不同焊接速度下Z K60镁合金自持式搅拌摩擦焊接头的显微组织

在不同焊接速度(100～400mm·min~(-1))下对3mm厚ZK60镁合金进行自持式搅拌摩擦焊接,研究了接头的显微组织。结果表明:接头焊核区截面呈哑铃形,在1/4轴肩半径处的后退侧焊核区上表面存在流动图案,在前进侧热机影响区存在向焊核区生长的带状组织;在不同焊接速度下,前进侧热机影响区与焊核区之间存在明显的界面,热机影响区材料发生塑性变形,并发生部分动态再结晶;在不同焊接速度下,前进侧焊核区均发生了动态再结晶,当焊接速度为300,400mm·min~(-1)时,此焊核区由细小的等轴状再结晶晶粒组成,其定向流动形貌消失。     

热处理对AZ31B镁合金搅拌摩擦焊焊接接头显微组织和显微硬度的影响

对AZ31B镁合金进行搅拌摩擦焊接及焊后热处理,研究了热处理前后焊接接头显微组织及显微硬度的变化规律。结果表明:随着退火温度的升高,AZ31B镁合金搅拌摩擦焊接接头前进侧和后退侧的分界线逐渐消失;在热处理过程中,由于焊核区所吸收的能量主要用于晶粒的长大,而热影响区和热机影响区结合区域在再结晶时消耗了较多的能量,导致了焊核区晶粒的长大速率大于热影响区和热机影响区结合区域的;当退火温度低于200℃时,热机影响区的显微硬度高于焊核区,并且前进侧热机影响区的显微硬度略高于后退侧的;当退火温度高于250℃后,热机影响区的显微硬度显著下降;随着退火温度的升高,热影响区的显微硬度略有下降。     

7075铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接接头组织和力学性能分析

利用搅拌摩擦焊方法对10 mm厚7075铝合金板材进行对接焊接试验,并对不同焊接工艺参数的接头进行微观组织观察和力学性能分析。结果表明:焊核区和热机影响区的晶粒,当焊接速度一定,旋转速度与晶粒尺寸呈正相关;焊核区的晶粒,当旋转速度一定时,焊接速度与晶粒呈负相关。焊接接头维氏显微硬度值呈现出不左右对称的"W"形,焊核区的硬度值比热机影响区和热影响区高;前进侧热影响区的硬度值比后退侧热影响区的硬度值小,且为整个焊接接头维氏硬度最低值,焊接接头在前进侧的热机影响区断裂,为韧性断裂;搅拌摩擦焊焊接接头前进侧存在"软化"现象;当旋转速度为900 r/min、焊接速度为90 mm/min时,试件的抗拉强度为454 MPa、延伸率为5.9%,力学性能最好。     

焊接速度对镁/铝异种合金搅拌摩擦焊接头显微组织与力学性能的影响

在不同焊接速度(23.5,47.5,75.0mm·min~(-1))下采用搅拌摩擦焊技术对AZ31镁合金和6061铝合金进行对接焊,研究了焊接速度对接头显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:不同速度焊接后,接头焊核区存在条带状组织,焊核区晶粒发生细化;在前进侧焊核区/热机影响区界面处生成了少量金属间化合物Al_3Mg_2和Al_(12)Mg_(17);随着焊接速度的降低,各区域的晶粒尺寸有所增大,材料混合均匀程度有所增强;随着焊接速度的增大,后退侧不同区域的硬度均先降后增,前进侧的硬度整体呈增大趋势,接头的抗拉强度和屈服强度均有所下降;拉伸断裂均发生在接头前进侧焊核区/热机影响区界面处,断裂模式均为脆性断裂。     

7050铝合金搅拌摩擦焊焊接接头的组织与冲击韧性

用优选后的工艺参数对6.3 mm厚7050铝合金板进行搅拌摩擦焊对接焊接,分析了接头的组织与冲击韧性。结果表明:接头的焊核和轴肩影响区组织为细小等轴晶,热影响区组织稍有粗化现象,前进侧热机影响区晶粒发生了较大程度的变形,后退侧晶粒变形程度较小;接头显微硬度呈"W"形分布,热影响区和热机影响区的硬度较低,母材和焊核区的硬度较高,焊核区硬度从底部到顶部依次增大;接头冲击韧性优于母材的,焊核区、热影响区和母材冲击断口中有较多的韧窝,呈典型的韧性断裂特征。     

异种铝合金搅拌摩擦焊工艺研究

研究了7075/5083异种铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头形貌及拉剪强度。采用光学显微镜对接头微观组织进行分析,研究发现焊接接头呈非对称分布,前进侧材料混合更加充分,后退侧界面附近存在孔洞缺陷;整个横截面可以分为母材、热影响区、热机影响区和焊核区,焊核区存在洋葱环形貌。拉剪实验结果表明,随着旋转速度的增加,接头的拉剪强度提升,但是由于接头存在孔洞缺陷,最高拉剪强度仅有120 MPa。     

7075-T6铝合金搅拌摩擦焊组织及性能分析

选用旋转速度400～500 rpm、焊接速度100～140 mm/min的工艺参数对厚度16 mm的7075-T6铝合金板进行搅拌摩擦焊接,分析并讨论焊接接头的显微组织及力学性能.结果表明,7075-T6搅拌摩擦焊焊接接头由焊核区、轴肩影响区、热机影响区和热影响区组成.焊核区及轴肩影响区为细小的再结晶等轴晶组织;热机影...     

6061-T6铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的组织和性能

对4mm厚6061-T6铝合金进行了搅拌摩擦焊焊接,采用组织观察,拉伸试验和静态腐蚀失重试验对搅拌摩擦焊接头的显微组织和力学性能及腐蚀性能进行了研究。结果表明:接头焊核区发生了动态再结晶,形成了细小的等轴晶,热机影响区晶粒发生了较大程度的变形,热影响区晶粒发生了粗化;焊接速度为160mm·min-1时,接头的抗拉强度达到215MPa,为母材的76%,接头的断裂形式为韧性断裂;接头显微硬度分布曲线呈W形,沿焊缝中心线基本对称,前进边热影响区硬度低于母材的,是接头的薄弱环节;焊接速度为160mm·min-1时,焊缝的耐蚀性比母材的好。     

5mm厚6005A-T6铝合金双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊接头的组织及性能

采用自主设计的双轴肩搅拌工具对5mm厚6005A-T6铝合金进行搅拌摩擦对接焊,研究了接头的组织和性能。结果表明:焊缝成形较好,焊接接头由焊核区、热机影响区、热影响区及母材组成,前进侧热影响区和热机影响区分界明显;接头横截面硬度呈"W"形分布,前进侧热机影响区和热影响区界面处硬度最小,约为60HV;接头的抗拉强度为205 MPa,拉伸断裂方式为韧性断裂,断裂位置位于前进侧热机影响区和热影响区界面处;接头的条件疲劳极限为96.6 MPa,裂纹源为靠近上表面的氧化物夹杂,疲劳断口瞬断区呈韧窝形貌。     

6063-T6铝合金搅拌摩擦焊组织与力学性能研究

采用搅拌摩擦焊(Friction stir welding, FSW)对10mm的6063-T6铝合金分别进行单、双面焊接,并探究焊接速度对接头微观组织及力学性能变化的影响。结果表明,单双面焊接接头"S"线形貌基本保持一致且集中在前进侧轴肩影响区,单面焊有更明显的洋葱环形貌。焊核区中部区域等轴晶晶粒尺寸小于上部轴肩影响区,且单面焊焊核区晶粒尺寸大于双面焊。搅拌摩擦焊旋转速度为1 500r/min,焊接速度由300mm/min增至1 400mm/min时,接头力学性能先升高后降低,且双面焊接头力学性能始终优于单面焊。接头抗拉强度峰值为187MPa,断裂位置多位于后退侧热影响区,与接头最低硬度位置保持一致,主要断裂模式为韧性断裂。     

Theoretical and experimental investigation into friction stir welding of AA 5086

This research investigates the relationship between the microstructures of thermomechanically affected zone (TMAZ) and heat input in friction stir welding (FSW) of 5086 aluminum alloy. First, welding heat input has been predicted using a three-dimensional finite element analysis; then, welding experiments have been carried out on annealed and work-hardened conditions to study the developed microstructures and the mechanical properties of the welded metal. The results show that the temperature field in the FSW process is asymmetrically distributed with respect to the welding line. Also, both experimental and predicted data illustrates that peak temperatures are higher on the advancing side than the retreating side. In addition, the microstructures are strongly affected by the heat input, while the grain size within the TMAZ decreases with decreasing heat input per unit length during FSW.     

Influences of rotation speed on microstructures and mechanical properties of 6061-T6 aluminum alloy joints fabricated by self-reacting friction stir welding tool

A 6061-T6 aluminum alloy was self-reacting friction stir welded by using the specially designed tool with unequal shoulder diameters at a constant welding speed of 150 mm/min to investigate the effect of rotation speed on microstructure and mechanical properties of the joints. Excessive flash on the bottom surface of the joint and groove defects on both surfaces of the joint were formed when the lower shoulder diameter was much smaller. The suitable shoulder sizes were determined as 16 and 18 mm in lower shoulder diameter and upper shoulder diameter, respectively. The grain size and the dislocation density in the weld nugget zone (WNZ) increased with increasing rotation speed. The tensile strength of joints first increased with increasing rotating speed and then decreased remarkably as a result of the formation of void defect. The joints welded at lower rotation speeds were fractured in the thermal mechanically affected zone (TMAZ). However, the fracture locations of the defect-free joints were changed to the heat affected zone (HAZ) at higher rotation speeds.     

2A14厚板铝合金SSFSW角焊缝接头组织及性能

采用自主研制搅拌针长度为8.5mm的静止轴肩搅拌工具和2A14-T4厚板铝合金进行150°角焊缝接头静止轴肩搅拌摩擦焊工艺试验,探讨焊接工艺参数对接头组织和力学性能的影响规律。结果表明:在500~700r/min主轴转速与40~100mm/min焊接速度范围内均可获得表面光滑无内部缺陷的角焊缝接头,其外观尺寸可精确控制基本无残余焊接角变形。焊缝区主要由焊核(Stir zone,SZ)组成,SZ形状类似搅拌针圆锥台状或椭圆状、其宽度沿厚度方向分布比较均匀;热力影响区(Thermal mechanical affected zone,TMAZ)及热影响区(Heat affected zone,HAZ)宽度明显较小。焊缝区硬度分布具有明显不均匀特征,最薄弱区位于TMAZ与HAZ的交界处。主轴转速变化对焊缝区平均硬度影响较小,但随着焊接速度增加其平均硬度明显增大。角焊缝前进侧等效拉伸强度大于后退侧,等效拉伸强度随转速增加而减小,焊速的增大而增大。在500r/min-100mm/min焊接工艺下所得到的接头等效拉伸强度最高,可达到母材的79.24%。在拉-剪复合承载模式下,角焊缝拉伸试样宏观塑性变形很小呈现脆性断裂特征。     

Constitutive model of friction stir weld with consideration of its inhomogeneous mechanical properties

In practical engineering, finite element(FE) modeling for weld seam is commonly simplified by neglecting its inhomogeneous mechanical properties. This will cause a significant loss in accuracy of FE forming analysis, in particular, for friction stir welded(FSW) blanks due to the large width and good formability of its weld seam. The inhomogeneous mechanical properties across weld seam need to be well characterized for an accurate FE analysis. Based on a similar AA5182 FSW blank, the metallographic observation and micro-Vickers hardness analysis upon the weld cross-section are performed to identify the interfaces of different sub-zones, i.e., heat affected zone(HAZ), thermal-mechanically affected zone(TMAZ) and weld nugget(WN). Based on the rule of mixture and hardness distribution, a constitutive model is established for each sub-zone to characterize the inhomogeneous mechanical properties across the weld seam. Uniaxial tensile tests of the AA5182 FSW blank are performed with the aid of digital image correlation(DIC) techniques. Experimental local stress-strain curves are obtained for different weld sub-zones. The experimental results show good agreement with those derived from the constitutive models, which demonstrates the feasibility and accuracy of these models. The proposed research gives an accurate characterization of inhomogeneous mechanical properties across the weld seam produced by FSW, which provides solutions for improving the FE simulation accuracy of FSW sheet forming.     

时效温度对马氏体不锈钢激光焊接接头组织和性能的影响

对Fe-Cr-Ni-Mo-Ti型(0Cr13Ni7MoTi)马氏体时效不锈钢激光焊接接头进行不同温度时效处理,时效温度选择在420～580℃范围内。激光焊接接头显微组织呈现出焊缝区、热影响区(Heat affected zone,HAZ)和基体三个不同区域。结果显示,在500℃以下时效处理,焊缝区、热影响区和基体主要由马氏体板条组成,在540℃及以上温度进行时效处理,三个区域均有逆转变奥氏体形成,使各区域硬度下降;焊接接头经过时效处理后各个区域的硬度变化规律不一致,时效后硬度低点出现于热影响区或基体;拉伸测试显示,不同时效态的断裂位置均与硬度低点区域一致,屈服强度在460℃时效时取得最大值,此温度时效处理的焊接接头具有最佳的拉伸性能;拉伸断口断裂机制发生由未时效的准解理断裂到时效态的韧性断裂转变。     

Effects of welding speed on microstructures and mechanical properties of AA2219-T6 welded by the reverse dual-rotation friction stir welding

Reverse dual-rotation friction stir welding (RDR-FSW) is a novel FSW technology in which the tool pin and the assisted shoulder rotates reversely, thus it has the capability to obtain appropriate welding conditions through adjusting the rotating tool pin and surrounding assisted shoulder independently. In the present study, a RDR-FSW tool system was designed and successfully applied to weld high strength aluminum alloy 2219-T6, and the effects of welding speed on microstructures and mechanical properties were investigated in detail. At a constant rotation speed of 800 rpm for both the rotating tool pin and the reversely rotating assisted shoulder, defect-free joints were obtained at welding speeds ranging from 50 to 150 mm/min, while a cavity defect appeared at the three-phase confluction on the advancing side when the welding speed increased to 200 mm/min. With increasing of the welding speed, the width of the softened region decreased, but the minimum microhardness value increased gradually. When compared with the joints welded by the conventional FSW, there is only a minor variation of the Vickers hardness across the stirring zone in the joint welded by the RDR-FSW. The maximum tensile strength 328 MPa (73.7 % of the base material) was obtained at the welding speed of 150 mm/min, while the elongation reached its maximum 7.0 % (60.9 % of the base material) at the welding speed of 100 mm/min. All defect-free joints were fractured at the weakest region with the minimum Vickers hardness, while for the joint with cavity defects the fracture occurred at the defect location. The tensile fracture was in the ductile fracture mode.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of laser-MIG hybrid welding of 1420 Al-Li alloy

This paper investigates the microstructure and mechanical properties of 1420 aluminum–lithium (Al-Li) alloy joints before and after heat treatment by CO₂ laser-metal inter gas (MIG) hybrid welding. The 5-mm-thick 1420 Al-Li alloy plates were welded by CO₂ laser-MIG hybrid welding. Full penetration joints without any defects were produced. Optic and scanning electron microscopy were used to study the microstructure and fractograph characteristics. The results show that the microstructures of the heat-affected zone (HAZ) and fusion zone exist as a predominantly discontinuous equiaxed dendritic structure and as a fine cellular dendritic structure, respectively. After heat treatment, the microstructures change from dendritic structure to a spheroidal crystal; the grain size of fusion zone is obviously larger than that of the base metal and the HAZ. Furthermore, the hardness recovers substantially to a level similar to that of the parent material. The tensile strengths of the joints in the as-welded condition and after heat treatment are 223 and 267 MPa, reaching up to 57 and 68 % of the parent materials’ strength, respectively. The fractographs show that the joint as-welded condition exhibits the characteristics of dominated dimples and a small amount tear ridges, which are associated with the mixed ductile and brittle facture mechanisms. The fracture mode transforms from a transgranular to an intergranular after heat treatment; cleavage cracking coupled with an intergranular microvoid coalescence fracture mechanism occurs.     

动车铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头疲劳性能的研究

分析了动车用6005A铝合金的搅拌摩擦焊接头的显微组织及疲劳性能。研究表明:接头表面有Al2O3生成,接头焊核区是细小的等轴晶,并有"洋葱环"形貌,热影响区晶粒粗大,接头的疲劳强度低于母材,但高于MIG焊,疲劳断口为韧窝与准解理的混合断口。     

铝合金双面双弧同步立焊工艺特征与接头组织性能分析

采用双面双弧同步立焊工艺方法,对8 mm厚5083铝合金进行自熔试验,I形坡口一次熔透,焊缝成形美观。通过调节两侧电弧热量配比研究熔池成形规律,并从焊接接头的微观组织、力学性能分析其连接机理。研究结果表明,随着热输入的增加,双面双弧同步立焊热量加速集聚,熔深以三次幂函数的速度增大。双面双弧同步立焊接头轮廓呈“双曲线形”,而相同热输入下的单面焊接头则呈“倒马鞍形”。总热输入一定的情况下,双面双弧接头正面熔宽随能量配比系数的增大而增大,反面熔宽随能量配比系数的增大而减小,中间熔宽基本不变,熔化面积随能量配比系数的增大先增大后减小;能量配比系数一定时,随着焊速的增大,接头熔宽和熔化面积均减小。母材组织为条带状纤维织构,热影响区发生静态回复与再结晶,变形组织消失,产生新晶粒,焊缝区主要由α-Al固溶体、β相(Al8Mg5)质点和骨骼状的Mg2Si析出相组成。焊缝的抗拉强度随着能量配比系数的增大而减小,拉伸断裂形式为韧性断裂。热影响区出现软化现象,双弧交汇区硬度低于正面焊缝区。     

Wear behaviour of a steel weld-joint

A series of experiments has been carried out to examine the dry sliding wear behaviour of the different regimes of a single pass steel weld-joint vis-à-vis their microstructures and micro-hardness characteristics. Wear tests have been performed on two types of specimen configurations: first, on limited regions of the weld-joint exhibiting a specific microstructure, and second, continuously from the weld metal to the base metal via the heat affected zone (HAZ). The former type of experiments was found capable in delineating the wear characteristics of the base metal, weld metal and the different regimes of the HAZ. The wear behaviour of the varied regimes of the weld-joint, specifically that of the different sub-zones of the HAZ, has been explained using their microstructures, initial micro-hardness, work hardening during wear and their inherent residual stresses. This is a first report on the sequential wear behaviour of a weld-joint.