克罗诺杆菌属(阪崎肠杆菌)的分离与鉴定能力验证结果与分析

目的 通过参加“奶粉中克罗诺杆菌属(阪崎肠杆菌)的检测能力验证计划”,验证实验室对克罗诺杆菌属(阪崎肠杆菌)的检测能力,提高实验室检测技能。方法 依据GB 4789.40-2016 《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验 克罗诺杆菌属(阪崎肠杆菌)检验》中的第一法,对能力验证样品进行检验,对分离出的可疑菌落进行生化鉴定,同时用BIOLOG鉴定系统对可疑菌落进行鉴定。 结果 编号G785和编号V995的两个能力验证样品皆检出克罗诺杆菌属(阪崎肠杆菌) 结论 本次能力验证获得满意结果,证明本实验室具备克罗诺杆菌属(阪崎肠杆菌)的检测能力。在本次能力验证实验过程中,在以国标法检测的同时,辅以BIOLOG进行鉴定,与传统生化鉴定结果互为印证,提高了检测结果的准确性,对以后的检测工作具有一定的参考价值。     

奶粉中一株阪崎肠杆菌的鉴定及其挥发性产物分析

目的鉴定奶粉中一株阪崎肠杆菌分离菌株F2-1,采用顶空气相色谱-质谱联用法(headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,HS-GC-MS)分析分离菌株F2-1在液态培养中产生的挥发性代谢产物。方法应用VITEK 2 Compact全自动微生物鉴定系统分析分离菌株的生理生化特征;利用环介导等温扩增技术(loop-mediated isothermal amplification,LAMP)特异性扩增检测分离菌株的16S rDNA,通过HS-GC-MS分析分离菌株F2-1代谢的挥发性产物。结果分离菌株F2-1为革兰氏阴性菌,生理生化特征与阪崎肠杆菌(Enterobacter sakazakii,ES)的相似性为99%,LAMP检测进一步确认为阪崎肠杆菌,分离菌株F2-1在营养肉汤中代谢的挥发性产物主要有异戊醛、乙醇、异戊醇、3-羟基-2-丁酮、乙酸、正十五烷、正十六烷、正十七烷、1-癸醇。结论奶粉中分离菌株F2-1鉴定为阪崎肠杆菌,该菌产生的挥发性产物为阪崎肠杆菌的快速鉴定提供参考。     

市售配方粉中阪崎肠杆菌检测方法的比较

目的比较和分析两种不同的阪崎肠杆菌定性检测方法的区别。方法修改采用美国FDA和ISO阪崎肠杆菌检测方法,同时对194份市售配方粉进行定性检测。结果经过选择性增菌和分离,第二法中待鉴定的阪崎肠杆菌疑似菌落只有8个,明显少于第一法,而且其特征性菌落易于辨认。运用两种方法分别检测到4个和5个阳性样品,其中第二法检出的1个阳性样品在第一法中未检出。结论第二法中的选择性增菌液肉汤mIST—Vm和阪崎肠杆菌显色培养基的选择性明显优于第一法中相应的培养基,可以大大减少工作量,简单省时。     

乳粉中阪崎肠杆菌检测能力验证结果与分析

目的提升实验室检测乳粉中克罗诺杆菌属(阪崎肠杆菌)的速度和准确性。方法依据GB4789.40-2016《食品安全国家标准食品微生物学检验克罗诺杆菌属(阪崎肠杆菌)检验》和经优化的SN/T1632.3-2013《出口奶粉中阪崎肠杆菌(克罗诺杆菌属)检验方法第3部分:荧光PCR方法》以及能力验证作业指导书对乳粉中克罗诺杆菌属(阪崎肠杆菌)进行检测和结果判断。结果通过实时荧光PCR法的快速初筛,初步判断样品CODE29为阴性,样品CODE95为阳性;再经显色平板分离和VITEK2生化鉴定,结果显示:样品CODE29检出肺炎克雷伯杆菌、弗氏柠檬酸杆菌和大肠埃希氏菌;样品CODE95检出阪崎肠杆菌和大肠埃希氏菌。结论本次乳粉样品中克罗诺杆菌属(阪崎肠杆菌)检测能力验证结果合格,为提高相关微生物实验室的检测能力提供参考。     

16S rDNA技术在乳粉阪崎肠杆菌监测中的应用

通过对婴幼儿奶粉中阪崎肠杆菌的检测,利用16S r DNA基因测序方法验证沙门显色培养基上分离到的蓝绿色的菌落进行监控的必要性。在进行监测的环境和原料样品中,通过对依据GB4789.4-2010监测沙门氏菌时从沙门氏菌显色培养基上分离出的,经API20E鉴定为阳性的阪崎肠杆菌的蓝绿色菌落进行基因测序。利用Micro SEQ ID微生物鉴定系统(ABI)进行16S r DNA基因测序分析,构建系统发育树,鉴定种属。结果表明:7株从沙门显色培养基上分离到的环境中的阪崎肠杆菌,经16S r DNA基因测序验证其中5株为阪崎肠杆菌,其余两株均为梨形肠杆菌。2株从沙门显色培养基上分离到的原料中的阪崎肠杆菌,经16S r DNA基因测序验证一株为梨形肠杆菌,另一株为溶解肠杆菌。实验过程中的9株菌,被证实为阪崎肠杆菌阳性的为5株,比例高达55.6%。由此可见,对沙门显色培养基上蓝绿色菌落进行监控十分必要,这一结论也为乳品企业中阪崎肠杆菌的防治、排查及溯源提供依据。     

应用VITEK全自动微生物鉴定系统检测婴儿配方奶粉中阪崎肠杆菌

基于对婴儿配方奶粉中微生物安全性问题的关注，本实验对婴儿配方奶粉中阪崎肠杆菌的检测方法进行了初步研究。应用VITEK32自动微生物鉴定系统对人工污染的婴儿配方奶粉中的阪崎肠杆菌进行检测，获得与美国食品药品管理局（FDA）推荐的API 20E生化鉴定方法一致的结果。     

辣椒粉中检出阪崎肠杆菌

目的—验证辣椒粉中阪崎肠杆菌存在状况.方法—采用国家标准GB 4789.40-2010,应用VITEK 32全自动微生物鉴定及药敏系统进行检验.结果—从辣椒粉中检出阪崎肠杆菌.结论—阪崎肠杆菌存在于辣椒粉调味品中,存在较大的安全隐患.     

奶粉中阪崎肠杆菌PCR和荧光PCR检测方法的研究

建立了奶粉中可致婴幼儿高死亡率的阪崎肠杆菌的PCR和荧光PCR检测方法。利用细菌16S和23SrDNA的保守区设计通用引物,对6株阪崎肠杆菌16S-23SrDNA间区序列(ITS)进行扩增和测序,在比对阪崎肠杆菌ITS序列的基础上,设计了11条PCR和荧光PCR检测引物,组合成30对PCR引物,并筛选出一对种特异性引物,建立了奶粉中阪崎肠杆菌PCR和荧光PCR检测方法。用10株阪崎肠杆菌,18株近源菌株验证实验表明,本文所建立的PCR和荧光PCR方法特异性强;加菌实验表明,奶粉样品中阪崎肠杆菌检测低限为(2.2～5.4)CFU/100g,灵敏度高;新建的PCR和荧光PCR方法与FDABAM(美国食品及药品管理局微生物分析手册)方法比对实验表明,三种方法的检测结果完全一致。由于PCR和荧光PCR检测方法快速、可靠,因此可替代传统检验方法。     

中国市售配方粉中阪崎肠杆菌和其它肠杆菌的污染状况

目的:调查和研究我国市售配方粉中阪崎肠杆菌和其它肠杆菌的污染状况。方法:采用传统的微生物学分离和鉴定方法检测212份市售配方粉中阪崎肠杆菌和其它肠杆菌。试验采用无菌水增菌、EE肉汤选择性增菌、VRBGA平板选择性分离、TSA平板分离培养和生化鉴定等。结果:从11份配方粉中分离到阪崎肠杆菌(占检测样品总数的5.19%),从103份样品中检出肠杆菌(占检测样品总数的48.58%)。检出的肠杆菌包括:泛菌属某些种、肺炎克雷伯氏菌、阴沟肠杆菌、醋酸钙-鲍曼复合不动杆菌、阪崎肠杆菌、非脱羧勒克氏菌、伤口埃希氏菌和大肠埃希氏菌等。结论:配方粉中肠杆菌的污染可能会导致婴幼儿,特别是婴儿的严重感染。本研究结果将有助于针对我国市售配方粉的卫生预防和控制。     

LAMP法在阪崎肠杆菌快速检测中的应用

针对阪崎肠杆菌的ompA基因设计4条特异性引物(2条内引物、2条外引物),建立一种快速检测阪崎肠杆菌的DNA环介导恒温扩增法(LAMP)。通过对2株阪崎肠杆菌标准菌株、24株阪崎肠杆菌分离株和18株非阪崎肠杆菌测试,结果表明此方法具有很高的特异性;对其灵敏度进行检验,发现该方法的最低检测限可以达到8CFU/mL,具有较好的敏感性。在1份实验室能力验证盲样和26份实际奶粉样品中应用发现,该方法与传统生化方法结果吻合,具有较好的可靠性。     

Comparison of three chromogenic media and evaluation of two molecular-based identification systems for the detection of Enterobacter sakazakii from environmental samples from infant formulae factories

Enterobacter sakazakii is an occasional contaminant of powdered infant formula that can cause rare but severe foodborne infections in infants. To determine optimal methods for the detection and identification of E. sakazakii, 38 naturally contaminated samples from infant formulae factories were analyzed by two PCR-based methods and by a method (TS 22964/RM 210) developed by the International Organization for Standardization and the International Dairy Federation (ISO-IDF) using three different commercial chromogenic agars. The ISO-IDF method includes two enrichment steps, plating of the second enrichment broth on E. sakazakii isolation agar (a chromogenic selective agar), picking of five typical colonies for transfer onto tryptone soy agar, and subsequent confirmation of yellow-pigmented colonies by biochemical characterization. Twenty-two of the 38 samples were positive by the culture method. E. sakazakii isolation agar (ESIA; AES Laboratoires), COMPASS agar (Biokar Diagnostics), and Druggan-Forsythe-Iversen agar (Oxoid) compared favorably with violet red bile glucose agar (VRBG, a selective medium for Enterobacteriaceae), with positive predictive values of 86.96, 88, and 74.07%, respectively, in contrast to 47.83% for VRBG. One additional positive sample was detected using the nonpatented real-time PCR method evaluated, and those results were in 97.3% concordance with the ISO-IDF results. Some discrepancies between the results of the DuPont Qualicon BAX system and those of the ISO-IDF method could be explained by heterogeneity of contamination and sampling. Thus, both PCR-based systems were suitable for detecting and specifically identifying E. sakazakii within 1 to 2 days, and COMPASS agar and ESIA could be used interchangeably as a first-step medium to isolate presumptive E. sakazakii colonies.     

A simple and rapid cultural method for detection of Enterobacter sakazakii in environmental samples

A method was developed to detect and identify Enterobacter sakazakii in environmental samples. The method is based on selective enrichment at 45+/-0.5 degrees C in lauryl sulfate tryptose broth supplemented with 0.5 M NaCl and 10 mg/liter vancomycin (mLST) for 22 to 24 h followed by streaking on tryptone soy agar with bile salts. When exposed to light during incubation at 37 degrees C, E. sakazakii produces yellow colonies within 24 h; identification was confirmed by testing for alpha-glucosidase activity and by using API 20E strips. All of the E. sakazakii strains tested (n = 99) were able to grow in mLST at 45+/-0.5 degrees C, whereas 35 of 39 strains of potential competitors, all belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae, were suppressed. A survey was carried out with 192 environmental samples from four different milk powder factories. Using this new protocol, E. sakazakii was isolated from almost 40% of the samples, whereas the reference procedure (enrichment in buffered peptone water, isolation on violet red bile glucose agar, and biochemical identification of randomly chosen colonies) only yielded 26% positive results. This selective method can be very useful for the rapid and reliable detection of E. sakazakii in environmental samples.     

建立一种快速检测坂歧肠杆菌的方法

目的:建立快速检测婴儿配方奶制品(IFM)中坂歧肠杆菌的方法。方法:选择ATCC坂歧肠杆菌标准株,对不同的增菌性培养基、选择性培养基和显色培养基进行研究;结合VITEK仪和API20E细菌鉴定系统,构建快速检测配方奶制品中坂歧肠杆菌的方法。结果:建立的快速检测配方奶制品中坂歧肠杆菌的方法,所需检验流程为72h,方法灵敏度为2CUF/g,能有效区别于阴沟杆菌、产气杆菌等肠杆菌科细菌;方法应用稳定;操作简单、方法可靠,适宜规模化检测。结论:本研究认为,所建立的快速检测配方奶制品中坂歧肠杆菌的方法适宜检验检疫的工作要求,能有效地发现配方奶制品中坂歧肠杆菌的污染情况。     

Evaluation of different methods for the detection and identification of Enterobacter sakazakii isolated from South African infant formula milks and the processing environment

Enterobactersakazakii is an emerging pathogen associated with life-threatening neonatal infections resulting from the consumption of contaminated powdered infant formula milk (IFM). Recent taxonomic analyses have determined that E. sakazakii comprises a number of genomospecies, and it has been proposed that E. sakazakii be reclassified as a novel genus, "Cronobacter". Accurate methods are required for the rapid detection and identification of this group of micro-organisms, since even low cell numbers have been reported to cause disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate various E. sakazakii detection methods in order to ascertain the most suitable method for detection and identification of these pathogenic agents. Samples from IFM and the environment were evaluated for the presence of E. sakazakii using the isolation steps (pre-enrichment, enrichment and selection) described in the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) method for E. sakazakii detection. Sixty-four isolates (50 from IFM and 14 from the environment) were selected from tryptone soy agar (TSA), regardless of colony appearance, and these isolates were identified by 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequencing. Thereafter, different culture-dependent and culture-independent methods were evaluated to accurately detect and identify the E. sakazakii isolates. These methods included the assessment of yellow pigment production on TSA, typical colonies on chromogenic Druggan-Forsythe-Iversen (DFI) and Chromocult(R) Enterobacter sakazakii (CES) media and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using six different species-specific primer pairs described in the literature. Identification of E. sakazakii using yellow pigment production was demonstrated to have a low sensitivity, specificity and accuracy (87%, 71% and 74%, respectively), which lowers the suitability of the FDA method. Chromogenic DFI and CES media were sensitive, specific and accurate (100%, 98% and 98%, respectively) for the detection of E. sakazakii. The specificity of the PCR amplifications ranged from 8% to 92%, emphasising the need for rigorous primer testing against closely related species. Of the primer pairs evaluated, Esakf/Esakr were the most suitable for E. sakazakii detection and identification. The detection limit of Esakf/Esakr was found to be 10(4) CFU/ml. This study demonstrated that no single method was capable of unambiguously confirming the presence and identity of E. sakazakii isolates, that each method had inherent advantages and disadvantages, and that in most cases several methods were required for accurate detection and identification. Further, it was demonstrated that the current FDA method for E. sakazakii detection should be revised in the light of the availability of more sensitive, specific and accurate detection methods.     

A selective differential medium for Enterobacter sakazakii, a preliminary study

Enterobacter sakazakii can cause fatal invasive infection of neonates associated with the presence of this organism in powdered infant milk formula. A new chromogenic medium (Druggan-Forsythe-Iversen agar, DFI) is described for the selective detection of this emergent pathogen. The medium is based on the alpha-glucosidase reaction which is detected using 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-alpha,D-glucopyranoside (XalphaGlc). Ent. sakazakii hydrolyses this substrate to an indigo pigment, producing blue-green colonies on this medium. DFI was compared with the current method of detection on violet red bile glucose agar (VRBGA) followed by pigment production on tryptone soy agar (TSA) after 48-72 h at 25 degrees C and subsequent biochemical profile determination using Biomerieux API20E. Ninety-five clinical and food strains of Ent. sakazakii were detected on the DFI chromogenic medium 2 days sooner than the alternative method. The characteristics of 148 strains representing 17 genera of non-Ent. sakazakii Enterobacteriaceae were compared using the two methods. Only 16/18 Escherichia vulneris strains, 2/3 strains of Pantoea spp. and 1/8 Citrobacter koseri strains gave false positive results on DFI agar. Eight alpha-glucosidase positive strains were identified as Pantoea using their API20E biochemical profile, but had higher percentage identification as Ent. sakazakii using ID32E. Therefore the DFI medium enables the detection of Ent. sakazakii within mixed cultures of Enterobacteriaceae, whereas the organism could be missed when using VRBGA since the latter is a general Enterobacteriaceae selective medium. In addition, the common use of API20E to check yellow pigmented colonies on TSA may lead to false negative results and consequently the acceptance of a batch of infant formula milk (IFM) that contains Ent. sakazakii.     

A chromogenic plating medium for the isolation and identification of Enterobacter sakazakii from foods, food ingredients, and environmental sources

A chromogenic agar, R&F Enterobacter sakazakii chromogenic plating medium (ESPM), was developed for isolating presumptive colonies of E. sakazakii from foods and environmental sources. ESPM contains two chromogenic substrates (5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indoxyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside and 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indoxyl-beta-D-cellobioside), three sugars (sorbitol, D-arabitol, and adonitol), a pH indicator, and inhibitors (bile salts, vancomycin, and cefsulodin), which all contribute to its selectivity and differential properties. On ESPM, 79 pure culture strains of E. sakazakii (10 clinical isolates and others from food and environmental sources) yielded blue-black (three strains were blue-gray) raised colonies, 1 to 2 mm in diameter with and without halos after 24 h at 35 degrees C. Other enteric organisms plus Pseudomonas aeruginosa yielded white, yellow, green, or clear colonies with and without clear halos. Of these genera, only Shigella sonnei and one Pantoea strain produced blue-black to blue-gray colonies. ESPM was used to isolate E. sakazakii from a variety of foods: corn, wheat, and rice flours; powdered infant formula; dairy products (dried milk, whey, and caseinates); cereals; and environmental sources. Most false-positive results on ESPM were eliminated by observing acid production on either sucrose or melibiose after 6 h at 35 degrees C on a R&F E. sakazakii screening medium (ESSM) biplate. In an analysis of 240 samples, the number of samples positive for E. sakazakii by the ESPM-ESSM method and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration protocols (violet red bile glucose agar and tryptic soy agar) were 27 and 16, respectively, with sensitivity and specificity values of 100.0 and 96.9% versus 59.3 and 43.7%, respectively. These data support the fact that E. sakazakii confirmation should be based on more than one confirmation system. Both the API 20E and Biolog Microlog3 4.20 systems should be used for confirmation of E. sakazakii isolates.     

Development of an immobilization and detection method of Enterobacter sakazakii from powdered infant formula

Enterobacter sakazakii is an emerging opportunistic pathogen that is associated with rare but life-threatening cases of meningitis, necrotizing enterocolitis, and sepsis in premature and full-term infants. In the present study, a procedure was developed for immobilization of E. sakazakii with zirconium hydroxide coupled with detection by a species-specific duplex PCR, based on 16s-23s rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and ompA gene. Specificity of duplex PCR was tested against two-type strains, six isolates of E. sakazakii and other eight non-E. sakazakii species. When pure culture of E. sakazakii was used for immobilization, total recovery rate ranged from 79.4% to 99.6% of input bacteria, and the detection limit of duplex PCR was 3x10(5)CFU/ml. Different levels of E. sakazakii were inoculated into 90ml reconstituted powdered infant formula (PIF), and detection limit of duplex PCR was 3x10(0)CFU/ml with 24-30h enrichment after immobilization. When the experiment was performed in the presence of 10(2)CFU/ml Salmonella typhimurium, the detection limit of duplex PCR was not affected after enrichment. Seven out of 13 commercial PIF were detected positive by duplex PCR after immobilization, while only three were positive by biological methods. This study demonstrates that the combination of immobilization method with duplex PCR is easy, rapid, and efficient, and may have applications for the detection of E. sakazakii in more PIF samples.     

乳粉中阪崎肠杆菌污染检测试剂盒的研制

目的：以乳粉中污染的阪崎肠杆菌（Enterobacter sakazakii）为检测目标,开发一种能快速检测其污染的试剂盒。方法：以两株阪崎肠杆菌单克隆抗体分别为包被抗体和检测抗体,建立双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附实验方法,优化各个反应条件,制成在2 h内能发生显色反应的检测试剂盒。结果：包被抗体的最佳工作质量浓度为10 μg/mL,检测抗体的最佳稀释倍数为1∶5 000。试剂盒的检测限为104 CFU/mL,在104～108 CFU/mL范围内OD450 nm值与阪崎肠杆菌浓度的常用对数值呈线性关系。特异性实验中,试剂盒可检出3 株阪崎肠杆菌标准菌株,对其他9 株食品中常见致病菌的检测均呈阴性。模拟带菌实验中,初始菌浓度为1 CFU/mL的模拟样品经过8 h前增菌后,通过该试剂盒便可检出。该试剂盒的批内、批间变异系数均小于6%,至少可在室温保存6 个月。结论：该双抗体夹心试剂盒具有灵敏度高、特异性好、精密度高、稳定性强等优点,可应用于乳粉中阪崎肠杆菌的快速检测。