四川雅安野生油茶经济性状及脂肪酸组成

为了筛选四川雅安特异的油茶种质资源,对四川省雅安市天全县收集的22株野生油茶（TQYS1～TQYS22)的果实性状、经济性状及油脂脂肪酸组成进行测定,并通过主成分分析评价其综合表现。结果表明：22株野生油茶资源在果实性状、经济性状及脂肪酸组成上都存在显著差异。在果实性状中,鲜果重为9.14~43.58 g,其变异系数最大,为41.75%,变异系数最小的是果高,只有10.83%。在主要经济性状中,鲜果含油率的变异系数最大,为31.99%,鲜出籽率在27.54%~59.46%,干出籽率在15.02%~45.03%,种仁含油率在39.05%~56.60%,其中有7株野生油茶达到了国家油茶选育标准。野生油茶籽油中主要含有油酸、亚油酸、棕榈酸和硬脂酸,饱和脂肪酸含量在6.53%~10.27%之间,不饱和脂肪酸含量在89.73%~93.47%之间。通过主成分分析,初步筛选出综合性状表现最好的4株野生油茶（TQYS17、TQYS21、TQYS18和TQYS20）,其具有较高的鲜出籽率、干出籽率、种仁含油率和鲜果含油率。野生油茶中存在丰富的遗传资源,可以为四川雅安良种选育提供良好种质资源。     

50个普通油茶果实性状综合评价

对长林系列、湘林系列、赣系列等系列的50个油茶品种的油茶果实性状、经济性状和茶油品质等指标进行分析比较,通过模糊隶属函数评价法,综合评价不同品种油茶果实品质,得到了综合表现较为优异的油茶品种。结果表明：50个品种油茶鲜果质量范围在11.03～28.38 g,鲜果果高为30.08～44.56 mm,鲜果果径25.60～40.30 mm,干籽含仁率52.81%～72.90%,干仁含油率为32.30%～52.47%,干籽出油率在16.68%～37.48%;50个品种油茶果实茶籽油不饱和脂肪酸质量分数为88.45%～90.61%,油酸质量分数为77.33%～83.67%,亚油酸质量分数为5.17%～10.90%,亚麻酸质量分数为0.22%～0.44%。通过隶属函数综合分析得出：不同油茶系列间均有表现较为良好的油茶品种,其中表现较好的5个品种为：湘林5号(6.81)>长林53(6.52)号>赣68号(6.50)>黄山3号(6.34)>长林4号(6.33),仅考虑果实性状可结合当地立地条件优先选择这5个品种引种培育。     

四川雅安引进油茶品种含油率及茶油品质分析

对四川雅安引进4个‘长林’系列油茶品种单位冠幅产量及含油率和茶油酸值、过氧化值、脂肪酸组成及相对含量、α-生育酚含量、角鲨烯含量和多酚含量进行测定,并采用主成分分析评价4个品种综合表现。结果表明:4个品种单位冠幅产量为1.84～2.49 kg/m~2,均高于其选育原产地;含油率为48.43%～51.39%(45.00%)均达到了国家油茶树种选育优树标准;酸值为1.455～2.174 mg/g,达到茶油国标二级质量标准,过氧化值为0.017～0.031 g/100 g符合国标一级质量标准;不饱和脂肪酸含量达89.01%～91.14%,饱和脂肪酸含量为8.86%～10.99%;α-生育酚含量为165.59～266.57μg/g,各品种间差异显著;角鲨烯含量为23.06～28.68μg/g,各品种间差异较小;多酚含量为16.96～45.59μg/g,长林17号和20号最少且差异不显著;4个品种均适宜在雅安种植推广,其中长林56号综合表现最好。     

光山县长林系列油茶良种茶籽脂肪含量和脂肪酸组成分析

从河南省林木品种审定委员会认定的适宜在本地区推广的长林系列品种中选出具有代表性的主栽油茶品种长林18号、40号、53号和配栽油茶品种长林166号,采用气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)对4个油茶品种茶籽仁中脂肪酸组成和含量进行分析,检验了其干籽出仁率和脂肪含量,并对脂肪含量及脂肪酸组分进行了相关性分析。结果表明:3个主栽品种与1个配栽品种干籽出仁率的差异达到了显著水平(p0.05),但不同品种茶籽脂肪含量差异不大;共检测到了17种脂肪酸组分,其中,茶籽仁中常量组分顺-油酸的含量26.25%～30.82%、棕榈酸的含量2.86%～3.22%、亚油酸的含量3.25%～3.86%。长林40号茶籽中饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸、多不饱和脂肪酸比值为1:6.08:1.05,最接近国际营养学家提出油脂中三类脂肪酸的最佳供能比1:6:1。相关性分析显示,脂肪含量与棕榈酸有一定的相关性,相关系数达到了0.64。结合河南省林木品种审定委员会的研究结论可得,长林40号油茶良种不仅产量高、抗性强,而且干籽出仁率高、含油量高,茶籽脂肪酸组成合理,综合性状优于其他三个品种。     

陕西汉中油茶果实发育过程表型性状与含油率的变化

以陕西汉中普通油茶汉油3号、汉油4号、汉油5号、汉油18号和汉油30号作为研究对象,以陕南选育出的优良油茶品种汉油7号、汉油10号、长林4号和长林59号作为参照,对9个品种油茶2018、2019年7—10月果实发育时期的表型性状与种仁含油率进行观察和测定。结果表明：7—8月为果实大小增加的重要时期;7—9月为油茶果实质量增加最快的时间段;果实逐渐成熟的过程中油茶果皮厚度逐步变薄;果实形态分为橄榄形、卵形、球形和桔形4类,其中卵形果实和球形果实数量最多;单果籽重在样品间存在差异,单果籽重最大的为汉油18号样品,均值达到10.84 g,最小的为汉油3号样品,仅为3.18 g;7—10月鲜仁含水率随着种子成熟呈现下降的趋势,9—10月含水率下降最快,干仁率和出籽率随着油茶生长发育逐月上升。多重分析表明,7—8月是油茶果实各项指标变化最大的月份; 相关性分析表明种仁含油率与干仁率呈极显著正相关。通过对汉中多个普通油茶果实表型性状与种仁含油率的研究,初步选出了3个含油率高的小果实品种汉油3号、汉油4号和汉油5号及1个含油率较低的大果实品种汉油18号。研究可为北缘适生区油茶的良种选育与栽培提供理论依据和数据支撑。     

小果油茶果实性状与含油率及脂肪酸组成相关性分析

测定了橄榄形、桃形、脐形、球形小果油茶的果实性状、含油率及脂肪酸组成,分析了其果实性状与含油率、脂肪酸组成间的相关性.结果表明:小果油茶籽含油率与果形有关,橄榄形果的果纵径、果形指数和鲜果含油率均大于桃形果、脐形果和球形果,但其鲜出籽率却低于其他3种果形.4种小果油茶籽油中,油酸含量的顺序为橄榄形果＞桃形果＞脐形果＞球形果,而多不饱和脂肪酸含量的顺序为橄榄形果＜桃形果＜脐形果＜球形果.相关性分析表明,小果油茶籽油中的油酸、亚油酸、多不饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸、饱和脂肪酸含量分别与果纵径和果形指数呈显著或极显著相关,说明小果油茶籽油脂肪酸组成与果形有关.     

15株雅安红花油茶树茶籽含油率及脂肪酸组成分析

采用气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)对15株雅安红花油茶的脂肪酸组成进行分析,并与其单位冠幅产果量、种子出仁率及干籽含油率三个产量指标进行相关性分析。结果表明:雅安红花油茶单位冠幅产果量在1.3~3kg/m2之间、种子出仁率在65.83%~78.18%之间、干籽含油率在27.94%~32.46%之间;油酸含量70.45%~83.13%、亚油酸含量5.3%~13.37%、软脂酸含量7.33%~15.82%、硬脂酸含量1.64%~4.18%。雅安红花油茶亚油酸平均含量达8.73%,符合世界卫生组织(WHO)规定的保健型营养油脂的标准。相关性分析显示,油酸含量和亚油酸含量呈显著负相关,产量与脂肪酸品质相关性不高,在品种选育时要同时考虑产量和脂肪酸组成两个因素。     

种质差异对油茶果实主要性状的影响研究

以61份不同油茶种质果实为材料,分析其性状指标的多样性。结果表明：单果重、果径、果高、果形指数、果皮厚度、每500 g鲜籽数、鲜果出鲜籽率、鲜果出干籽率、干籽出仁率、干态千粒重、种仁含油率及干籽含油率的变异系数分别为99.85%、31.69%、31.46%、13.31%、63.44%、47.74%、22.45%、24.88%、38.43%、9.94%、14%和16.76%。建立了干籽含油率与种仁含油率及干籽出仁率之间的回归方程为y=-31.47+0.61*x₁+0.52*x₂。     

2个品种不同成熟度油茶果实品质差异比较

为明确油茶果实的最佳采收期,以赣石83-4和赣石447油茶鲜果为原料,测定其不同成熟度下果实品质相关的表型性状、营养物质和种仁油中脂肪酸组成及含量的变化,并采用主成分分析法对2个品种不同成熟度油茶果实品质进行综合评价。结果表明：随着成熟度的增加,2个品种油茶果实的单果质量、含水率总体呈下降趋势,而鲜果出籽率、干籽出仁率则总体呈上升的趋势;赣石83-4种仁含油率在第四成熟度达到最大值(44.16%),而赣石447种仁含油率在第二成熟度达到最大值(48.56%);赣石447和赣石83-4种仁可溶性糖含量随成熟度变化趋势不一致,前者在第四成熟度达到最大值(11.35%),后者在第五成熟度达到最大值(13.05%);2个品种不同成熟度的油茶种仁蛋白质含量较低且总体上较稳定;2个品种油茶种仁油中脂肪酸组成及含量存在差异,随着成熟度的增加,油酸和单不饱和脂肪酸含量持续增加,而亚油酸和多不饱和脂肪酸含量降低,饱和脂肪酸和不饱和脂肪酸含量的变化幅度较小,分别维持在11%和89%左右;主成分分析结果表明,赣石83-4和赣石447的最佳采收期分别在第五成熟度和第四成熟度。综上,赣石83-4和赣石447油茶...     

不同加工方式对浙江红花油茶茶油品质的影响

首先分析了山茶属中普通油茶、小果油茶、越南油茶和浙江红花油茶果实主要经济性状。结果表明,4种油茶中,浙江红花油茶的种仁含油率(60.7%)和干籽含油率(37.2%)最高,鲜果含油率仅次于小果油茶。从经济角度考虑,浙江红花油茶最具发展前景。然后以浙江红花油茶为材料,研究了CO2超临界萃取、低温冷榨、溶剂萃取3种不同的加工方式对其油脂提取率、酸价、过氧化值、碘价、色泽、皂化值、透明度、维生素E、油脂氧化稳定性、脂肪酸组成及含量的影响。结果表明,在3种制油方法中,CO2超临界萃取的油脂提取率(92.09%)最高,低温冷榨法(74.1%)显著低于其他2种方法。低温冷榨和溶剂萃取的酸价、过氧化值显著低于CO2超临界萃取法,二者油脂氧化稳定性也显著好于后者。维生素E含量:CO2超临界萃取法>溶剂萃取法>低温冷榨法。     

Probiotics and prebiotics--perspectives and challenges

Owing to their health benefits, probiotics and prebiotics are nowadays widely used in yogurts and fermented milks, which are leader products of functional foods worldwide. The world market for functional foods has grown rapidly in the last three decades, with an estimated size in 2003 of ca US$ 33 billion, while the European market estimation exceeded US$ 2 billion in the same year. However, the production of probiotics and prebiotics at industrial scale faces several challenges, including the search for economical and abundant raw materials for prebiotic production, the low-cost production of probiotics and the improvement of probiotic viability after storage or during the manufacturing process of the functional food. In this review, functional foods based on probiotics and prebiotics are introduced as a key biotechnological field with tremendous potential for innovation. A concise state of the art addressing the fundamentals and challenges for the development of new probiotic- and prebiotic-based foods is presented, the niches for future research being clearly identified and discussed.     

常用消毒灭菌法及其机理与应用

介绍了采用消毒灭菌方法,有加热消毒法,紫外线辐射法和化学药剂消毒法。常用化学药剂有醛类、含氯消毒剂、醇类消毒剂以及高锰酸钾、生石灰等,阐释了消毒与灭菌两个概念的区别。     

European citizen and consumer attitudes and preferences regarding beef and pork

This paper presents the combined mid-term findings of the consumer research components of two EU Sixth Framework Programme integrated projects concerning meat, ProSafeBeef and Q-PorkChains. The consumer pillar of ProSafeBeef carried out eight focus group discussions in May 2008, in France, Germany, Spain and the UK. Q-PorkChains conducted a large-scale, web-based, consumer survey in January 2008 in Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Greece and Poland. The first project provides a set of qualitative data from a small cohort of focus groups and the second a set of quantitative data from a larger consumer sample. This paper draws together the main findings of both projects and provides a comprehensive overview of European citizens’ and consumers’ attitudes towards and preferences regarding beef and pork. In general, consumers consider meat to be a healthy and important component of the diet. Consumers support the development of technologies that can improve the health attributes of meat products and guarantee eating quality, but they have a negative view of what they see to be excessive manipulation and lack of naturalness in the production and processing of beef products. In the Q-PorkChains study consumer and citizen segments are identified and profiled. Consumer segments were built upon the frequency and variety of pork consumption. The citizen segments were built upon their attitudes towards pig production systems. Overall, the relationship between individuals’ views as citizens and their behaviour as consumers was found to be quite weak and did not appear to greatly or systematically influence meat-buying habits. Future studies in both projects will concentrate on consumers’ acceptance of innovative meat product concepts and products, with the aim of boosting consumer trust and invigorating the European beef and pork industries.     

毛霉型低盐速成豆豉工业化生产工艺与设备

本文介绍了毛霉型低盐速成豆豉的工业化生产工艺及生产线的关键设备。     

原花色素及其开发应用

对原花色素的结构、化学特性、制备、分析方法、应用前景作一综述,并重点讨论其生理功能,为在功能性食品、药物、化妆品等领域的深入研究和开发提供参考。     

益生素、益生菌与结肠癌

介绍了益生素和益生菌及其作用机理。在动物模型中，有大量的数据证实益生素和益生菌能够预防癌症．而在人体内还没有直接实验证据。它们抑制癌症的确切机理目前尚不清楚，其抑制机理可能是：肠道菌群代谢活动的改变，肠道理化环境的改变，潜在的致癌物质的黏附和降解，肠道菌群的改变、抗癌或抗诱变物质的形成、提高宿主的免疫应答、影响宿主的生理活动以及发酵不能被消化的食物并形成有益代谢产物。     

组学技术与果蔬采后质量和安全控制

果蔬可以提供营养, 有利于人类健康, 而果蔬的后熟及其与环境的相互作用会影响果蔬采后的质量和安全。对果蔬生物学过程的了解和掌握是减少果蔬采后损失和保障果蔬采后质量和安全的关键。在过去的10多年, 基于组学技术的系统生物学在了解果蔬后熟及其与环境相互作用的分子机制方面得到了越来越多的应用。本文对此做了细致的总结, 指出了存在的不足, 并提出了未来的发展方向。     

天然香精香料与生物技术

天然香精香料是高价值的精细化工产品和食品添加剂,但原料来源有限且提取成本高。利用生物技术生产这类产品具有广阔的前景。简述了发酵工程、酶工程、细胞工程和基因工程在香精香料中的应用,并探讨了生物技术在香精香料中的应用前景。     

节能节水型印染助剂和设备的现状

从节能、节水、缩短工艺流程和环保的角度出发,介绍了国内外研制开发的一系列新型节能、节水型印染助剂和染整设备。     

Heritability and correlations for body condition score and dairy form within and across lactation and age

The objectives of the current study were to investigate the relationship between body condition score (BCS) and dairy form and changes in genetic parameters for BCS and dairy form within and across lactations and age. Body condition score and dairy form were obtained from the Holstein Association USA, Inc. Records were edited to include those cows classified between 24 and 60 mo of age and between 0 and 335 d in milk (DIM). A minimum of 20 daughters per sire and 15 cows per herd-classification visit were required. The dataset consisted of 135,178 records from 119,215 cows. Repeatability, multiple trait, and random regression models were used to analyze the data. All models included fixed effects for herd-classification visit, age within lactations 1, 2, and 3 or higher, and 5th-order polynomials for DIM. Random effects included sire and permanent environment for all models. Random regression models included age at classification nested within sire or DIM and lactation number nested within sire. Genetic variance for both BCS and dairy form was lowest in early lactation and highest in midlactation. Genetic correlations within and across lactations were high. The genetic correlation between DIM 0 in lactation 1 and DIM 305 in lactation 3 was estimated to be 0.77 for BCS and 0.60 for dairy form. The genetic correlation estimate between 30 mo of age at classification and 50 mo of age at classification was 0.94 for both dairy form and BCS. The repeatability models appeared to generate accurate evaluations for BCS or dairy form at all ages and stages of lactation.