拘束控制铝合金焊接面外变形行为分析

利用温度和变形实时测量系统,对5A12铝合金板拘束焊变形和外拘束力进行了试验研究,分析了拘束力大小和拘束释放对试板面外变形的影响.结果表明,施加不同的拘束力,试板焊后残余面外变形大小不同,适当的拘束可以有效地控制焊接变形;焊接结束拘束卸载后,焊接件变形出现不同程度的反弹;弹性同复是造成拘束焊残余变形的主要因素;拘束力大...     

不同拘束条件下坡口间隙对焊接变形的影响

坡口间隙的存在及其在不同拘束条件下会对焊接变形产生不同影响. 以平板对接多层多道焊为研究对象,将坡口间隙作为考虑因素添加到焊接数值模拟模型中,采用试验测量与焊接仿真相结合的方法,在不同拘束条件下研究坡口间隙对焊接变形的影响效果,为进一步利用数值方法解决焊接变形问题提供了参考依据. 结果表明,相同拘束条件下,有无坡口间隙对焊接变形趋势影响并不明显,但对残余变形数值大小影响显著,且在弹簧拘束条件下焊接变形结果差别最大;被焊平板存在坡口间隙时,弹簧拘束条件下的模拟结果与自由状态下焊接试验获得的焊接变形结果最为一致.     

拘束焊对接接头的平面外拘束力

合理采用拘束焊和反变形工艺措施，能有效地消除焊接残余变形，但是由于焊接结构应力应变场的复杂性，使得精确地计算拘束力、拘束长度和反变形很困难。本文应用弹塑性弯曲理论提出了一种消除焊接对接接头角变形的平面外拘束力的计算方法，计算了极限拘束力、拘束长度和反变形的量值，并通过试验验证了方法的有效性。     

外拘束角接头旋转电弧焊接应力应变分析

为探究旋转电弧角焊焊接残余应变分布规律,控制工件变形,分析对比了三维多体耦合模型与外拘束力模型两种拘束模型下工件残余应力与变形.首先,设定模型间的接触关系,建立了由焊件、工作台和夹具组成的三维多体耦合模型;然后,通过设定工件上节点区域法向压力和位移约束,建立了外拘束力模型;再采用热—力直接耦合法,基于上述两种模型,运用ANSYS软件模拟了旋转电弧焊接变形,获得了两种模型下残余应变曲线,并进行试验验证.结果表明,三维多体耦合模型的焊件应变曲线更接近试验结果,并且其焊接残余应变范围及峰值均较平缓,为优化焊件装夹方式来控制旋转电弧角焊变形提供参考依据.     

拘束焊T形接头的拘束长度与面外拘束力

合理采用拘束焊与反变形工艺措施，能有效地消除焊接残余变形。但是由于焊接结构应力场的复杂性，使得精确计算拘束力、拘束长度和反变形量值很困难。研究表明，T形接头的角变形沿焊缝长度方向是变化的。在短焊缝情况下，可以近似认为角变形为常数。拘束焊时，焊缝与近缝区材料处于塑性状态，而距焊缝较远处的材料仍处于弹性状态。作者应用弹塑性弯曲梁理论提出了一种消除焊接T形接头角变形的面外拘束力计算模型，计算了临界拘束长度、极限拘束力与反变形的量值，并通过试验验证了计算方法的有效性。该方法可以推广应用于长焊缝的情况。     

2A12T4铝合金焊接时拘束条件对热裂纹的影响

采用一种简便有效的热裂纹试验方法,在普通刚性焊接夹具上研究了拘束力和拘束距离对2A12T4铝合金焊接热裂倾向的影响.结果表明,保持拘束距离不变,随着拘束力的增加,焊接热裂纹率逐渐减小,当拘束力到达一定值后,热裂纹率趋于稳定;保持拘束力不变,随着拘束距离增加,焊接热裂纹率呈增加趋势.夹具对工件的拘束条件主要是通过影响焊件的回转变形程度和焊缝区金属的冷却收缩速度来影响焊接热裂倾向.

Abstract：

A simple and effective experimental method was adopted to investigate the effects of restraint force and restraint distance on hot cracking tendency during welding of 2A12T4 aluminum alloy on the common rigid welding fixture. Experimental results show that, under the condition of keeping restraint distance unchanged, the rate of hot cracks decreases gradually with increase of restraint force and finally well reaches a stable value when the reatraint force is great enough. Keeping the restraint force unchanged, the rate of hot cracks increases with increase of restraint distance. The influence of restraint condition on tendency of hot cracking through effecting the extent of externally-expanded deformation of weldtnent and the cooling speed of metals in and around the weld.     

基于Simufact外拘束的Q345钢T形焊接仿真

为了提高焊接质量,简化焊条电弧焊焊接的实验过程,运用Simufact-Welding软件对Q345钢进行T形平焊仿真,对比分析采用不完全外拘束和完全外拘束两种焊接方法时焊件在焊接过程中和焊后焊缝处的变形和应力。结果表明,该仿真过程中,在其他参数不变的情况下,焊件不完全外拘束方法下焊缝处采样点的变形是非瞬态的,完全外拘束方法下焊件焊缝处采样点的变形是瞬态变形,完全外拘束方法下焊件焊缝处采样点的平均主拉应力和平均主压应力比不完全外拘束方法下进行焊接时普遍要显著。因此完全外拘束方法下焊件进行焊接时应采取合理的焊接方法,焊接时适当降低焊件的刚度,先焊收缩量大的焊缝,同时在焊件的适当部位进行局部预热。     

夹具拘束模型在焊接过程有限元分析中的建立及应用

夹具及垫板的拘束作用对被焊平板试样残余应力与变形的演变历程具有重要影响。将夹具和垫板作为弹塑性体包含到焊接数值模拟模型中,采用4种模型模拟夹具及垫板与被焊平板试样之间的相互作用,能够提高焊接数值模拟研究方法的科学性和准确性.数值模拟结果表明,夹具拘束作用的不同处理方式对平板试样焊后残余应力分布与变形趋势有重要影响,不同拘束条件下的平板试样残余变形模拟结果,与平板试样在自由状态下和夹具夹持状态下焊接实验获得的变形趋势均一致,在焊接过程初期阶段,平板试样上下表面的横向应力分布差异,对决定平板试样的残余变形趋势有重要影响。     

拘束条件对薄板T形接头双光束激光焊接变形的影响

采用单元温度对单元进行生死控制的有限元计算方法研究了拘束条件对2.5 mm厚铝锂合金5A90薄壁T形接头双光束激光焊接变形的影响,拘束条件包括对筋板施加和对底板施加两类,约束在焊接过程中施加,焊后冷却到室温去除.筋板拘束条件施加在筋板顶部和侧面,对比了施加与不施加约束两种情况,该两种情况连续焊接之前都采用点固焊对筋板进行固定.底板拘束条件通过在T形接头两侧设置压块对底板施压来实现,研究了压块与焊缝不同距离对焊接变形的影响.最后进行了试验验证.焊接过程中对筋板施加约束有利于减小焊接过程中及焊后筋板变形.底板纵向约束影响T形接头焊件挠曲变形的大小和方向,对角变形影响不大.焊接过程中对底板施加y向约束,有利于减小角变形.对底板加纵向约束与不加纵向约束两种情况进行了试验验证,变形方向及变形量最大值的计算结果与试验结果符合.     

薄板激光焊时失稳变形及其控制

对薄板激光焊时出现的失稳变形进行了试验研究,利用CCD记录和观察0.8 mm 和1.5 mm两种厚度的不锈钢板焊接过程中典型的动态变形行为,这种变形行为既包括变形量的大小又包括变形的方向;根据两种厚度薄板表现出的不同变形行为,分析了各自发生失稳的机理.采用冷却水为介质的背面动态冷却方法对失稳变形进行控制,通过对冷热源距离d和冷却水流量q两个主要冷却参数的优化,在有无拘束两种条件下分别得到了0.8 mm和1.5 mm薄板良好的变形控制效果.同时讨论了合理拘束对失稳变形的影响.     

TC4薄壁件氩弧焊焊接残余应力及变形的数值模拟

基于SYSWELD专业焊接仿真软件,利用瞬态法对航空发动机TC4大型薄壁、多焊缝零件氩弧焊过程进行了数值模拟,分析了焊接线能量、夹具约束状态、焊接顺序3个因素对焊接温度场、焊接变形、残余应力的影响。结果表明：焊接变形随着线能量的增加呈指数增长;适宜的氩弧焊焊接线能量为310 J/mm;使用焊接工装约束可以有效减少焊接变形,但会导致焊接残余应力变大且残余应力分布区域更大;采用分散对称焊接的顺序焊接多焊缝零件可以降低零件整体变形。     

网格尺寸对别克轿车副车架总成焊接变形预测精度的影响

焊接时焊缝及其附近因热膨胀受到周围温度较低金属的拘束，产生大量的压缩塑性应变（简称残余塑变），残余塑变的大小和分布决定了最终的残余应力和变形。副车架的焊接变形对汽车底盘的制造精度和质量有重要的影响。本文用残余塑变法对别克轿车副车架焊接总成时，连接前梁、后梁、左梁和右梁的21条焊缝焊接以后的变形规律进行了有限元建模与分析。计算采用了两种大小的有限元网格尺寸，结果表明，对副车架焊接变形分析，焊缝附近大小为15mm的网格尺寸是合理的。所得焊接变形的有关数据可供焊接工艺设计时的预留变形量、工艺参数以及夹具设计等参考，从而保证底盘件的焊接精度和质量。     

镀锌钢板电阻点焊的多元非线性回归模型

为了研究用于家用轿车车身制造的镀锌钢板电阻点焊工艺,采用多元非线性回归正交组合的方法设计试验.试验将电阻点焊熔核形状参数和焊接接头抗剪强度作为考察指标,将焊接电流、电极压力、通电时间、预热电流四个参数,以及各参数之间的交互作用作为影响指标的考察因素,得到可预测熔核形状和焊接接头力学性能的四元二次回归数学模型,并通过方差分析对模型进行优化.结果表明,优化的回归数学模型可实现焊接接头熔核成形及力学性能较为准确的预测.在模型的基础上研究各参数及各交互作用对焊点质量的影响规律,从而可实现电阻点焊工艺参数的优化设计.     

Structure-Property Correlation of AA2014 Friction Stir Welds: Role of Tool Pin Profile

The influence of rapid plastic deformation in the generation of welding heat during friction stir welding (FSW), supplementing the frictional heat generation by the tool shoulder, forms the thrust of the present investigation. Several researchers have highlighted the role of tool shoulder in the generation of frictional heat and suggested that the tool-material interface friction as the sole mechanism for heating. The configuration of tool pin profile is seldom studied for its contribution to welding heat through rapid plastic deformation at high strain rates (10³/s), especially while welding thick plates. An attempt has been made to understand the dependence of deformation heat generation with different tool pin profiles in welding 5 mm thick AA2014-T6 aluminum alloy, maintaining the same swept volume during the tool rotation. An attempt has also been made to correlate the influence of process response variables such as force and torque acting on the tool pin. To quantify the physical influence of tool pin profile, temperature measurements were made in the region adjacent to the rotating pin, close to nugget in the thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ). It has been observed that the temperature rises at a relatively rapid rate in the case of hexagonal tool pin compared to the welds produced employing other tool pin profiles. It is observed that during FSW, extensive deformation experienced at the nugget zone and the evolved microstructure strongly influences the mechanical properties of the joint. The present study is also aimed at understanding the influence of tool profile on the microstructural changes and the associated mechanical properties. Transverse tensile samples failed at the nugget/TMAZ boundary due to localized softening. Hexagonal tool pin profile welds have shown higher tensile strength, low TMAZ width, and high nugget hardness compared to other tool pin profile welds.     

The effect of tack welding on numerically calculated welding-induced distortion

A single-layer pulsed gas metal arc weld of structural steel S355J2+N with a thickness of 5 mm is experimentally and numerically investigated. Two tack welds are considered in the numerical simulation into two different ways. First, the tack welds are represented by elements belonging to the initial material. This implies that the “tack weld material” was not exposed to any thermal load or phase transformation before actual welding was performed. The weld seam is shortened and there is an influence on the stiffness of the whole structure affecting the calculation result. Secondly, the tack welds were simulated as conducted in the experimental welding procedure. The cases considering tack welding are compared to a simulation neglecting tack welding and to the experimental results.The influence of tack welds on the calculated welding-induced distortion is clarified and a contribution to an improved simulation-based prediction of welding-induced distortion is possible by modeling tack welding according to the realistic fabrication procedure.     

随焊旋转挤压控制焊接热裂纹试验分析

介绍了随焊旋转挤压法的基本工作原理及其对焊接残余变形的控制效果.以高强铝合金2A12T4为研究材料,对随焊旋转挤压控制焊接热裂纹进行了试验研究和机理分析.结果表明,在合适的工艺参数下,该方法能够有效抑制铝合金焊接热裂纹的产生和扩展.挤压头与焊枪的距离和其对工件的垂直压力是决定焊接热裂纹控制效果的两个重要参数.随焊旋转挤压控制焊接热裂纹的机理是基于对起弧端热裂纹的压合和对焊件回转变形的拘束作用.     

Control technology for excessive welding distortion of the deck house during manufacturing process

The purpose of this study is to establish control technology for excessive welding distortion of the deck house using finite element analysis (FEA) and experiments. In order to accomplish this, the transitional behavior of the welding distortion of the deck plates of the deck house during the manufacturing process was investigated using a three-dimensional measuring instrument and FEA. With the results obtained by both FEA and experiments, the principal factor controlling the excessive welding distortion was identified as the transverse shrinkage force when welding between girder and transverse members. Therefore, in this study, the effect of welding heat input and restraint conditions on the transverse shrinkage force at the fillet and butt welds was evaluated using FEA and the predictive equation for the transverse shrinkage force was established. Based on the results, a proper control method to prevent excessive welding distortion was established.