Weld growth mechanisms during resistance spot welding of two and three thickness lap joints

Abstract

Understanding the mechanisms of weld growth during resistance spot welding is a prerequisite for the development of optimum welding conditions which ensure high levels of joint quality in autobody manufacture. This study compared the heat development/weld growth of double and triple sheet lap joints as a means of understanding the role of welding conditions, sheet thickness configuration, and physical material properties on joint microstructure and performance. High temperature heat patterns have been determined using metallographic and thermographic techniques for double and triple sheet lap joints in uncoated low carbon steel. In the case of double sheet joints, initial heat generation and weld nugget formation was observed to occur where the resistance to the flow of current was the greatest, i.e. at the sheet/sheet interface. This was also the case for heat generation in triple sheet joints, but in this more complex case weld nugget formation was dependent on sheet thickness and joint configuration. Furthermore, the incubation period to weld nugget formation was dependent on total joint thickness with a longer weld time required for joints of greater thickness. For non-uniform triple sheet joints, heating was observed to be concentrated around the thinnest sheet as a result of the way heat was dissipated by the steel substrate.     

TC4钛合金激光搭接焊的研究

进行了TC4钛合金搭接接头的激光焊接研究,得出了工艺参数与接头几何形状之间的关系,间接反映了承栽能力的变化。分析了接头微观组织特征,同时分析了接头区域的显微硬度及性能,测量了焊接接头区域的残余应力分布规律。     

镀锌层厚度对铝/镀锌板CMT搭接接头组织和性能的影响

文中研究厚度分别为10,30,60 μm (依次为1号,2号,3号)的镀锌层 对6082铝合金/镀锌板搭接接头组织和性能的影响,结果表明,1号焊缝成形较差,边缘有锌层烧蚀,3号焊缝形貌较美观,润湿性较好;1号和3号焊接接头拉伸性能较差,2号的焊接接头拉伸承载力达到9 519.5 N;镀锌层主要影响了富锌区和界面区,发现富锌区有枝晶和裂纹生成,界面区的金属间化合物均为Fe-Al-Zn化合物,仅在界面中间位置附近生成,3号的化合物层达到4 ~ 6 μm,1号和2号的化合物层为1 ~ 2 μm. 综上所述,合适的镀锌层厚度才能得到性能良好的焊接接头.     

铜与不锈钢搅拌摩擦焊搭接接头的显微组织

采用搅拌摩擦焊方法实现T2紫铜和不锈钢异种金属的焊接,得到外观成形良好、变形小的搭接接头。通过金相、能谱扫描分析焊接接头组织。结果表明:紫铜-不锈钢搭接接头后退侧塑性较好的紫铜金属材料从上往下流动形成层状流线,在焊缝交界处与塑性较差的不锈钢金属材料形成具有模糊界线的区域组织;焊核区上表面组织为细小的等轴晶,紫铜侧组织由于受高温时间较长,为粗大的等轴晶,钢侧组织受搅拌针端部作用形成再结晶晶粒,交界处出现涡流交迭形状;前进侧有两种组织形貌,即铜基混合条带和钢基混合条带;紫铜-不锈钢异种材料焊接时在不锈钢侧存在搅拌头磨损后脱落的元素成分。     

Two-pass laser welding of galvanized high-strength dual-phase steel for a zero-gap lap joint configuration

A welding procedure based on using two-pass laser scans is introduced for joining overlapped galvanized high-strength steel sheets. The first pass is based on a defocused laser spot that scans across the top of the overlapped sheets and heats the zinc coating at the faying surface to be melted and vaporized, while the second pass is executed with a focused laser spot in order to perform the welding. Completely defect-free welds were obtained by using this two-pass laser welding procedure. An on-line machine vision system and a spectrometer were applied to analyze the stability of the laser welding process. An energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) was carried out to determine the atomic percent of zinc and iron of the DP980 coupons. Mechanical testing was conducted to evaluate the mechanical properties of the welds. The experimental results show that the weld joints obtained by the two-pass laser welding approach have a higher failure value than those obtained by a single pass laser welding of galvanized steel with mechanically removed zinc at the faying surface under the same welding speed and laser power.     

Friction stir welding of pure titanium lap joint

Abstract

The effects of welding parameters on friction stir welding of pure titanium lap joint were investigated together with the microstructural characteristics of the sound joint. Three kinds of welding defects were found under the condition of tool load control, namely, the groove-like defect, the inner cavity defect and the overheating rough surface and tool penetration defect with increasing heat input. The tool plunge depth control effectively increased the lap width compared with the tool load control, so the sound joints fractured in the base metal were acquired at 250 rev min^–1–75 mm min^–1 and 200 rev min^–1–50 mm min^–1. The sound joint consisted of the thermomechanically affected zone, the stir zone, the lap zone and the top layer. The microstructure was fined obviously after welding, and finer grains were observed in the lap zone and top layer.     

钛合金胶接点焊与电阻点焊接头性能对比分析

分别对1.5 mm厚的钛合金板进行胶接点焊和电阻点焊连接,获得了不同焊接电流下的胶接点焊和电阻点焊接头,从熔核的C扫描图像、接头的失效载荷和断口形貌等方面,对比分析了胶接点焊和电阻点焊的接头强度及失效样貌. 结果表明,通过观察A扫描信号的变化与C扫描图像的特征,能够很好的划分接头的热影响区、熔合区、熔核区以及检测出接头的熔核直径和焊接缺陷. 随着焊接电流(7.0～10.0 kA)的逐渐增大,接头熔核直径及失效载荷呈递增趋势;当焊接条件相同时,胶接点焊接头的熔核直径普遍大于电阻点焊接头,但接头的强度相当. 当电流在7.0～8.5 kA时,接头强度不足,熔核区的断口处出现大小不等的韧窝,呈现出韧性断裂特征;当电流为10.0 kA时,接头强度较高,主要呈现出韧性断裂与准解理断裂特征.     

两种点焊机多层板点焊工艺性的比较

对传统工频点焊机和逆变点焊机的多层板焊接质量进行比较，在相同的参数条件下，分别使用2种焊机进行焊接。经对焊件抛光、拍照后，讨论其形核特点的不同，并分析了使用逆变直流点焊机焊接时，熔核容易产生大孔洞的原因。     

逆变与交流点焊机焊接工艺性能比较

通过实验，比较了在焊接电流、通电时间以及电极压力等参数变动时，单相工频点焊机与逆变直流点焊机的焊接工艺性能差异，实验结果显示，采用逆变焊机进行焊接，焊点的平均强度有所提高。飞溅率和未焊合率均有大幅度降低。为获得同样的合格焊点，采用逆变焊机进行焊接时，对规范参数的波动不敏感。     

双相钢胶焊与电阻点焊接头性能对比分析

从接头的拉剪力、熔核的微观组织、动态电阻曲线和焊接性范围4个方面.对比分析双相钢透胶胶焊和电阻点焊的接头性能.结果表明,胶焊熔核开始形成时间提前于点焊,使得在小电流情况下胶焊的焊点拉剪力要普遍高于点焊;胶焊在中等电流情况下便会产生严重飞溅,使得在大电流情况下点焊焊点拉剪力要更高些.因此,在制定胶焊的焊接工艺参数时应选择比电阻点焊偏低的焊接电流,而适度增加焊接过程的电极力有利于抑制飞溅产生.     

Effects of process time and thread on tensile shear strength of Al alloy lap joint produced by friction stir spot welding

In automotive applications, friction stir spot welding (FSSW) has been practically used in the construction of aluminium car bodies. In this study, the weld strength and factors governing the weld strength in the friction stir spot welded aluminium alloy 6061-T6 were examined. The weld strength increased with the process time during FSSW up to 3 s, beyond which it decreased. The fracture path changed from the lapped interface into the shoulder edge as the process time increased, and the maximum strength was obtained at the process time when the transition of the fracture path occurred. The cross-sectional microstructure depended on the threads on the probe surface, i.e. the elliptical zone was formed in the stir zone by the threads, but an effect of the thread on the weld strength was hardly found. The present study suggests that the weld strength was strongly related to the size of the well-consolidated region, which was larger than the elliptical zone observed in the vicinity of the exit hole.     

Weldability evaluation and tensile strength estimation model for aluminum alloy lap joint welding using hybrid system with laser and scanner head

Aluminum welding using a hybrid system with a laser and scanner welding head was performed under various welding conditions to verify the feasibility of applying an aluminum alloy to a car body.The experimental material was 5J32 aluminum alloy,and the laser power,welding speed,and laser incidence angle were used as the control variables.The weld bead shape and the tensile shear strength were evaluated in order to understand the aluminum lap joint weld characteristics.Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to identify the effect of the process variables on the tensile shear strength.Tensile strength estimation models using three different regression models were also suggested.The input variables were the laser power,welding speed,and laser incidence angle,and the output was the tensile shear strength.Among the models,the second-order polynomial estimation model had the best estimation performance,and the average error rate of this model was 0.058.     

Finite element simulation of laser spot welding

Abstract

The present work reports on a two-dimensional axisymmetric finite element analysis of heat flow during laser spot welding, taking into account the temperature dependence of the physical properties and latent heat of transformations. An analysis based on conduction heat transfer alone, but using the 'double ellipsoidal' representation of the laser beam, seems to be sufficient to estimate the transition to keyhole formation during laser spot welding, although the 'double ellipsoidal' representation requires an a priori knowledge of the expected weld pool dimensions. Transient temperature isotherms and the weld pool dimensions are predicted using the model; the latter are found to compare well with measurements of weld bead dimensions. The results show that the keyhole mode is stimulated using either a high laser power and low on-time or a low laser power and high on-time. The outcomes are found to be sensitive to the assumed absorptivity and the assumed weld pool depth used to define the 'double ellipsoidal' heat source.     

再认识电阻焊接头及其性能

在解决生产过程中铝合金点焊质量难题时,发现铝合金电阻焊接头中存在一个疏松区,从而将电阻焊接头从外向内分为塑性环、承力致密区和疏松区;试验检查和分析了这3个区域的力学性能,以及焊接参数（电极直径、焊接时间、焊接电流和电极压力）对它们的影响。     

Process and joint quality of ultrasonic vibration enhanced friction stir lap welding

In order to improve the process effectiveness and joint quality, ultrasonic vibrations were integrated with friction stir lap welding. Effect of ultrasonic exertion on the process and joint quality of AA 6061-T6 were investigated. Upon ultrasonic exertion, joints owned larger effective lap width, shorter hooks and improved strength. Weld fracture mode changed from a ductile–brittle mixed mode to a more ductile mode while the fracture path shifted from lap interface to beyond the stir zone. Material flow and interface defects were characterised using lap welded dissimilar aluminium alloy joints. Ultrasonic vibration improved the material flow and reduced the interfacial defects. Variations in failure load of joints were found in accordance with the variations in material flow and interfacial defects.     

Characterization of aluminum/steel lap joint by friction stir welding

The welding of a lap joint of a commercially pure aluminum plate to a low carbon steel plate (i.e., Al plate top, and steel plate bottom) was produced by friction stir welding using various rotations and traveling speeds of the tool to investigate the effects of the welding parameters on the joint strength. The joint strength depended strongly on the depth of the pin tip relative to the steel surface; when the pin depth did not reach the steel surface, the joint failed under low applied loads. Meanwhile, slight penetration of the pin tip to the steel surface significantly increased the joint strength. The joint strength tended to increase with rotationspeed and slightly decrease with the increase in the traveling speed, although the results were quite scattered. The effects of the welding parameters were discussed metallographically based on observations with optical and scanning electron microscopes.     

Friction stir welding of aluminium lap joint by tool without probe

A friction stir welding process, with a rotating tool without a probe, was employed and applied to a lap joint of aluminium plate. The thickness of the aluminium plates was 0.5 mm. New tool shapes were developed. The tops of the tool were dome shaped. In this process, the rotating tool was plunged into the aluminium plate. The tool-rotating axis was vertical to the specimen surface, and then moved in the welding direction at a speed of 20 mm/s. Tool rotation speed was 18,000 rpm.

At tool plunge depths of 0.1 mm or over, it was possible to weld the two plates. At tool plunge depth of 0.1 mm, its joint was fractured at the weld interface. At tool plunge depth of 0.2 mm or over, the joints were fractured at the stir zone of the upper plate or the heat affected zone of the lower plate. Based on observation of the hardness profiles and the thickness change of the weld area, controlling factors of the joint strength are discussed.     

铝合金激光双光点焊接工艺特性

对铝合金薄板激光单光点和双光点焊接(包括不填丝和填丝)的焊缝成形、对接间隙和准直度容许裕度以及气孔状况进行了比较,并分析了双光点能量分布的激光对铝合金焊接的影响.结果表明,与激光单光点焊接相比,激光双光点焊接铝合金所得焊缝表面质量更好,焊缝熔宽更大,对接间隙和准直度容许裕度明显放宽.激光双光点焊接铝合金可以显著减少焊缝中大气孔的数量,但对焊缝中小气孔数量的影响不明显.此外,填加焊丝可以进一步改善焊缝表面质量并放宽对接间隙和准直度容许裕度,但将增大焊缝产生大气孔的倾向,采用激光双光点焊接仍可使焊缝中大气孔的数量明显减少.     

不等厚板搭接焊缝缺陷数字X射线检测

在不等厚钢板搭接焊缝X射线检测图像中,由于工件及焊缝厚度变化带来的图像背景灰度差异、焊缝区灰度连续变化等,给基于图像处理的缺陷自动识别带来困难.同时,被检测焊缝装卡的空间位置具有不确定性,垂直布置的焊缝和重力方向存在一定角度,不便于缺陷自动识别及定位.文中给出一种基于不变矩的X射线图像校正方法,解决焊缝图像倾斜问题;在此基础上,给出一种图像噪声抑制、背景去除、图像分割及数学形态学相结合的缺陷识别方法.结果表明,所提方法能有效识别不等厚搭接焊缝中的气孔类缺陷,适用于自动检测.     

铝合金与不锈钢电阻点焊接合界面区的组织特性

采用热补偿工艺垫片电阻点焊法对铝合金A5052与不锈钢SUS304异种材料进行了焊接．通过电子显微镜对接合界面区进行了观察,并分析了所生成反应物的微观结构及分布等组织特性．结果表明,一锯齿状反应层在接合界面生成,其主要由Fe2Al5和FeAl3组成;反应层厚度随焊接电流以及界面上位置的变化而变化．另外,在界面附近的铝合...