兰州市城市化对地下水系统的影响研究

以地下水污染调查数据为基础,结合历史观测资料,揭示兰州市城市化过程中地下水水位、水质的变化特征及其影响因素。城市污水排放、蓄水设备修建及农业灌溉等因素使垂直渗入补给量增加,引起地下水上升,其中西固区地下水位上升剧烈,受地下水开采的影响,水源地地区形成大面积的地下水降落漏斗,水位下降显著;兰州市区地下水水质影响因素较多,土地利用类型的改变带来污染源强的增加、城市垃圾处理方式以及水位下降等是直接或间接地造成地下水质恶化的重要因素,老城区和工业区地下水总硬度、NO-3、氟离子、有机组分等指标呈逐年上升趋势,污染形势严峻。     

黑龙江杜尔伯特县节水增粮行动项目地下水资源分析与预测

在对节水增粮行动项目区的地质、水文地质条件进行研究的基础上,进一步分析了杜尔伯特蒙古族自治县节水增粮行动项目区地下水的补给条件和动态特征,对潜水和承压水资源量分别进行计算,对2015年进行供需平衡分析,采用开采强度法对地下水开采进行预测分析计算,采用水位恢复法预测地下水状况。计算结果表明:论证单元区地下水补给资源量为12 320.25万m3/a,可开采资源量为10 472.26万m3,总需水量为8 719.4万m3,需水量小于可开采量,各论证区可开采量均有剩余。采用开采强度法对水源地进行水位降深预测,在无补给且连续24天开采情况下,最大水位降深为1.82m,平均水位降深1.37m。从停止开采的24小时内动水位恢复迅速,从第10天以后水位回升缓慢,到第120天基本回复至初始状态。     

涑水盆地中深层承压水系统分析

涑水盆地中深层承压水是当地工农业及城乡人民生活最主要的供水水源，多年来由于不合理的开采已形成了千余平方公里的下降漏斗，文中通过对多年地下水动态资料的分析研究，确定了涑水盆地中深层承压水的可开采资源量，为合理开发利用地下水资源提供了科学依据。     

基于GWAS模型的武安市水资源优化配置

为缓解河北武安市水资源供需不平衡的突出矛盾,立足水资源精细化管理的需求,构建了武安市GWAS(general water allocation and simulation )模型,并开展规划年(2025年与2030年)不同情景下武安市各乡镇水资源优化配置研究。结果表明:2025年和2030年,平水情景(P=50%)下模型优化配置水量基本可以满足各乡镇水量需求,枯水情景(P=75%)下各乡镇存在不同程度的缺水情况;全市普遍农业缺水,2025年平枯情景农业缺水率分别为6.45%和44.11%,2030年平枯情景农业缺水率分别为5.05%和42.47%;优化后的供水结构改善效果显著,地下水供水量占比在各规划年平枯情景下均有所下降。     

辽河流域主要城市供水水源研究

辽河流域水资源短缺,人均水资源量很低,而中部城市群用水量却很大,由于地表水不足,许多城市的地下水超采现象严重,本文立足于地下水保护,依据城市的发展规模和用水要求,通过深入的分析研究,梳理和明确了主要城市未来的供水水源.     

Simulation-Optimization Modeling of Conjunctive Use of Surface Water and Groundwater

Water resources management in semiarid regions with low precipitation and high potential of evapotranspiration is a great challenge for managers and decision makers. In those regions, both sources of water should be managed conjunctively so as to minimize shortages of water in dry seasons. In conjunctive use, the difficulty increases as one must represent the response of both systems interactions, and develop management strategies that simultaneously address surface water and aquifer regulation. This paper focuses on the simulation-optimization for conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater on a basin-wide scale, the Najafabad plain in west-central Iran. A trained artificial neural network model is developed as a simulator of surface water and groundwater interaction while a genetic algorithm is developed as the optimization model. The main goal of the simulation-optimization model is to minimize shortages in meeting irrigation demands for three irrigation systems subject to constraints on the control of cumulative drawdown of the underlying water table and maximum capacity of surface irrigation systems. To achieve the main goal, three scenarios are presented. Results of the proposed model demonstrate the importance of the conjunctive use approach for planning the management of water resources in semiarid regions.     

河北省连续枯水年(1997-2002)水文水资源情势分析

1997——2002连续枯水年组对产流系数、地表径流量、地下水环境、水资源总量产生了较大影响，给社会、经济、环境带来严重危害。在水资源规划设计中应对连续枯水年这一特殊水文现象进行深入探讨，用可持续发展的观念优化配置水资源，制定切实有效的措施，最大程度减免连续枯水年带来的旱灾损失。     

Multi-criteria Decision Making for Integrated Urban Water Management

The city of Zahedan, in South-eastern Iran, has high population growth, limited local freshwater resources and inadequate water distribution system resulting in water supply failures in recent years. This paper will investigate integration of several demand management measures such as leakage detection on water distribution network, water metering and low volume water fixtures as well as the conjunctive use of surface and groundwater resources of this city. For integration of water management criteria, compromise programming will be used as a multi-objective decision making method. The criteria include minimizing the cost, maximizing water supply and minimizing the social hazards due to the water supply operations. This model will derive optimum long-term plans for implementation of water resources. The results will show that demand management can delay a water transfer project for Zahedan city up to 10 years. Compromise programming is as an efficient tool for integrated water resources management in urban areas and the method is capable to being used by decision-makers in other cases.     

徐州城市供水水源地降落漏斗演变及成因分析

徐州市岩溶水强烈开采形成明显的水位降落漏斗,引发了岩溶地面塌陷、地裂缝、地下水污染等一系列环境地质问题。通过对水源地水位降落漏斗形成演化的分析,得出研究区水位漏斗演化的3个阶段:增采阶段-水位下降(20世纪80年代)、控采阶段-水位平稳(20世纪90年代)、压/禁采阶段-水位回升(2000年以来);地表水资源缺乏、城市生活及工业发展过度依赖岩溶水,城市化面积增大、有效入渗补给量减小,矿坑疏干排水、增大岩溶水排泄量等为水位降落漏斗形成演化的主要影响因素;通过对岩溶水开采量、年平均降水量、土地硬化面积与漏斗水位进行多元相关分析,得出岩溶水开采量为岩溶水水位持续下降及漏斗形成与演变的主导因素。提出岩溶水超采情况下的水资源保障对策:控采岩溶水,制定不同管理目标下的地下水水位控制红线;修建水库、植树造林,扩大岩溶水水源涵养区;利用采空区修建地下水库等,实现地表水、地下水、矿井水及城市雨水的优化分配。     

Conjunctive Use of Surface Water and Groundwater: Application of Support Vector Machines (SVMs) and Genetic Algorithms

Combined simulation-optimization models have been widely used to address the management of water resources issues. This paper presents a simulation-optimization model for conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater at a basin-wide scale, the Zayandehrood river basin in west central Iran. In the Zayandehrood basin, in the past 10 years, a historical low rainfall in the head of the basin, combined with growing demand for water, has triggered great changes in water management at basin and irrigation system level. The conjunctive use model that coupled numerical simulation with nonlinear optimization is used to minimize shortages of water in meeting irrigation demands for four irrigation systems. Constraints guarantee the maximum/minimum cumulative groundwater drawdown and maximum capacity of irrigation systems. A support vector machines (SVMs) model is developed as a simulator of surface water and groundwater interaction model while a genetic algorithm (GA) is used as the optimization model. Conjunctive use model runs for three scenarios. Results show that the accuracy of SVMs as a simulator for surface water and groundwater interaction model is good and that it is possible to decrease the water shortage for irrigation systems with application of proposed SVMs-GA model.     

淄博市水资源开发利用研究

为实现淄博市水资源的可持续利用,分析了该市水资源特点和供用水现状,指出水资源开发利用中存在的主要问题是地下水超采、水污染严重、地表水利用率低、农业用水量大且浪费严重等。建议采取以下措施:减少地下水超采量,加强水污染监控与治理,建立节水型社会,优化调控水资源,合理调整水价,明晰水权,建立水市场。     

Optimized Sustainable Groundwater Extraction Management: General Approach and Application to the City of Lucknow, India

In rapidly developing urban areas of emerging countries, increased water demand has led to enormous groundwater withdrawal, calling out for sustainable groundwater management. We suggest implementing a sustainable pumping rate concept based on numerical modeling of the managed aquifer. Sustainability is achieved by constraints regarding (1) a minimum groundwater discharge rate to gaining rivers (ecological constraint) and (2) a maximum drawdown along the city boundaries (social constraints) to prevent excessive groundwater depletion in the neighboring peri-urban and rural areas. The total groundwater extraction is maximized subject to these constraints, leading to specific extraction patterns throughout the city, depending upon the values set for the constraints. The optimization is performed by linear programming. For a given extraction rate, the two constraints can be traded off by the groundwater manager, causing different wells to be activated or deactivated. We demonstrate the applicability of the methodology by the example of the city of Lucknow, India, but it can be transferred to other cities facing conflicts of managing groundwater resources.     

西安市多水源联合调度模型及应用

在分析西安市城市供水系统现状的基础上,构建了基于调度规则控制的西安市多水源联合调度模拟模型。通过对水资源系统用水户和供水户等主要环节所涉及的要素和相互链接关系进行分析,抽象概括出系统中的主要对象,建立了满足西安市联合调水目标要求的多水源联合调水系统网络结构图。模型以1956-2010年的长系列水文资料和规划水平年需水预测为依据,进行了供需平衡分析,得到了不同情况下的多水源联合调度结果,并针对水资源供需矛盾,提出具体的应对措施。     

Assessing Impacts of Conservation Measures on Watershed Hydrology Using MIKE SHE Model in the Face of Climate Change

Climate change triggers changes in temperature, precipitation, evapotranspiration, etc. and has a significant impact on water resources in many regions. Considering the increasing scarcity of water as a result of climate change, conservation of water and groundwater recharge have become crucial factors for water resources planning and management. In this paper, an attempt is made to study the detailed hydrological behaviour of a treated watershed using physically based distributed hydrological modelling system MIKE SHE to assess the impact of conservation measures on watershed hydrology considering future climate change. Three hypothetical management scenarios are simulated for the period 2010–2040. RegCM4 regional climate model is used in the study for RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios. Detailed hydrological water balance is extracted for individual years from 1979 to 2009 to compare relevant components. The evaluation for base period shows 10.06% reduction in surface runoff and 11.33% enhancement in groundwater recharge. Further simulation with RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios show notable reduction in surface runoff and increase in groundwater recharge. The structures in the micro-watershed influence the surface runoff and increase infiltration into the soil, resulting in higher groundwater recharge. MIKE SHE simulations for various structures management scenarios establish the role of conservation measures in reducing surface runoff and enhancing groundwater recharge under substantial effect of climate change. The results will assist in decision-making on watershed development plans in quantitative terms, including planning for water conservation measures in the face of climate change.

     

The fate of the City of Mutare's urban water supply as changing climate impacts on its source in the Pungwe sub-catchment

Sustaining a steady supply of water to urban communities is of importance in a period that is characterised by rapid urban population growth, a global pandemic, and a changing climate that threatens the availability of the resource from its sources. Water supply to the City of Mutare is from three sources, Small Bridge Dam, Odzani, and the Pungwe River. The Pungwe source provides better quality water resources equivalent to the combined quantity supplied by the other two. It becomes an important source for the city, but climate change threatens the availability of water resources in the southern African region. Thus, it is imperative to quantitatively assess the impacts of a changing climate on water resources to enable the development of sustainable management alternatives. Using two carbon emission scenarios Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) 4.5 and 8.5, the study assesses the future availability of water resources from the Pungwe River to the City of Mutare using the Pitman hydrological model applied in an uncertainty framework. Available historical streamflow observations at gauging station F14 indicate a Q₉₅ flow of about 2 Mm³/year. Projected future water resources at the end of the 21st century show a slight increase of up to 2.38% under the low carbon emission scenario (RCP4.5) and a decrease of up to 9.73%under the high carbon emission scenario (RCP8.5). These model-generated results are useful to water managers to plan for catchment management strategies that would ensure continuous urban water supply, and the identification and development of possible future alternative water sources.     

改进的WEAP模型在水资源管理中的应用

在水资源评价和规划模型(WEAP)的基础上耦合多边形网格地下水三维流有限差分模拟系统,建立了WEAP-Tsinghua模型。该模型既能反映各水文测站的径流情况和水资源供需关系与分配,也能反映地下水位动态变化。以石羊河流域为例,建立了该流域的水资源管理模型,并利用2000年用水结构、水文测站径流数据和地下水位观测数据进行参数率定和模型验证,模拟和实测地下水水头差值小于1.0m的观测孔达到总监测点数的50%,模拟和实测蔡旗同金川峡站流量年误差小于1％,模拟的用水结构符合实际,预测分析说明石羊河流域现状用水模式不合理。改进WEAP模型具有友好的用户界面和易于使用的功能,可用于区域水资源规划模拟分析。     

GIS技术在水文地质领域的应用进展

地理信息系统(GIS)是水文地质研究的一个重要工具,地理信息系统在水文地质领域的应用是水文地质研究的热点之一。在总结近年来国内外大量相关研究成果的基础上,从基于GIS的地下水资源评价、地下水资源管理、地面沉降、地下水水质评价及污染物分析、水文地质调查、地下水保护,以及GIS与数值模拟技术的结合等方面介绍了地理信息系统在水文地质领域的最新应用,提出了GIS在水文地质领域应用存在的问题,并对今后GIS在水文地质领域的应用进行了展望。指出,今后应加强GIS与地下水模型及分布式水文模型的集成、基于GIS的地下水系统仿真三维或四维可视化、网络GIS技术的应用,以及流域水资源综合管理评价系统的建立等方面的研究。     

通辽市地下水重点保护区地下水量与水质变化特征

通辽市科尔沁区东部工业区形成地下水位下降漏斗,部分区域地下水质已经遭受并正在继续遭受污染.本文选取两处重要水源地,采用水流数学模型、水质运移-弥散模型,探讨区域地下水量与水质的变化特征,给出地下水资源现状特征及未来的变化特征值,提出区域水资源管理与保护措施.     

秦皇岛城市供水水资源量分析

随着秦皇岛市社会经济发展，需水量将逐步增加，城市供水的供需矛盾日益突出。从本地区地表水资源、地下水资源可利用量分别进行分析，得出城市供水可利用水资源总量；进而分析得出解决秦皇岛市城市供水问题的最佳途径。     

基于“三条红线”约束的滨海区多水源联合调度模型

为实现多水源联合调度,在最严格水资源管理思想的指导下,研究探讨"三条红线"控制指标,即用水总量控制指标、用水效率控制指标和水功能区限制纳污控制指标的确定方法,并在充分考虑地表水、地下水、外调水、雨水等不同水源供水潜力和未来需水情况的基础上,构建基于"三条红线"约束的滨海区多水源联合调控模型。将该模型应用于莱州市,确定了莱州市不同规划水平年的"三条红线"控制指标,提出了多水源联合调度方案,该方案各项供水指标满足"三条红线"要求。