高炉渣与活性白土吸附废润滑油对比研究

为研究高炉渣用于废润滑油吸附的可能性,以废润滑油中的酸性组分作为考察指标,采用静态吸附法进行了高炉渣与活性白土吸附废润滑油的对比实验,考察吸附剂投加量、搅拌转速、吸附温度及吸附时间下高炉渣与活性白土对废润滑油的吸附效果。结果表明,优化的吸附条件为投加量0.2 g/m L、搅拌转速800 r/min、吸附温度100℃、吸附时间180 min。在此条件下,高炉渣与活性白土对废润滑油均有着较好的吸附效果(去除率>70%),且吸附效果相差不大,去除率仅相差4.5%。同时,高炉渣可经改性来提高吸附性能,因此,高炉渣作为废润滑油吸附剂具有较好的应用前景。     

高炉渣与活性白土吸附废润滑油对比研究

为研究高炉渣用于废润滑油吸附的可能性,以废润滑油中的酸性组分作为考察指标,采用静态吸附法进行了高炉渣与活性白土吸附废润滑油的对比实验,考察吸附剂投加量、搅拌转速、吸附温度及吸附时间下高炉渣与活性白土对废润滑油的吸附效果。结果表明,优化的吸附条件为投加量0.2 g/m L、搅拌转速800 r/min、吸附温度100℃、吸附时间180 min。在此条件下,高炉渣与活性白土对废润滑油均有着较好的吸附效果(去除率70%),且吸附效果相差不大,去除率仅相差4.5%。同时,高炉渣可经改性来提高吸附性能,因此,高炉渣作为废润滑油吸附剂具有较好的应用前景。     

F00微生物絮凝剂的制备、性质及絮凝条件的研究

对F00微生物絮凝剂的制备、性质及絮凝条件进行了研究.研究结果表明,(1)微生物絮凝剂F00制备的最佳条件pH值为11,加2倍体积丙酮时,产生沉淀量最多;(2)该絮凝剂具有良好的pH稳定性和热稳定性;(3)该絮凝剂最佳絮凝条件为:絮凝体系温度40 ℃,絮凝剂使用量为2%,絮凝时间30 min.     

明矾-壳聚糖复合絮凝处理含油废水的研究

利用无机絮凝剂明矾和有机絮凝剂壳聚糖复合作用对含油废水进行絮凝处理。对影响絮凝过程的主要因素,如温度、溶液pH值、絮凝剂用量及复合絮凝剂配比进行了实验研究,结果表明:最佳絮凝条件为温度40℃和pH值6~7,复合絮凝剂明矾:壳聚糖配比为3∶1,絮凝剂用量为0.5 g/L时,絮凝效果最好。处理后的含油污水澄清度高,除油率可达到97%。     

絮凝—吸附工艺联合处理1,2,4-酸废水

研究6-硝生产过程中产生的1,2,4-酸废水的处理工艺.采用絮凝和吸附手段处理1,2,4-酸废水,絮凝试验采用自制的双氰胺-甲醛聚合物为絮凝剂的絮凝体系;吸附试验采用自制的AEO-9改性的膨润土作为吸附剂.试验结果表明,以双氰胺-甲醛絮凝剂絮凝处理废水的最佳条件为:废水的pH=3,絮凝剂用量为1％,在70℃的水浴锅中快...     

枯草芽孢杆菌产絮凝剂的发酵条件及絮凝特性研究

采用常规划线分离方法从污泥中筛选出1株高效微生物絮凝剂产生菌,经生理生化试验鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌,研究了该菌发酵条件对所产絮凝剂絮凝除浊和脱色的影响,并在此基础上研究该絮凝剂的絮凝特性.结果表明,产絮凝剂的最佳发酵条件为:初始pH为8.0～8.5,摇床转速120 r·min-1,温度28～32℃,接种量为体积分数5％,碳源为蔗糖,氮源为尿素和硫酸铵的复合氮源.所产微生物絮凝剂粗品絮凝除浊的适宜条件为:絮凝剂投加量120mg·L-1,助凝剂CaCl2(10 g·L-1)用量200 mg·L-1,pH为7.5～9.0;其絮凝脱色的适宜条件为:絮凝剂投加量200 mg·L-1,CaCl2( 10g·L-1)投加量400 mg·L-1,pH 10.0;以CaCl2为助凝剂可使絮凝效率提高10％～30％.在适宜絮凝条件下,该微生物絮凝剂絮凝除浊和脱色效率分别可达99.7％和90.2％.     

加压下FeCl_3催化Friedel-Crafts酰化反应合成二苯甲酮

研究了在加压和催化量 Fe Cl3存在的条件下 ,苯甲酰氯和苯发生 Friedel- Crafts酰化反应合成二苯甲酮的工艺。 3 1 5 .2 g苯、1 43 .4g苯甲酰氯和 14.4g Fe Cl3混合于 2 L的高压釜中 ,在压力为 1 .6× 1 0 6～ 1 .8× 1 0 6Pa、温度为 1 80～ 2 0 0°C的条件下反应 8h,经纯化处理得到二甲苯酮 1 49.3 g,收率为 82 .1 %,纯度为 99.8%( GC分析 )     

微生物絮凝剂产生菌的筛选性能研究

从活性污泥中筛选分离到1株高效絮凝剂产生菌X-3,经鉴定为芽孢杆菌属,用正交试验对X-3菌生产生物絮凝剂的最佳条件进行研究,最佳条件为：温度20℃,葡萄糖的质量浓度10 g/L,酵母膏质量浓度10 g/L,pH值为7。对絮凝剂的主要成分进行分析,并对皮革、印染、造纸废水、生活污水等进行絮凝试验。研究结果表明絮凝剂产生菌生长较快,絮凝剂主要成分为蛋白质,X-3所产絮凝剂对上述污废水等均有较好的絮凝沉淀去除效果,具有良好的应用前景。     

壳聚糖改性凹凸棒土絮凝小球藻的研究

将壳聚糖改性凹凸棒土作为小球藻的絮凝剂,研究其絮凝性能和作用机制.研究得最佳絮凝条件为:壳聚糖和凹凸棒土的比例为1:2,pH为5,投加量为0.5 g/L,沉降时间为2 h,絮凝率可达88.7％.SEM检测结果表明,改性后凹凸棒土表面积增加,有利于吸附小球藻;Zeta电位结果显示,壳聚糖修饰使絮凝剂具备阳离子性质,借助壳...     

高取代度醚化淀粉的湿法制备及其絮凝性能研究

以玉米淀粉(St)为原料、2,3-环氧丙基三甲基氯化铵(GTA)为醚化剂,利用湿法合成高取代度的阳离子醚化淀粉絮凝剂St-GTA。通过正交实验对St-GTA的合成条件进行筛选,结果表明,最佳合成条件为:n(CTA)∶n(St)=1. 2∶1、m(NaOH)∶m(St)=0. 08∶1、反应温度为70℃、反应时间为3 h。在该条件下合成的产物取代度可达0. 717 3。以高岭土悬浊液为模拟污水,考察了絮凝剂投加量、絮凝体系pH、絮凝温度、絮凝时间对絮凝效果的影响。结果表明,对于质量分数为2%的高岭土悬浊液,当pH=7、絮凝温度为25℃、絮凝时间为0. 5 h时,St-GTA的最佳质量浓度为8 mg/L,透光率可达92. 81%。     

Re-refining of used lubricant oil by solvent extraction using central composite design method

The primary aim of this study was to recover base oil from used oil using solvent extraction followed by the adsorption method. Many effective variables were examined within the solvent extraction method, including using different solvents, solvent/used oil, temperature and speed of blending. Central composite design (CCD) was applied as the statistical method. Response surface methodology was then used to find the optimum conditions in the process of extraction: ratio of solvent/used oil 2.4 and 3.12 vol/vol, temperature=54 and 18 °C, and speed of mixing=569 and 739 rpm for 1-butanol and methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), respectively. Various flocculation agents were used with the solvent, such as Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), Potassium hydroxide (KOH) and Monoethylamine (MEA); they provided an increase in the separation efficiency. The best result was obtained when using 2 grams of MEA/kg solvent; this amount of MEA increases sludge removal from 12.6% to 14.7%. In the process of clay adsorption, the variables that were tested included the ratio of clay/extract oil, temperature and time of contact. The best conditions in the process of adsorption by activated bentonite were a ratio of clay/extract oil=15 wt/vol%, temperature=120 °C, and time of contact=150 minutes. The recovered base oil was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and compared to Iraqi specifications of base oils. The recovered base oil specifications were analyzed, including, viscosity @100 °C 8.32, 9.22 cSt, pour point ?17.35, ?22.23 °C, flash point 210.12, 223.04 °C, total acid number (TAN) 0.25, nill, total base number (TBN) nill, nill, ash 0.031, 0.0019 wt% and color 3.0, 2.5 for two types of base oil recovered using MEK, 1-butanol with activated bentonite, respectively.     

Novel fluorinated surfactants for enhanced oil recovery in carbonate reservoirs

Novel surfactant‐polymer (SP) formulations containing fluorinated amphoteric surfactant (surfactant‐A) and fluorinated anionic surfactant (surfactant‐B) with partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) were evaluated for enhanced oil recovery applications in carbonate reservoirs. Thermal stability, rheological properties, interfacial tension, and adsorption on the mineral surface were measured. The effects of the surfactant type, surfactant concentration, temperature, and salinity on the rheological properties of the SP systems were examined. Both surfactants were found to be thermally stable at a high temperature (90 °C). Surfactant‐B decreased the viscosity and the storage modulus of the HPAM. Surfactant‐A had no influence on the rheological properties of the HPAM. Surfactant‐A showed complete solubility and thermal stability in seawater at 90 °C. Only surfactant‐A was used in adsorption, interfacial tension, and core flooding experiments, since surfactant‐B was not completely soluble in seawater and therefore was limited to deionized water. A decrease in oil/water interfacial tension (IFT) of almost one order of magnitude was observed when adding surfactant‐A. However, betaine‐based co‐surfactant reduced the IFT to 10^?3 mN/m. An adsorption isotherm showed that the maximum adsorption of surfactant‐A was 1 mg per g of rock. Core flooding experiments showed 42 % additional oil recovery using 2.5 g/L (2500 ppm) HPAM and 0.001 g/g (0.1 mass%) amphoteric surfactant at 90 °C.     

由柠檬醛合成柠檬腈的工艺研究

从山苍子提取出的柠檬醛 ,与硫酸羟胺反应生成柠朦肟 ,脱水后可得到柠檬腈。通过正交实验确定了柠朦肟合成的最佳工艺条件是 :n(柠檬醛 )∶n(硫酸羟胺 ) =1∶ 1 .5 ,p H=6～ 7,反应温度为 45°C,反应时间 3 .5 h。柠朦腈合成的最佳工艺条件是 :n(柠檬肟 )∶ n(乙酸酐 ) =1∶ 5 ,反应温度为 1 2 5～ 1 3 0°C,反应时间 1 h。柠檬腈的产率约为 89.7%。     

无酸法合成环氧大豆油的研究

以(-πC5H5NC16H33)3[PO4(WO3)4]作为催化剂,1,2-二氯乙烷为溶剂,H2O2(30%,质量分数)为氧源,在无酸环境下直接合成环氧大豆油,并利用正交实验的方法对大豆油环氧化反应的工艺条件进行优化,得出了最佳反应条件为:n(H2O2)∶n(大豆油双键)=1.25∶1,m(二氯乙烷)∶m(大豆油)=3.5∶1,反应温度70°C,反应时间4 h,产品环氧大豆油的环氧值大于6.2%,碘值小于2.60 gI/100 g,达到一级品要求。催化剂循环使用三次催化活性保持不变。     

钛白废水处理研究

以造纸白泥和石灰为中和剂,采用两段中和+曝气沉淀工艺处理钛白废水,考察了中和过程中的时间、温度、中和剂投加量及曝气时间对水质的影响。较佳工艺条件为第一阶段投料比m(废水)∶m(造纸白泥)=1 000∶13.6,常温中和15 min,此时废水pH为5.61,第二阶段m(废水)∶m(石灰)=1 000∶1.4,常温中和5 min,曝气30 min后静置5 min,废水pH为7.25,Fe2+质量分数<0.1%,出水达到《国家污水综合排放标准》GB 8978—2002的二级排放要求。     

Adsorption of pigments and free fatty acids from shea butter on activated Cameroonian clays

Adsorption of pigments and free fatty acids from shea butter on acid‐activated Cameroonian local clays was investigated. The adsorption of the pigments was followed by the reduction of the absorbance of the shea butter at 295 nm. The kinetic study revealed that both the temperature at which the experiment was performed and the degree of activation of the clays influence the time of contact required to reach adsorption equilibrium of the pigments and the amount of pigments adsorbed. Thus, at 90 °C, the time required was 30 min for the clays activated with 0.5 M (A0.5M) and 1.0 M solutions (A1M) of sulphuric acid, and 45 min for the clay activated with a 2.0 M solution (A2M) of sulphuric acid. At 80 °C, the adsorption equilibrium was reached after 45 min for clays A0.5M and A1M, and 60 min for clay A2M. At 65 °C, the contact time to reach adsorption equilibrium was longer than 75 min for all the adsorbents used. At 90 °C, the amount of pigments adsorbed at equilibrium by clay A2M was about two thirds of that adsorbed by clay A0.5M, and one half of the amount adsorbed by clay A1M. For each adsorbent, the amount of pigment adsorbed decreased with temperature. A1M was the most efficient local clay for the adsorption of shea butter pigments and compared favourably with the industrial clay used as reference. The same evolution was observed with the adsorption of free fatty acids on different clays. The contact time needed for the elimination of peroxides was 40 min for all the clays used. The most efficient adsorbents for the adsorption of the pigments and free fatty acids were also the ones that gave the best results in the elimination of peroxides. The energy of activation for the adsorption of the pigments, as determined by the adsorption kinetic model of Brimberg, were 61 ± 9 kJ/mol, 73 ± 11 kJ/mol, 67 ± 10 kJ/mol, and 47 ± 7 kJ/mol for the industrial adsorbent (EN) and clays A0.5M, A1M and A2M, respectively. These values of activation energies indicate that the shea butter pigments are chemisorbed on acid‐activated clays. It was found that the adsorption isotherms follow the Freundlich equation.     

Optimization by response surface methodology (RSM) for toluene adsorption onto prepared acid activated clay

Adsorption of toluene onto acid activated clay was carried out. Modified clay was prepared by acid attack (H₂SO₄) on raw material. Response surface methodology based on a 2‐level, 4‐variables central composite orthogonal design was used to evaluate the effects of important parameters on the adsorption of toluene on to activated clay. Temperature (53.8–96.2°C), contact time (0.57–6.93 h), mass ratio of liquid/solid (3.38–7.62) and strength of acid (7.75–57.24%) were chosen as process variables for the optimization. Of these parameters, temperature reaction and time had greater impact on toluene adsorption than did the other parameters. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) shows a good agreement between theoretical analysis and experimental data. The validity of model is verified by an experiment at the optimum conditions. The optimum conditions for the maximum adsorption of toluene onto activated clay are: temperature of 96.2°C, a contact time of 6.93 h, a liquid/solid ratio of 5.98 and strength of acid of 32.94%. Since the predicted values and the actual experimental value obtained for the maximum adsorption of toluene are within 95% confidence intervals, the final model is considered valid and has satisfactory predictive ability.     

三次采油用耐温耐盐表面活性剂BHJ-2的研究

针对碳酸盐岩油藏具有高温、高矿化度的特点,研制出适合该类型油藏三次采油用耐温耐盐型表面活性剂BHJ-2。考察了其耐温耐盐性、界面活性、润湿性能、吸附性能、洗油效率、驱油效率等;结果表明,BHJ-2耐温达140℃,耐盐达23.3×104mg/L,吸附损失为0.574mg/g油砂,可将油-地层水-岩石接触角由亲油性109.6°转变为亲水性61.4°。在140℃高温条件下老化30d后,界面活性和洗油效率基本不变,油水界面张力为0.576mN/m,静态洗油效率达到83.7%,可提高驱替效率36.7%,研究表明BHJ-2可适用于高温高矿化度条件的亲油性碳酸盐岩油藏。     

三次采油用耐温耐盐表面活性剂BHJ-2的研究

针对碳酸盐岩油藏具有高温、高矿化度的特点,研制出适合该类型油藏三次采油用耐温耐盐型表面活性剂BHJ-2。考察了其耐温耐盐性、界面活性、润湿性能、吸附性能、洗油效率、驱油效率等;结果表明,BHJ-2耐温达140℃,耐盐达2.33×10~5mg/L,吸附损失为0.574 mg/g油砂,可将油-地层水-岩石接触角由亲油性109.6°转变为亲水性61.4°。在140℃高温条件下老化30 d后,界面活性和洗油效率基本不变,油水界面张力为0.576 m N/m,静态洗油效率达到83.7%,可提高驱替效率36.7%,研究表明,BHJ-2可适用于高温高矿化度条件的亲油性碳酸盐岩油藏。     

石油环烷酸单乙醇酰胺磺基琥珀酸单酯二钠盐的合成及其界面张力研究

利用石油环烷酸原料合成出石油环烷酸单乙醇酰胺磺基琥珀酸单酯二钠盐 (DPCMS)。通过正交实验设计 ,确定了石油环烷酸单乙醇酰胺的优化反应条件为 :反应温度 10 0℃ ,反应时间 4h ,催化剂用量为反应体系总质量的 3% ,石油环烷酸甲酯与单乙醇胺的量比为 :n(甲酯 )∶n(单乙醇胺 ) =1 0∶1 0。测定了所得表面活性剂溶液与克拉玛依原油之间的界面张力。结果表明 ,所合成的DPCMS的最佳配方驱油体系的油水界面张力最低值为 1 0× 10 -3 mN/m