煤系腐植酸基炭/葡萄糖/石墨复合材料的制备及电化学性能

采用石墨化炉对腐植酸进行石墨化处理,以腐植酸基石墨化材料为原料,葡萄糖和片状石墨为中间相,经高温(750℃)炭化处理制备煤系腐植酸基炭/葡萄糖/石墨复合材料;采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)法和电化学测试系统对该材料的形貌、微晶结构和电化学性能进行表征.结果表明:片状石墨分散在腐植酸基石墨化材料周围,且被无定型炭包覆.C-C-2复合材料作为锂离子电池的负极材料,具有较高的比容量,在0.1C倍率下的首次可逆比容量为307.3mA·h/g,首次库仑效率为76.3%;在1C和2C倍率下,50个充放电循环后,可逆比容量分别为283.3mA·h/g和152.2mA·h/g,容量保持率分别高达97.9%和97.5%;具有良好的循环稳定性及大倍率性能.     

锡碳负极材料的结构与电化学性能研究

本论文将SnCl4溶解于蔗糖溶液中,然后通过液相法包覆到人造石墨的表面,最后经高温还原法在人造石墨基体表面包覆了均匀分散有Sn纳米颗粒的硬碳材料,制备得到了一种新型Sn/C复合材料。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、拉曼光谱(Raman)对Sn/C复合材料的结构进行了表征,并通过恒流充放电、循环伏安(CV)、循环、倍率等方法对其电化学性能进行了研究。结果表明:蔗糖加入量分别为1mmol、5mmol、15mmol时,材料的结构和电化学性能均产生较大变化,其中蔗糖加入量为1mmol时,Sn/C复合材料的电化学性能优异,在100mA·g~(-1)的电流密度下,首次放电容量达897.2mAh·g~(-1),首次库伦效率为62.85%,在50次循环后,材料的可逆比容量依旧保持在459.2mAh·g~(-1),并且倍率性能良好。本实验制备工艺简单,对于在实际生产中的应用具有重大意义。     

改性天然鳞片石墨锂离子电池负极材料的研究

对粒径为12μm的天然鳞片石墨进行表面碳包覆改性,并对包覆前后样品的微观结构和电化学性能进行了研究。结果表明:包覆改性提高了天然石墨的振实密度、表面形貌和电化学性能,在0.1 C、0.2 C、0.5 C、1 C、2 C、5 C和10 C倍率下,对应的可逆容量分别为368.6 mAh/g、362.6 mAh/g、353.8 mAh/g、340.6 mAh/g、298.6 mAh/g、228.2 mAh/g和150.2 mAh/g,相对于天然石墨,可逆容量分别提高了6.2 mAh/g、20.9 mAh/g、31.6 mAh/g、42.1 mAh/g、52.4 mAh/g、80.0 mAh/g和58.0 mAh/g,碳包覆小粒径天然石墨表现出的良好的倍率性能,有望应用于电动车用锂离子电池中。     

锂离子电池Ni-Sn-Sb合金负极材料的制备及其电性能研究

采用化学还原-共沉积法制备了Ni-Sn-Sb三元合金材料,用XRD和SEM对其结构和形貌进行表征。根据充放电曲线、循环伏安和交流阻抗谱,探讨了合成电极的嵌/脱锂行为。研究表明:热处理后的Ni-Sn-Sb合金材料呈不均匀粒状结构;首次放电容量达到1 625 mAh.g-1,充电容量为628 mAh.g-1,循环20次后可逆容量仍有334mAh.g-1,库仑效率稳定在90%,具有较好的电化学性能。     

聚乙烯吡咯烷酮包覆硫/碳复合材料的制备及其电化学性能

采用液相化学沉积法,并引入聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（PVP）制备得到聚乙烯吡咯烷酮包覆硫/碳复合材料。采用热重分析（TGA）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、X射线衍射（XRD）、恒流充放电和循环伏安（CV）表征其物化性能和电化学性能,结果表明,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮可有效提高硫/碳复合材料的电化学性能。0.35 C充放电时,所得聚乙烯吡咯烷酮包覆硫/碳复合材料首次放电比容量达到1 415.3 mAh/g(按单质硫的质量计算),120次后比容量保留为903.3 mAh/g,容量保持率为63.8%;2 C充放电时,首次放电比容量可达到904 mAh/g,200次后比容量仍能保持在486.8 mAh/g。     

Ni(OH)_2/C作为锂离子电池负极材料的研究

采用控制沉淀法制备Ni(OH)2/C复合材料,用XRD和SEM表征材料的结构和形貌。首次将材料用于锂离子电池,通过充放电测试、循环伏安法和交流阻抗实验研究其嵌/脱锂行为和电化学性能。结果表明,Ni(OH)2/C复合材料具有嵌/脱锂性能,首次可逆比容量达到992mAh/g,20次循环后的可逆比容量为211mAh/g,循环效率为95.6%,高于Ni(OH)2材料(128mAh/g和94.4%),循环性能的改善可归因于掺杂石墨后,使电极电导率明显提高,同时减缓体积效应。     

SiO/C复合材料的制备及储锂性能研究

通过球磨、水热和焙烧的方法,制备了SiO/C复合材料。扫面电镜(SEM)测试结果表明,通过水热反应形成的碳微球,能够均匀包覆在氧化硅表面。恒流充放电测试表明,合成的SiO/C复合材料首次充放电容量分别为918.2和549mAh/g,经过70次循环后可逆容量为463.6mAh/g。循环性能得到改善归因于碳的均匀包覆有效缓冲了材料在循环过程中的体积变化,保持了良好的导电网络。     

硼化酚醛树脂炭材料的制备及嵌锂性能

采用化学法制备含B酚醛树脂热解炭材料,比较了不同热解温度及B的掺杂对炭材料微观结构及嵌锂性能的影响。结果表明:H3BO3的加入及热解温度的提高,可提高炭材料的石墨化程度;含B炭材料的首次充放电比容量及充放电效率高于纯炭材料;600℃时含B炭材料循环5次后可逆比容量为423 mAh/g,大于石墨电极的理论比容量372 mAh/g。     

沥青包覆天然石墨作锂离子电池负极材料的研究

将天然鳞片石墨与煤沥青以7：3的比例混合研磨，压力成型并粉碎至大约20pm后将其进行炭化得到炭化样品，并取部分炭化样品对其石墨化得到石墨化样品，将得到的炭化、石墨化样品及天然石墨分别进行XRD、SEM测试，并作为锂离子电池负极材料装配电池后进行电化学性能测试。结果表明，经处理后在石墨表面包履了一层沥青，电化学性能提高，炭化后的包覆样品首次效率比石墨提高了10％，但充放电容量偏低，而石墨化后的包覆样品放电容量及首次效率比天然石墨分别提高了16mAh／g和11%，不可逆容量降低了59mAh／g，稳定后放电容量为380mAh／g，效率为99．6％。     

Co_3O_4/CuO微球修饰的三维炭网络及其对储锂过程的强化

以煤基氧化石墨烯(CGNS)为基体,采用两步水热法成功构筑了三维异质结构的Co_3O_4/CuO/CGNS复合材料,并进一步考察了材料作为负极材料的储锂性能。结果表明:Co_3O_4/CuO微球表面包覆石墨烯碳层不仅能够强化储锂过程,显著提高复合材料的导电性,而且能抑制其在充放电过程中的体积变化。在0.1 A/g的电流密度下循环100次后,复合材料的可逆容量为941.6 mAh/g;当电流密度增大至1 A/g,经过300次长循环,其可逆容量仍可保持在511.6 mAh/g。Co_3O_4/CuO/CGNS优异的电化学性能可归因于三维炭网络稳定了电极的整体结构,且异质结构内的协同效应可强化电子和离子的有效传输。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。