石墨—金属摩擦副的静摩擦系数

对三种石墨材料与金属Ｃｕ１７Ｎｉ２配对摩擦副的静摩擦系数进行了测试。,测定了不同温度,载荷,润滑方式下的静摩擦系数。试验发现：温度对静摩擦系数的影响较小;油润滑条件下的静摩擦系数最小。     

Stick-Slip Motions in the Friction Force Microscope: Effects of Tip Compliance

When a microcantilever with a nanoscale tip is scanned laterally over a surface to measure the nanoscale frictional forces, the onset of stick-slip tip motions is an extremely important phenomenon that signals the onset of lateral friction forces. In this article, we investigate theoretically the influence of tip and microcantilever compliance on this phenomenon. We show that static considerations alone cannot predict uniquely the onset of single or multiple atom slip events. Instead, the nonlinear dynamics of the tip during a slip event need to be carefully investigated to determine if the tip evolves to a single or multiple atom stick-slip motions. The results suggest that the relative compliances of the tip and microcantilever can be engineered to induce single or multiple atom stick-slip events and thus control lateral friction forces at the nanoscale.     

Macroscopic Evidence of Thermally Activated Friction with Polytetrafluoroethylene

Under macroscopic pin-on-disk testing the sliding friction coefficient of Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) was investigated over a temperature range of approximately 200–400 K. This study examines the nature of the temperature dependence by testing PTFE pins at varying temperature and humidity on a linear reciprocating pin-on-disk tribometer. The friction coefficient increased monotonically with decreasing temperature from μ = 0.075to μ = 0.210 in a manner consistent with thermal activation; it deviated from this trend only during phase and glass transitions in the PTFE and temperatures below the frost-points for the respective environments.     

Determination of the Friction Coefficient During Glass Polishing

In this paper, the friction coefficient was measured using a computer-controlled electrical system. The obtained results of the friction behavior during the polishing process indicate that the friction coefficient increases in the first minutes of polishing and then tends to be stable. The effect of some polishing parameters such as velocity and polishing pad nature was studied. It was found that these parameters have an important influence on the friction behavior. Indeed, it was found that the increase of the velocity reduces the friction coefficient. However, the nature of the polishing pads produces enormous variation of the friction coefficient.     

Load Induced Microstructure Evolution and Friction in an Organic Monolayer Self-assembled on a Silicon Substrate

In sliding of organic self-assembled monolayer against a probe the friction force is generally found to vary linearly with normal load. Here, lateral force microscopy is used to track the physical changes at the interface brought about when an octadecyltrichlorosilane monolayer, self-assembled on a silicon wafer, is slid against a Si₃N₄ tip in the 0–30 nN load range. Regarding a morphologically heterogeneous monolayer domain to be made up of tiles of characteristic friction forces, each tile is in a unique physical state; the variation of area fraction (in a scan area) of each tile is tracked as a function of normal load. The area averaged friction force at a load is obtained by summing the fractional forces of constituent friction tiles. The friction force obtained thus, is found to vary linearly with normal tip load. It is observed that this force is dominated by the low-friction crystalline tiles at low loads and by the high friction more amorphous tiles at high loads. This suggests that for a self- assembled monolayer the load governance of friction as implied by the Amontons Law may be attributed to the physical changes that are brought about at the interface by changing the normal load.     

Hybrid Atomistic/Continuum Study of Contact and Friction Between Rough Solids

A hybrid simulation method is used to study the effect of atomic structure and self-affine roughness on non-adhesive contact and friction between two-dimensional surfaces. Rough-on-flat and rough-on-rough contact are compared as a function of system size up to several micrometers. In order to contrast elastic and plastic behavior, interactions within the deformable substrate are either harmonic or Lennard-Jones. The ratio of lattice constants in the solids is varied to examine the effect of commensurability. In all cases the true area of contact rises linearly with load, but the slope is much larger than expected from continuum calculations. These calculations considered a continuous distribution of surface heights that is appropriate for large scales, rather than the discrete height distribution of the crystalline surfaces used here. The ratio of contact area to load depends on the ratio of lattice constants in the solids and varies with system size in small systems that deform plastically. While some dislocations are observed, plasticity is dominated by an asperity flattening mechanism where surface atoms are displaced into a lower layer. The kinetic friction rises linearly with load and is independent of system size, as predicted by Amontons’s laws. Variations in friction with commensurability are smaller for rough surfaces than for flat surfaces, because most of the contact area is in small patches. Asperity flattening increases patch sizes and thus the effect of commensurability on friction. Rough-on-rough contact leads to additional friction associated with the local slope of the contacting regions.

Rolling Friction in a Micro Tribosystem

Pin-on-disc apparatus was used to investigate the effect of temperature on the dry sliding friction characteristics of a Zr-based bulk metallic glass (BMG) near its glass transition temperature (T _g = 625 K) (an analogous phenomenon in crystalline metals called the ductile-brittle transition). Unexpected variation in frictional behavior was observed in the temperature range of 603–643 K, suggesting that the glass transition and formation of protective oxide layers played roles in the tribological properties of BMG. An explanation of the behavior is given based on Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) analysis.     

Effects of Environment on Friction and Wear of Al-Si Alloy Impregnated Graphite Composite

Pin-on-disk-type wear experiments for an Al-Si alloy impregnated graphite composite (pin) in contact with a bearing steel (disk) were conducted at 100N normal load (100 Newtons) in air, argon, and deionized water to investigate the effects of environment on the tribological characteristics of the composite. The friction and wear behavior and the pin-lifting phenomenon due to wear particle ingress into the contact surfaces were continuously measured during the experiments. At low relative humidity (RH) levels, the friction coefficients in air and argon are high (0.32 to 0.39) and decrease with increasing RH to values around 0.2. The friction coefficients in air have reached a minimum of 0.15 to 0.17 between 50 and 70% RH and increased slightly at 80% RH. The friction coefficients in argon are constant at about 0.2 between 10 and 80% RH. Because of the lubricating action of a water film, the friction coefficient in deionized water is slightly lower (0.1 to 0.17) than that in air. The mean wear rate of 10^?4 to 8 × 10^?4 mm ³ /mm (specific wear rate; w _s = 10 ^?6 to 8 × 10^{? 6} mm ² /N) is very high in a severe wear regime at RH levels lower than 10% in air, decreases with increasing RH to a minimum in the middle RH range (30 to 60%), and increases slightly at RH levels higher than 70%. Although the mean contact pressure is very high (31.8 MPa), mild wear with the rates of 10^?8 to 10^?7 mm ³ /mm (w _s = 10^?10 to 10^?9 mm ² /N) occurs in the middle RH range. The same change in wear with RH as that in air is found in argon but the wear rate in argon is slightly lower than the wear rate in air. The height of the pin-lifting, having a wear reduction effect, is greater in argon than in air over almost the whole RH range. The wear rate in deionized water is nearly equal to the rate at 70% RH in air and argon.     

Embedding Wear Models into Friction Models

Frictional behavior in dry or boundary-lubricated tribosystems is commonly time-dependent. Examples include phenomena like running-in, scuffing initiation, adhesive transfer, coating wear-through, and lubricant starvation. Fundamental models for the sliding friction coefficient usually focus either on determining a steady–state value or on predicting periodic behavior like stick-slip. They often neglect the details of long- and short-period frictional transients, some of which are quite repeatable. In addition to generating heat, frictional work is known to be dissipated in several ways, including roughness changes, wear particle generation, tribomaterial evolution, and microstructural alteration. Pairs of materials can display identical average friction coefficients but significantly different wear processes because frictional work is dissipated differently from one pair of materials to the next. The attributes of friction-versus-time behavior for combinations of metals, ceramics, and polymers can be comprised of stages whose understanding may require the development of piecewise friction models that include wear. This paper discusses past work on the subject, exemplifies embedding a simple wear model into a friction-versus-time model, and indicates how friction process diagrams can play a role.     

Friction and a Tribochemical Reaction between Ice and Hexagonal Boron Nitride: A Theoretical Study

Friction between ice-Ih and hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) has been determined by periodic ab initio calculations. Surfaces of ice-Ih and h-BN were brought into sliding contact, and the interaction energies were calculated as a function of interplanar distance and lateral displacement of the surfaces. The friction between the surfaces was calculated from the interaction energies, producing a friction coefficient of 0.140. Friction is further influenced at high loads by a tribochemical reaction between ice-Ih and h-BN.     

Thermal-Induced Wear Mechanisms of Sheet Nacre in Dry Friction

Sheet nacre is a natural biocomposite with a multiscale structure including a mineral phase of calcium carbonate (97 wt.%) and two organic matrices (3 wt.%). The mineral phase is constituted by an arrangement of CaCO₃ biocrystal nanograins (ca 40 nm in size) drowned in an “intracrystalline” organic matrix (4 nm thick) in order to form a microsized flat organomineral aragonite platelet. These platelets are themselves surrounded by an “intercrystalline” organic matrix (40 nm thick) building up a very tough materials. This microarchitecture referred to as “bricks and mortar” nacre structure, is mainly studied for the creation of new organic/inorganic hybrid materials. Currently, only little is known about the nacre mechanical behaviour under dynamical loading and more particularly under tribological conditions which involve shocks and thermal effects simultaneously. This paper brings out the thermal-induced damage mechanisms effect on the wear of sheet nacre by the assessment of the thermal component of the friction with a scanning thermal microscope. Results reveal that the mean contact pressure is the main driving force involved in the degradation of the organic constituents. For the lowest mean contact pressure (<0.4 MPa), wear is rather weak because the friction-induced thermal component is not sufficient for degrading the organic matrices. In contrast, beyond 0.4 MPa, the friction-induced contact temperature rises up over the melting point of the organic matrices, and may even reach the temperature of the aragonite–calcite phase transformation increasing dramatically the wear of sheet nacre.     

Friction mechanisms and abrasion of the human finger pad in contact with rough surfaces

The friction and abrasion behaviour of the finger pad on abrasive papers was investigated in friction experiments, combined with microscopic analyses and a protein assay to quantify skin particles abraded in friction contacts. Friction measurements at varied normal forces resulted in relatively high and load-independent friction coefficients, pointing to ploughing and abrasion as important friction mechanisms. The microscopic analyses revealed that large numbers of skin particles are abraded in form of single corneocytes, corneocyte fragments and agglomerates of corneocytes. In addition, micro-scratches were observed on the epidermal ridges of the finger pad after friction contacts. In friction measurements at the same conditions, the amount of abraded skin particles varied for abrasive papers with different roughness, while friction coefficients were comparable.     

摩擦焊接及其工艺发展

摩擦焊是一种先进的制造工艺,在各行各业中有着广泛的应用,文章介绍了摩擦焊接的特点、分类、常见缺陷及最新工艺的发展。     

SiCp/AI有机摩擦材料摩擦磨损特性研究

对20%Vol SiCp/AI复合材料与有机摩擦材料组成的摩擦副的摩擦磨损特性进行了试验研究.试验表明:该摩擦副在不同的速度情况下都具有平稳的摩擦系数.摩擦系数在一定速度范围内随速度增加而减小,而在超过一定速度后随速度增加而增大.对摩擦系数随速度变化的机理进行了讨论.     

干摩擦条件下45号钢渗硫层的摩擦磨损性能试验研究

采用低温离子渗硫技术,在不同预先热处理的45号钢表面形成渗硫层,在干摩擦条件下,对渗硫试件和非渗硫试件进行了摩擦磨损试验,试验表明：经低温离子渗硫处理的试件,具有较好的减摩和耐磨作用。     

原子尺度上的摩擦

J.Krim首先提出纳米摩擦学的概念,章根据前人的研究讨论了摩擦的根源,其中包括晶格振动和声波,对摩擦根源的研究有助于机械设计概念的更新。     

Influence of Cu Grain Size on Running-in Related Phenomena

We used a single-asperity microscopic tribosystem diamond sphere/Cu sheet to investigate the relevant phenomena affecting the dynamics of friction and wear in a macroscopic system. The influence of the average grain size of the softer of two tribopartners on friction and wear was investigated in particular. The observed tribosystem experienced a natural transition during the running time, from severe plastic flow to predominating boundary lubrication. This fact was used to study the influence of poly-α-olefine base oil and fully formulated engine oil Fuchs Titan SAE 5W45 on friction and wear during severe deformation and the boundary lubrication regime. It is shown that the initial grain size has a crucial influence on wear and friction only during first sliding interactions. During the initial sliding, the grain size rapidly decreases due to plastic deformation. The grains then become uniformly equal in size in every initial situation after approximately 30 cycles. Initially larger grains result in increased friction and wear as well as higher sensitivity to the kind of lubrication.     

Dynamic Friction of SiC Surfaces: A Torsional Kolsky Bar Tribometer Study

A dynamic tribometer has been successfully developed utilizing torsional Kolsky bar (TKB) technique for tribo pairs subjected to dynamic compression and shear. The dynamic tribometric responses of ground finish (R _a = 0.17 μm) and polished finish (R _a = 0.10 μm) surfaces of silicon carbide (SiC) under compression loading up to 1.5 GPa and shear-sliding velocity to 3.8 m/s have been measured. The experimental results show Coulomb friction behavior. Hardening of shear response is found on both the ground and polished surfaces. Repeating tests on the same tribo-pair demonstrate that steady state shear response on polished surfaces can be achieved by cumulating shear-sliding distance. SEM observation of the tested surface shows that the tested surfaces are microscopically shear-damaged. The similar surface conditions after a relative longer shear-sliding distance on polished surfaces lead to the same steady state frictional coefficient, 0.61, for both finishing surfaces.     

摩擦过渡的实验研究

为了研究周期变速机在运动中（例如齿轮在啮合过程中）的摩擦过渡现象,研制了一试验装置,利用此试验装置对于在周期变速运动过程中油膜厚度摩擦力（摩擦系数）进行了测定,在试验中发现了周期变速运动机构在摩擦过渡时油膜厚度及摩擦力方面出现的特殊现象,特别是超高的摩擦力（摩擦系数）。这些现象为研究具有周期变速运动的机构,如齿轮传动机的效率及分析失效原因提供了参考。