基于最小有向距离原理的无干涉刀位轨迹计算

基于最小有向距离原理,分别用改进的遗传算法和五点寻优算法计算全局最小有向距离和局部最小有向距离,并按两种最小有向距离分别计算刀位轨迹,进行干涉判断.该方法不仅可以在数控加工中生成无干涉刀位轨迹,而且可以为后续补充加工提供编程数据,在复杂曲面数控加工的自动编程系统中应用,稳定可靠,收敛性好,计算效率较高.     

基于CAD模型的鞋楦数控刀位点算法

分析了现有鞋楦数控加工方法及其特殊性,提出了一种基于刀具和鞋楦CAD模型,采用三维离散化求最小距离的方法,解决了鞋楦数控加工刀位计算困难的问题.该方法主要步骤如下:(1)建立鞋楦和刀具的三维CAD模型;(2)规划优化的刀具路径轨迹;(3)计算各个刀位点.实践证明该方法快速、准确的生成所需的鞋楦加工刀位.     

多轴加工无干涉刀具路径生成算法研究

多轴数控加工中刀具路径的计算直接影响加工零件的精度和加工效率。本文介绍了一种平底刀多轴无干涉刀位轨迹生成算法,在刀轴方向上消除干涉量。首先对参数曲面进行三角离散化,根据曲面相应点的法矢布置初始刀具位姿。构造曲面和刀具的OBB模型,通过包围盒间的快速相交测试得到刀具与曲面的干涉三角片,在此基础上,采用解析方法计算刀具与干涉三角片在刀轴方向上的干涉量,修正刀位点,最后得到无干涉刀位轨迹。     

曲面5轴加工中全局干涉检查与刀位修正

提出了一种求解曲面到刀具极值距离的方法,以解决曲面5轴数控加工中刀具与曲面的干涉问题。将曲面上的点投影到刀轴上,求出曲面到刀轴的最小距离,直接计算出刀具与曲面的干涉量,并对干涉刀位进行了修正,成功地解决了曲面与刀具的全局干涉问题。实际应用表明,该方法效率高、精度高。     

基于响应面方法的圆锥刀侧铣非可展直纹面的刀位优化

在非可展直纹面的圆锥刀侧铣加工中,刀位优化是减小原理性误差的关键,目前还存在着刀位优化方法复杂或刀位优化后加工精度不高的问题,难以解决。针对上述问题提出一种基于响应面的刀位优化方法。利用设计曲面(非可展直纹面)发出的法向标杆射线,将刀具包络面表示为设计曲面的相伴曲面,并以连续刀位截得的最小标杆值表示包络误差。证明了标杆最小值条件与包络条件的等价性,针对某一瞬时刀位,将设计曲面上通过刀轴的法向标杆定义为特征标杆,在此基础上提出单刀位最优位姿的判定条件:刀具截得的各特征标杆长度的平方和为最小。基于面心组合实验设计方法,结合刀轴位姿空间的逐代压缩策略,再利用响应面方法建立优化目标函数与位姿参数的显式函数关系,进一步得到刀具最优位姿参数。通过实例计算和对比分析证明了所提方法的有效性。结果表明,采用该方法可以提高刀具位姿的最优化性能,模型拟合精度高,预测结果准确,并可以显著降低曲面全域的包络误差。     

基于最小距离法的鞋楦加工无干涉刀具轨迹生成

在刀具及鞋楦三维模型离散数据的基础上,通过曲面的空间变换,将干涉检查转化为基于投影方向的最小距离判断,实现了鞋楦加工的无干涉刀具轨迹生成.对于计算刀位点时计算量大的问题,提出了一种针对鞋楦曲面特征的最小距离点的快速搜索方法.实际加工表明,提出的算法能够较好地提高鞋楦的加工质量和效率.     

非可展直纹面侧铣刀位轨迹优化算法

针对非可展直纹面侧铣精加工刀轴矢量计算中存在的问题,基于侧铣加工误差几何模型分析了棒铣刀加工非可展直纹面误差的产生原因。在研究了两点偏置法和三点偏置法的基础上,围绕提高非可展直纹面类零件的加工精度,提出一种动点滑动并寻求最优的刀轴矢量计算方法,并且采用最小二乘法对刀位轨迹进一步优化。通过所建立的刀位优化算法得到的刀轴矢量可使加工误差在刀具与被加工曲面切触状态下趋于最小,最终得到整体最优的刀位轨迹。用所提方法与已有方法进行加工试验比较,并对加工误差分布进行分析可得,侧向偏置法所产生的加工误差明显低于已有方法,提高了加工精度。所采用的优化方法和数据处理结果可以为非可展直纹面侧铣加工提供一定的参考依据。     

鼓形砂轮周磨自由曲面刀位算法

对采用鼓形砂轮周磨自由曲面的刀位计算进行了研究。为了提高加工效率，提出了一种基于避免加工中砂轮和工件曲面局部干涉的鼓形砂轮几何参数的优化方法。在刀位计算中，砂轮被限定在摆刀平面中旋转；离散鼓形砂轮表面，计算采样点到工件曲面的有向距离，获得当前刀位的加工误差分布和加工带宽；以砂轮轴和工件曲面最小法曲率方向的夹角为优化变量，以当前刀位的加工带宽的最大化为优化目标，用格点法进行了鼓形砂轮周磨自由曲面的刀位优化。利用UG二次开发技术编程，生成了Bezier曲面的加工轨迹的计算实例，验证了所提出的砂轮几何参数和刀位的优化算法。     

叶轮数控加工中的干涉检查

针对自由曲面离心叶轮多坐标数控加工中可能出现刀具与叶片干涉的问题,提出了一种干涉检查方法。首先计算出叶片曲面的等距面,等距面的偏移距离为刀具半径,再根据所给定的刀位数据得出刀轴的表达式,然后计算该等距面与刀轴是否有交点,如果有交点则存在干涉,否则计算叶片边界线到刀轴的最小距离,若此距离大于刀具半径则无干涉,否则存在干涉。该方法计算量小,对于叶轮数控加工编程中大量刀位数据的干涉检查,可以显著地节省计算机运算时间。     

圆锥刀五轴侧铣加工刀具路径整体优化原理与方法

三维曲面加工制造是通过刀具刃口的运动扫掠面逼近设计曲面来实现的.针对单行侧铣加工,定义用于评价设计曲面与加工曲面之间偏差的点-刀具包络面有向距离函数.基于刀具包络面的双参数球族包络表示,提出无须构造包络面而直接计算该有向距离的方法,并推导出其关于刀轴轨迹面形状控制参数的一阶梯度表达式,以定量刻画刀具路径的改变对加工曲面法向误差的影响.在此基础上构造基于导数信息的刀具包络面向设计曲面的离散点云的最佳一致逼近算法,并应用序列线性规划算法来求解该约束优化问题,实现圆锥刀五轴侧铣加工刀具路径的整体优化,应用于叶轮叶片加工的实例表明该方法能够显著提高加工精度.有关理论和方法同样也适用于一般回转刀具的侧铣加工规划.     

Experimental investigation on various tool path strategies influencing surface quality and form accuracy of CNC milled complex freeform surface

Four tool path strategies such as equal-interval tool paths, parallel tool paths, parallel–tangency tool paths, and freeform tool paths are proposed in computer numerical control milling of a complex freeform surface. The objective is to understand how 3D tool paths influence their machining efficiency, surface quality, and form accuracy. In this study, their scallop heights were less than or equal to 15 μm. First, their scallop heights distributions and 3D tool path distances were theoretically analyzed; then, four tool path strategies were investigated with reference to machining efficiency, surface texture height, surface roughness, and form errors. It is shown that scallop heights distribution can be used to display the surface texture state and predict tool path distance. Experimental results indicate that the surface texture height, the surface roughness, and the form errors were nearly identical on the machined flat location and surface for various tool path strategies, whereas their surface quality and form accuracy are easily destroyed on the abrupt ones except for the parallel tool paths. Although the freeform tool paths produce the shortest tool path distance through 3-axes driving mode, the parallel tool paths offer the best surface quality and form accuracy through 2-axes driving mode. This is because the 3-axes driving and its vector changes on abrupt location easily lead to large machine vibration and movement errors. It is confirmed that the parallel tool path strategy with 2-axes driving mode can improve the surface quality and form accuracy in actual milling of a complex freeform surface.     

基于定向距离理论的五轴加工刀具轨迹规划算法

针对环形刀五轴加工自由曲面的残留误差问题,在传统等残留高度算法的基础上,提出了一种基于定向距离理论的等最大残留高度刀具轨迹规划算法。首先根据微分几何理论计算已知刀触点的初始侧向行距,并在侧向行距方向进行偏置得到相邻刀触点;然后以基于定向距离理论的残高误差计算模型对相邻刀触点间的实际残高值进行计算;最后通过迭代计算规划出等最大残留高度的相邻刀具轨迹。如此循环,从而获得整个曲面的刀具轨迹。实验结果表明,相对于商用软件MasterCAM9.0,该算法在充分保证曲面加工质量的同时最大限度地减小了刀具轨迹的总长度,从而提高了加工效率。     

Surface topography and roughness in hole-making by helical milling

Helical milling is used to generate holes with a cutting tool traveling on a helical path into the workpiece in which the diameter of the hole can be adjusted through that of the helical path. Based on an improved Z-map model, a 3D surface topography simulation model is established to simulate the surface finish profile generated after a helical milling operation using a cylindrical end mill. The surface topography simulation model incorporates the effects of the relative motion between the cutting tool and the workpiece, in which the effect of the insert runout error of the cutting tool is considered. Furthermore, the roughness parameters are deduced from simulations of the 3D surface topography. The experimental result shows that the proposed simulation algorithm can predict well the surface roughness in a helical milling operation. The surface topography simulation model is used to study the effects of cutting conditions such as the tangential feedrate, the diameter of the cutting tool and the hole, the insert runout error of the cutting tool, as well as the revolution of the cutting tool around the axis of the hole on the surface finish profile. It is found that the surface quality can be improved by optimization of the cutting conditions. As a result, the proposed model will be helpful in determining the cutting conditions to meet surface finish requirements in helical milling operation.     

An algorithm for generating spiral tool path of shoe last with varying pitch

In shoe-last high-speed numerical machining, the key step is to generate CNC machining tool path by data sampled from the shoe last rapidly and accurately. By analyzing the characteristics of helical line and the model of the shoe last expressed in cylindrical-polar coordination system, an algorithm for generating spiral tool path of shoe last with varying pitch was presented. By sample data interpolation, mathematic models with different pitch of helical line were built, and the tool paths with different machining parameters were determined. The effectiveness is verified by the emulation and experimental results represented in the paper.     

A study on helical surface generated by the primary peripheral surfaces of ring tool

Often in the engineering practice, cutting tools bounded by primary peripheral surfaces of revolution are used because of their effectiveness. Among these, ring and tangential tools can be used for the generation of constant pitch cylindrical helical surfaces. In this paper, we present an algorithm for the profiling of these types of tools. The algorithm is based on the topological representation of the tool’s primary peripheral surface. The main goal is to devise a methodology for the profiling of tools whose surfaces are reciprocally enveloping with cylindrical helical surfaces. We present a numerical example for the numerical determination of the axial section form for this type of tools. The application method for this algorithm was developed in the CATIA graphical design environment within which the procedure is developed as a vertical application. In addition, we present a solution for the shape correction of the tool’s axial cross-section by considering the existence of singular points on the profile of the helical surface to be generated where multiple normals to the surface exist.     

A manufacturing model of helical groove on rotary burr and a universal post processing method

A systematic machining theory and precision method to determine cutter location in a grinding system is presented for rotary burr. First, the helical cutting edge on various kinds of revolving surfaces is built. Then, based on the geometry model of the helical cutting edge, the smooth spiral rake surface with constant normal rake angle and flank surface can been formed during the one-pass grinding process by this method. No interference between the grinding wheel and workpiece happens by the wheel special rotation. The method has the characteristic of detaching the grinding wheel path solution from specified machining conditions. The grinding wheel path is suitable for different NC machine tools through post processing. Meanwhile, a mechanism kinematic model of the NC machine tool is built, and a generalized algorithm for post-processing of multi-axis NC machine tools is presented. This model is applied to arbitrary configuration of NC machine tool, and the motion value for each axis will be generated by the inputting structure and motion parameters of the machine tool. The model, together with the machining method mentioned in this paper, make the calculation and generation of the grinding wheel path simpler and universal. At last, the validity of the method given in the paper is identified by an example of grinding.     

NC machining of free-form Kriging surfaces

An algorithm for three-axis NC tool path generation on sculptured surfaces is introduced when the free-form surface is modeled parametrically by free-form surface Kriging. The flexibility of dual Kriging that easily defines the intersection of the surfaces with a set of parallel planes and Cartesian method are combined to generate the tool-paths automatically. The presented algorithm can simultaneously generate the tool path with a predefined machining accuracy and remove gougings along the tool path. The algorithms are validated by three experiments in rough and finish machining and the results prove its reliability. Since Kriging is based on the interpolation of data points, the proposed algorithm can be used for reverse engineering applications. The system was executed on a standard micro-computer and the software was structured to offer a library of machining functions for endusers.