存在较高的相关性；直接配加1.8%沥青比将同比例沥青加入型煤可得到冷强度和粒度组成更优的焦炭，但焦炭的热强度稍差。     

高焦丁比与矿石混装降低高炉燃料比研究

鞍钢5号高炉燃料比平均在590 kg/t以上,采用提高焦丁用量并与矿石混装技术措施后燃料比降低。实验室测试和模拟计算结果表明,随着焦丁用量提高,矿石在块状带透气性得到改善,尤其是软融带区域透气性改善显著。鞍钢5号高炉试验结果表明,当粒度为10~30 mm小粒度焦炭与矿石混装入炉,焦丁比提高到60~80 kg/t时,降低高炉燃料消耗效果显著,焦丁与焦炭置换比可以保持在1.0以上。     

高炉焦炭石墨化过程中的微观组织和冶金性能演变

当前低碳高炉冶炼条件下使得炉内焦炭层变薄,恶化了料柱的透气透液性,焦炭在炉缸高温区石墨化过程中产生的焦粉是导致该现象出现的主要原因之一.为了研究焦炭在高炉下部的石墨化过程对其在炉缸内的冶金性能影响,研究了1100~1500℃不同温度下焦炭的石墨化度改变;同种焦炭石墨化程度与焦炭反应性及反应后强度之间的关系;不同石墨化度焦炭与碱金属侵蚀之间的关系;观察并分析了试验后不同焦炭试样的微观形貌.结果表明,随着温度的升高,焦炭石墨化程度加深,且温度每升高100℃,焦炭石墨化度约提高1.8倍,层间距d₀₀₂值约降低2%,微晶结构层片直径L_a值约提高3%,层片堆积高度L_c值约提高15%;焦炭的表面气孔减少,特别是大气孔减少,焦炭表面镶嵌组织减少,各向同性组织增多,焦炭的结构有序化程度增强.随着焦炭石墨化程度的加深,焦炭的反应性逐渐减小、反应后强度逐渐提高,焦炭表面的劣化情况减弱,生成的大气孔减少,气孔壁破坏趋势减弱.碱金属对焦炭的反应性有促进作用,使焦炭的反应性提高,反应后强度降低.而焦炭的石墨化对焦炭的碱侵害具有一定的抵抗作用,降低了焦炭表面的劣化程度.     

Coke Reactivity under Blast Furnace Conditions and in the CSR/CRI Test

The present work aims to study the high‐temperature strength of coke. Mechanisms of disintegration were evaluated using basket samples charged into LKAB's experimental blast furnace prior to quenching and dissection. Coke charged into basket samples was analysed with CSR/CRI tests and compared with treated coke from the blast furnace. Results from tumbling tests, chemical analyses of coarse and fine material, as well as light optical microscopy studies of original and treated coke have been combined and evaluated. The results indicate a correlation between the ash composition and the CSR values. Differences in the texture of the coke were noted with light optical microscopy, and a significant change in the coke texture during the CSR/CRI test conditions was found. The results suggest that the main reaction between coke and CO₂ took place in isotropic areas, which was especially pronounced in coke with a low CSR. Signs of degradation were apparent throughout the coke pieces that have undergone CSR/CRI testing, but were less observable in coke reacted in the blast furnace. The results indicate that reaction with CO₂ is generally limited by the chemical reaction rate in the CSR/CRI test, while in the blast furnace the reaction is limited by the diffusion rate. Coke degradation is therefore mostly restricted to the coke surface in the blast furnace.