基于熵权法的绝缘子污闪状态模糊综合评价

为了评价绝缘子污闪状态,提出基于熵权法的绝缘子污闪状态模糊综合评价模型。建立表征绝缘子污闪状态的模糊评价指标体系以及评语集,运用熵权法确定各评价指标的权重,采用三角形和半梯形结合的隶属度函数描述各指标的模糊性。重点研究和分析了评价模型的建立过程,包括评价指标选取及层次划分、权重确定方法。对某500 kV线路绝缘子污闪案例进行分析评价,结果与实际状况相符,证明了所提方法的正确性。     

运行里程对高速动车组车顶硅橡胶复合绝缘子工频闪络电压的影响

为研究运行里程对高速动车组车顶硅橡胶复合绝缘子工频闪络电压的影响,以不同运行里程的CRH-2型动车组车顶硅橡胶复合绝缘子为研究对象,通过试验测得各绝缘子干闪电压、湿闪电压及污闪电压的变化规律;分析各绝缘子的憎水性变化趋势,对不同运行里程下其工频闪络电压的变化机理进行解释。结果表明:随着运行里程的增加,绝缘子的干闪电压值无明显变化;长时间运行时,受老化及风沙侵蚀等作用,各绝缘子的憎水性逐渐降低,使其湿闪电压及污闪电压均随运行里程的增加而下降;运行里程小于360万km的绝缘子污闪电压值均高于40 kV,满足动车组车顶硅橡胶复合绝缘子入网考核指标要求。研究结果可为动车组车顶硅橡胶复合绝缘子污闪事故的风险预防提供依据。     

相控阵超声波检测复合绝缘子内部缺陷

为消除因硅橡胶复合绝缘子内部缺陷对电网安全运行造成的隐患,利用相控阵超声波探伤仪对复合绝缘子在正常黏接、硅橡胶中部气孔缺陷、硅橡胶中部断面缺陷以及伞裙护套与芯棒黏接不良等4种情况进行无损检测.通过对比研究复合绝缘子在3种缺陷情况下超声波脉冲回波反射(A扫)图像和相控阵扇形扫描(S扫)图像,发现超声波相控阵法能够更加直观、快速地检测出缺陷信息.最后,总结了绝缘子在正常黏合及缺陷情况下相控阵超声波图像的特征差异,验证了相控阵超声波检测技术应用于复合绝缘子内部缺陷检测的可行性,为检测复合绝缘子的内部缺陷提供一种新思路.     

宁夏地区运行复合绝缘子自然老化特性及其影响因素分析

复合绝缘子的老化特性常通过实验室加速老化试验获得,但该方法很难模拟实际多样的复杂环境,且加速老化与自然老化的等效性有待进一步验证.本研究选取宁夏地区不同运行年限和运行环境的153支在运复合绝缘子开展多项试验,从硅橡胶材料理化特性、绝缘子电气特性和力学特性3个方面研究其自然老化规律.结果表明:运行年限、污秽度及污秽成分是影响硅橡胶材料老化的主要因素,化工污秽会加速材料老化;相同运行年限下,绝缘子电气和力学性能的劣化程度较硅橡胶材料理化特性的劣化程度低,在重污秽区运行超过15年的绝缘子芯棒还能保持较好的性能,芯棒与护套、芯棒与金具的交接处分别是绝缘子电气和力学性能的薄弱点;厂家配方和工艺是影响绝缘子自然老化的重要因素,低质量批次绝缘子可能出现集聚性性能退化.在复合绝缘子运维抽检中应重点关注重污秽区或化工污秽区运行年限长的绝缘子,并注意对同厂家批次出现性能集聚退化的在运复合绝缘子进行补充抽检.     

基于憎水迁移性测试的复合绝缘子老化特性

憎水迁移性作为复合绝缘子状态评价和老化程度判断的关键参数,有着重要的研究意义。为此,以在我国南方地区运行多年的直流复合绝缘子为研究对象,采用静态接触角法进行了系统的憎水迁移性测试,同时应用傅里叶变换红外光谱和X射线光电子能谱分析深入探究了硅橡胶材料的微观结构变化。研究结果表明:绝缘子伞裙上表面的边沿憎水迁移性最差,根部憎水迁移性最好,绝缘子不同方位的憎水迁移性也有所差异;老化最为严重的边沿褪色位置有机官能团含量大幅下降,Si元素和C元素减少、Al元素增加,并且检测出硅橡胶体系交联度的明显上升。上述憎水迁移性以及微观分析的研究结果可为直流复合绝缘子老化机制和老化程度评估提供依据。     

复合绝缘子硅橡胶材料老化性能分析

分析了青海电网部分长时间服役的复合绝缘子硅橡胶材料的老化现象,研究了绝缘子用硅橡胶材料在高原地区的应用状况及其老化规律,采用核磁共振方法对硅橡胶材料进行了检测.结果表明,该检测方法是可行的,可快速、准确地监测电网运行中复合绝缘子的老化程度.     

东南沿海地区复合绝缘子用硅橡胶老化特性研究

为研究东南沿海高温高湿地区在线运行复合绝缘子硅橡胶伞裙的老化特性,从东南沿海地区选取不同老化时间和生产厂家的复合绝缘子,利用喷水分级法、表观硬度法测量其宏观特性,并通过衰减全反射红外光谱、热重分析研究其微观特性。结果表明:随着老化时间的增加,复合绝缘子伞裙的憎水性逐渐变差,但对于运行16年左右出现严重粉化的绝缘子,其憎水性又显著恢复;随着老化时间的增加,复合绝缘子伞裙的表观硬度增加,且不同生产厂家的配方对硬度的影响较大。红外光谱与热重分析结果表明,硅橡胶表面的硅氧键与硅碳键发生了断裂,侧链的甲基含量减少,同时与内层硅橡胶相比,表层硅橡胶中氢氧化铝的含量增加。以硅橡胶降解为主导致的宏观特性下降是东南沿海地区复合绝缘子老化的主要原因。     

基于等离子体处理的硅橡胶憎水恢复物理模型及评价方法研究

憎水恢复性是硅橡胶复合绝缘子的特有性能,为保持电网输变电设备外绝缘水平和安全稳定运行提供了重要保障。目前,针对复合绝缘子运行放电工况下表面憎水性减弱及恢复特性,缺少快速有效的定量评估方法。该文利用等离子体处理方法模拟复合绝缘子硅橡胶在运行放电工况下憎水性减弱及恢复现象,基于小分子扩散理论和菲克第二定律建立等离子体老化后的硅橡胶表面憎水恢复的动态物理模型,并通过数学推导得出硅橡胶小分子扩散系数D的计算公式。实验发现,仅经过3min的等离子体处理,硅橡胶表面就转变为完全亲水,且小分子在硅橡胶无机硅氧层中的扩散系数D数量级为10~(-16) cm~2/s。对比等离子体法与涂污法发现,两者对同系列试样的检测结果趋势一致,具有等效性。气相色谱与质谱联用法试验结果表明,硅橡胶中无机填料氢氧化铝(aluminum hydroxide,ATH)的含量越高,硅橡胶中有机小分子总浓度就越低,当硅橡胶中ATH含量增加时,其憎水恢复性则减弱。等离子体处理法测试得到的小分子扩散系数D可用于定量评价运行复合绝缘子硅橡胶的憎水恢复性。     

基于紫外脉冲法的陶瓷绝缘子污秽状态检测及评估方法

基于紫外脉冲检测法,搭建了污秽绝缘子放电紫外脉冲检测系统,在人工雾室内进行了不同污秽分布下陶瓷绝缘子放电紫外脉冲检测与泄漏电流检测试验。试验结果表明:全污秽绝缘子泄漏电流明显大于其他污秽分布绝缘子;存在非连续污秽分布时,污秽绝缘子泄漏电流与洁净绝缘子相近,此时通过泄漏电流检测绝缘子污秽状态将产生较大误差;紫外脉冲检测系统具有较好的放电检测性能,能有效检测不同污秽分布绝缘子放电状态。构建了包含紫外脉冲数、污秽分布、温度与湿度、气象环境、绝缘子类型与材质、运行电压等影响因素的绝缘子状态评估指标体系,基于评价指标层次结构建立关系矩阵及模糊一致矩阵,获取项目层及指标层各因素权值;按照绝缘子状态安全等级构建各指标隶属度函数,采用模糊综合评估法判断被测绝缘子样品的安全等级。     

废旧复合绝缘子硅橡胶伞裙定值热解制备纳米二氧化硅的方法

由于优异的耐污特性,复合绝缘子在我国电网中应用广泛,但是随着复合绝缘子使用年限的增长,退役复合绝缘子中包含的大量难以自然降解的硅橡胶材料将对环境造成极大的压力.为此基于定值热解法,提出了一种绿色回收废旧复合绝缘子得到高经济价值产物的方法.首先收集了运行20a后自然退役的复合绝缘子伞裙材料,详细研究了硅橡胶材料的热解过程...     

Flashover mechanism of silicone rubber insulators used for outdoorinsulation-I

Experimental results show that the contamination performance of silicone rubber composite insulators is better than porcelain insulators. This is attributed to the hydrophobicity of the silicone rubber. This suggests that the flashover mechanism of these insulators is different. This paper experimentally investigates contamination build-up, diffusion of low molecular weight (LMW) polymer chains, surface wetting, electrical field caused interaction between droplets, generation of conductive regions and filaments, field intensification caused spot discharge and the ultimate flashover of silicone rubber along wetted filaments. The studies resulted in a new flashover mechanism, which provides a better understanding of the superior performance of silicone rubber outdoor insulators. The results will be useful for the development of improved laboratory test procedures and to evaluate composite insulators' performance in contaminated conditions. The part of the paper describes an overview of the flashover mechanism and the diffusion of LMW polymer chains and wetting of the silicone rubber surface in detail     

带电清洗剂对绝缘子用硅橡胶的溶胀效应及其影响研究

复合支柱绝缘绝缘子由于具有优异的防污性能,在直流换流站得到了广泛应用,但其在空间电荷和静电效应下积污严重而存在大面积污闪风险。为了评估复合支柱绝缘子带电绝缘清洗的可行性,对硅橡胶在新型绝缘清洗下的溶胀特性及其对硅橡胶的电气性能、力学性能以及憎水性的影响开展了试验分析。研究结果表明:硅橡胶溶胀随着溶胀时间的增加溶胀指数和直径增长率持续增大,浸泡时间20 min时圆形硅橡胶试样的直径增长率为4.7%、溶胀指数为6.8%。硅橡胶的复介电常数、复电容、介质损耗因素随着频率、溶胀指数增大而减小;在10-2~103Hz频域范围内硅橡胶溶胀不会造成介电性能下降。硅橡胶溶胀对憎水性和憎水迁移性无明显影响,干燥洁净硅橡胶溶胀前后接触角θ平均值在92°~98°范围内浮动,人工积污并经过憎水迁移后θ平均值在119°~128°范围内浮动。硅橡胶在发生溶胀后其力学性能小幅度下降,溶胀20 min的其断裂拉伸强度下降2%。试验结果表明硅橡胶在清洗剂中溶胀度受浸润时间影响较大,溶胀效应对憎水性、电气和力学性能影响较小,可通过采用易挥发配方或强对流措施控制清洗剂残留对硅橡胶的影响。     

高聚物复合绝缘子紫外老化性能研究

传统高温硫化（HTV）硅橡胶复合绝缘子以其优异的憎水性和憎水迁移性,广泛应用于国内外输电线路上。但随着特高压工程的开展,越来越多的输电线路需要跨越强紫外辐射、强风沙以及鸟啄频发地区,而在这类气候恶劣地区极易造成传统HTV硅橡胶绝缘子外绝缘性能的下降以及材料的损伤。针对这一情况,采用耐紫外线、耐气候性能强,机械性能稳定的高聚物复合绝缘子与传统HTV硅橡胶绝缘子在紫外老化性能方面进行对比,旨在研究高聚物复合绝缘子在西北高原强紫外辐射地区的老化特性。研究结果表明：在短波紫外光（UVC）持续照射下,环氧材料的拉伸强度和硬度均远高于硅橡胶,具有更好的韧性,已达到防鸟啄和耐踩踏的目的,但憎水性相比较于硅橡胶材料仍略有不及,但仍满足户外运行要求。     

Development of composite insulators in China

The development of composite insulators in China dates back to the early 1970's. In the 1990's they have become widely used in China. At present, up to 600000 composite insulators are operating on 35 to 500 kV ac overhead transmission lines. They are to be introduced into the ±500 kV HVDC transmission schemes. In China all composite insulators in service are silicone rubber and are operating in various contamination conditions. They have successfully and efficiently avoided serious pollution flashover, which occurred frequently when conventional ceramic insulators were used, and radically reduced the maintenance cost of transmission lines in pollution areas. Study of composite insulators is very active in China. The main aspects include properties of materials such as silicone rubber and fiberglass reinforced polymer (FRP) rods, electrical and mechanical performance, aging as well as evaluation and inspection of composite insulators. These fruitful works greatly promote the development of composite insulators in China     

Contamination performances of silicone rubber insulator subjectedto acid rain

Acid rain causes one of the more severe environmental contaminants, and there is an increasing interest in the degradation of outdoor polymer insulating materials in severe pollution conditions such as acid rain. The performance of high temperature vulcanizing (HTV) silicon rubber insulators in accelerated aging of artificial acid rain is investigated by the salt fog method. Experimental results and theoretical analysis show that acid rain exerts a large erosion effect on the silicone rubber insulator. The inorganic filler alumina trihydrate (ATH) in the silicone rubber easily dissolves in acid rain, and the increasing discharge heat from dry band arcing due to acid rain can further cause the loss of ATH. The hydrophobic groups of hydrocarbon branch (ie. methyl in silicone rubber), are also degraded in acid rain. Therefore, the surface of aged insulators becomes rough, they become less hydrophobic, and the surface discharge current increases. However, in a subsequent dry environment, the low molecular weight (LMW) polymer silicone liquid or oil in the bulk of the insulator diffuses and migrates to the surface to provide a hydrophobic layer so that the degraded surface of silicone rubber insulator is compensated, and the contamination performance is restored to some extent. Such recovery of contamination indicates why silicone rubber insulators can be used for long times under severe environmental stress     

Flashover mechanism of silicone rubber insulators used for outdoorinsulation-II

Flashover mechanisms of silicone rubber used for outdoor insulation is presented and experimentally proven. A hydrophobic surface of silicone rubber wets and accumulates contaminants differently compared to conventional porcelain and glass insulators. This suggests that the flashover mechanism of silicone rubber insulators is different than porcelain and glass. This part of the paper experimentally investigates ohmic heating, electrical field caused interaction between water droplets, generation of conductive regions and filaments, field intensification caused spot discharges and the ultimate flashover of silicone rubber along wetted filaments. These studies have resulted in a new flashover mechanism which provides a better understanding of silicone rubber outdoor insulators and their excellent contamination performance. These results will be used for the development of a better laboratory test procedure to evaluate composite insulators' performance in contaminated conditions     

用冷雾法研究复合绝缘子污秽闪络特性

针对绝缘子冬季雾闪的典型气象特征,提出了一种研究复合绝缘子污闪特性的冷雾试验方法。设计了冷雾试验的温度控制方法,即试验时环境温度在-2~2℃范围内循环。根据冷雾中随着温度循环次数的增加试样的闪络电压呈"U"形分布的特征,提出冷雾中复合绝缘子污闪特性的评价方法。最后,分别利用该冷雾试验方法和传统蒸汽雾法评价了一种复合绝缘子短串试样的污秽闪络特性。试验选择一种污秽度、两种初始憎水性状态。结果表明：对于2组具有不同初始憎水性状态的污秽复合绝缘子试样,冷雾法试验结果比蒸汽雾法的试验结果分别低12.8%和25.5%,从而证实了用冷雾法研究复合绝缘子污闪特性的必要性。     

Flashover of contaminated nonceramic outdoor insulators in a wetatmosphere

This paper deals with the flashover mechanism and performance of contaminated nonceramic (also known as composite and polymeric) outdoor insulators under wet conditions. Two types of wetting that occur in service, namely fog and rain, were considered. Different profiles of line insulators having weathersheds made from material families such as, high temperature vulcanizing (HTV) silicone rubber (SR) and ethylene propylene (EP) diene monomer rubber, were evaluated. The results demonstrate that the performance, and hence the relative ranking of nonceramic line insulators is influenced by the wetting mode and insulator geometry; that flashover of contaminated insulators can occur with rain at a much lower contamination severity than with fog; and that the mechanism of contamination flashover under rain is significantly different from that under fog condensation. New insulator profiles have been identified and tested to show that they can provide improved flashover performance, when compared to existing designs. This work proves that a comprehensive evaluation of outdoor insulator performance can be obtained by performing flashover tests that include more than one form of wetting, and hence illustrates the limitations of current standard contamination tests that employ only one form of insulator wetting