基于射流冲击作用的舰机适配性数值分析与优化

准确分析和控制射流冲击对航母甲板环境的影响是新型喷气偏流板设计和布局的关键所在。为了确定射流冲击影响最小的偏流板布局,运用有限体积法,采用分区混合网格方案,结合雷诺时均纳维斯托克斯（RANS）方程和SST k-ω湍流模型对喷气偏流板在不同布局下的射流冲击效应进行三维数值模拟。选取舰载机双发动机全加力状态时喷气偏流板与发动机距离不同、喷气偏流板倾角不同共12种布局组合进行射流冲击效应的对比计算,计算结果显示了喷气偏流板各布局下的流场参数、传热特性、尾喷口温升、冲击力和力矩等分布规律。定性和定量分析了燃气射流冲击下温度场和速度场的危险区域,结果表明,偏流板与发动机距离5 m、偏流板倾角45°时的布局更有利于将燃气射流向上引导。在此基础上,基于倾角最小化原则及二次导流原理优化设计了一种导流隔热性能好、工作稳定性高的被动隔热式喷气偏流板装置。     

斜射流对壁面传热特性影响的仿真分析

冲击射流是一种传热效率极高的方式,采用数值分析方法模拟了单束射流不同倾角条件下的冲击冷却过程,定量讨论了射流流场对壁面传热特性的影响,发现射流流速与滞止区和壁面射流区的传热性能具有强相关性.为此设计了组合式射流冲击冷却模型,仿真验证发现,在多喷嘴协同作用下,组合式射流继承了单束直射流和斜射流的优点,在保证滞止区传热效率...     

周期性冲击射流流动对传热特性的影响分析

采用经过实验验证的数值模型研究了周期性射流冲击下的流场对传热强化的影响。根据不同波形（正弦波、三角形波和矩形波）规律变化的射流对平板的冲击会产生不同的传热特性,研究得到了滞止点处的温度、传热系数和湍流强度随时间变化的规律。研究结果表明：当正弦波射流、三角形波射流的信号处于上升阶段时,湍流强度在稍有延迟后会产生一个瞬时的增强,可对强化传热起到促进作用,但在它们随后的波形变化中湍流强度仅有缓慢的升降,矩形波射流在信号发生阶跃变化时,会产生湍流强度的脉冲增强,尤其是在信号跃降时产生的瞬时脉冲增强比信号跃升时产生的脉冲增强更大,可有效强化传热;远离滞止点的流场的周期性波动仍然存在,但幅值大大减小,矩形波射流的平均速度大于其他波形射流的速度。     

超声空化微射流建模与仿真

为探求功率超声珩磨中空化作用产生的微射流对壁面的冲击作用,考虑液体压缩性,基于连续方程及动量方程,建立了壁面峰值压力及滞止压力公式。应用耦合欧拉拉格朗日（CEL）方法建立了微射流冲击壁面的有限元模型,并对壁面压力、壁面变形等进行了数值研究。结果表明：壁面的峰值压力、最大变形深度及最大等效应变均出现在射流冲击的边缘;铝板在微射流冲击后出现深约0.11μm的凹坑,并在凹坑边缘有材料隆起;壁面塑性变形主要发生在冲击前期,等效应变呈环形分布。空化微射流的冲击有利于材料的去除。     

多楔形效应胶囊机器人花瓣廓形优化

提出一种花瓣型胶囊机器人,表面偏心花瓣廓形与管壁形成四个收敛楔形空间,使流体运动路径发生改变并产生多楔形效应。建立满足机器人外螺旋肋表面边界条件的流体雷诺差分控制方程和机器人流体动力平衡方程,以游动速度为目标函数,通过遗传算法对花瓣廓形进行优化,流体动压特性和游动速度特性研究结果表明:在一定间隙范围内,优化花瓣廓形机器人表面流体动压力和游动速度均增大,提高了肠道内驱动性能与安全性,该机器人结构简单,非结构化环境适应能力强,可望提高肠道内的窥视与施药等医疗作业效率。     

不同温度气体喷射特性的PIV试验研究

研究气体的喷射特性,用于指导发动机燃油供给系统的设计和燃烧室有效组织燃烧。基于粒子图像测速技术(PIV),对不同温度、不同压差下气体喷射的特性进行了对比研究。通过试验分析和图像处理等手段对射流流场及涡结构、气体射流边界扩展、喷嘴轴向流速衰减规律、断面流速分布等进行了总结。试验表明:射流边界呈线性扩展,可用锥角大小来表征其特性,锥角随压差的减小而增大,且增幅明显,温度对其也有一定影响。喷嘴射流的轴向速度与射流距离成反比,而速度的影响面积随射流距离的增大而增大,温度的增大使得相同压差下的轴向速度相应增大,断面流速的分布存在很大的相似性。     

后向台阶绕流低频脉动特性的强化传热研究

后向台阶绕流是包含丰富流动现象的典型分离再附流动,在工程中应用广泛。这里针对过渡流下后向台阶绕流低频脉动特性对传热的影响展开研究,重点分析了主回流区再附着点下游传热得到强化的原因。结果表明：过渡流下的低频脉动特性诱导流动在壁面附近形成旋涡,这些旋涡的运动破坏了速度边界层的均匀发展,同时加强了冷热流体的混合,从而强化了底面传热,再附着点下游局部区域的传热比层流时提升了3倍以上。随着雷诺数的继续增大,近壁旋涡的形态发生变化,促使流体冲击壁面的角度增大,低速回流范围减小,从而进一步强化了底面传热。     

蜂窝式除湿转轮的传热传质数学模型及其试验验证

针对蜂窝式除湿转轮的结构特点以及波纹形通道的传热传质特性,建立了转轮除湿过程中的传热传质数学模型,用试验数据验证了其合理性。分析和讨论了传热传质过程中空气温湿度和干燥剂温度及其含水量的分布情况和特征。数值计算发现:在波纹形通道内沿再生空气方向存在一条空气含湿量峰值线,该峰值线向出口方向的迁移时间和峰值的大小决定了再生速度和再生效率。为了提高再生效率,应该尽可能加快再生空气含湿峰值向出口处的移动过程,提高其迁移速度,降低迁移时间。最后还对运行参数对再生空气出口含湿峰值的大小及其迁移时间的影响进行了讨论。     

复合台阶绕流中旋涡与强化传热的关联性机理

研究了复合台阶绕流中典型旋涡和壁面传热之间的关联性机理。通过PIV实验对所用的数值模拟方法进行了验证。从瞬态和时均两方面分析了早期过渡流区域复合台阶绕流的传热特性。结果表明：从层流到早期过渡流壁面的时均传热随雷诺数呈现出非线性的增长趋势,同时台阶底面局部区域的流动传热出现了非相似性。为了理清上述传热特征的形成原因,对一个振动周期里典型旋涡的形态特征和演变规律进行了分析,发现旋涡再附着冲击角γ,近壁冲击流速Ω和旋涡流向长度Lv是影响传热的三个关键因素。一般情况下,壁面传热随着γ和Ω的增大而增大。     

基于相对强度理论的磨料射流冲蚀判据

通过引入冲蚀数的概念来描述磨料射流切割所需的最小能量。从牛顿定律和赫兹方程导出一个量纲一的量,称为相对冲蚀强度,发现在磨料冲击韧度材料过程中保持不变。进而基于多相流动力学模型计算出磨料速度,模型中特别考虑了形成磨料射流的关键元件混合管中空气流量对磨料加速过程的影响。最后建立了具有空气流量调节装置的试验系统来测量冲蚀数,表明它可以应用于预测磨料射流切割性能。     

Effect of cross-flow velocity on flow and heat transfer characteristics of impinging jet with low jet-to-plate distance

An effect of cross-flow velocity on flow and heat transfer characteristics of impinging jet in the case of low jet-to-plate distance at H = 2D was experimentally and numerically investigated. In the experiments, the air jet from orifice impingement on the wall of wind tunnel while a cross-flow was simultaneously induced normal to the jet flow. The jet velocity was fixed while the cross-flow velocity was varied corresponding to velocity ratios (jet velocity/cross-flow velocity) VR = 3, 5 and 7. The temperature distribution on an impinged surface was visualized by using thermochromic liquid crystal sheet (TLCs), and Nusselt number distribution was evaluated by using image processing method. The flow pattern on impingement surface was visualized by using oil film technique. The numerical simulation was carried out for a better understanding of the jet flow in the cross-flow. The results show that Nusselt number peak shifts downstream and the Nusselt number peak increases with increasing cross-flow velocity.     

Effect of guide wall on jet impingement cooling in blade leading edge channel

The characteristics of fluid flow and heat transfer, which are affected by the guide wall in a jet impinged leading edge channel, have been investigated numerically using three-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes analysis via the shear stress transport turbulence model and gamma theta transitional turbulence model. A constant wall heat flux condition has been applied to the leading edge surface. The jet-to-surface distance is constant, which is three times that of the jet diameter. The arrangement of the guide wall near the jet hole is set as a variable. Results presented in this study include the Nusselt number contour, velocity vector, streamline with velocity, and local Nusselt number distribution along the central line on the leading edge surface. The average Nusselt number and average pressure loss between jet nozzle and channel exit are calculated to assess the thermal performance. The application of the guide wall is aimed at improving heat transfer uniformity on the leading edge surface. Results indicated that the streamwise guide wall ensures the vertical jet impingement flow intensity and prevents the flow after impingement to reflux into jet flow. Thus, a combined rectangular guide wall benefits the average heat transfer, thermal performance and heat transfer distribution uniformity.     

Numerical investigation of an axi-symmetric laminar jet impinging on a dimpled surface under uniform heat flux using a finite element method

The purpose of this study is to numerically investigate heat transfer and flow field in a semi-confined axi-symmetric laminar air jet impinging on a concave surface, or dimple, with uniform heat flux. A commercial software package relying on the finite element method was used for the simulation, and mesh convergence was examined in order to minimize computational cost. Jet impingement on a flat plate was used as a baseline reference case, and flat plate results were validated against previously published experimental data with good agreement. The effects of various parameters involved in dimple impingement -such as Reynolds number (Re) between 100–1,400; jet-to-plate spacing (H/D_j) ranging from 2 to 6 jet diameters; dimple depths (d/D_d) of 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2; and the ratio of jet diameter and dimple projected diameter (D_j/D_d) from 0.25 to 1—were all studied. Comparisons show that heat transfer reduction occurs in the presence of dimples because of the larger impingement area, which results in less momentum flux. The dimple curvature lifts the post-impinging fluid and creates a backflow, instead of allowing it to maintain contact with the surface, as is the case with flat plate impingement.     

An experimental study on the flow and heat transfer characteristics of an impinging jet

The flow and heat transfer characteristics of an impinging jet is investigated in two major stages. The first stage is about the investigation of the three dimensional mean flow and the turbulent flow quantities in free jet, stagnation and wall jet region. After a complete documentation of the flow field, the convective heat transfer coefficient distributions on the impingement plate are presented, during the second stage of the study. Heat transfer experiments using the new hue-capturing technique result in high resolution wall heating rate distributions. The technique is fully automated using a true color image processing system. The present heat transfer results are discussed in detail in terms of the flow characteristics. The measurements from the new method are compared with conventional heat flux sensors located on the same model. These heat transfer distributions are also compared with other studies available from the literature. The new non-intrusive heat transfer method is highly effective in obtaining high resolution heat transfer maps with good accuracy.     

燃气轮机燃烧室冲击射流冷却火焰筒壁的结构参数研究（英文）

The flame temperature in the combustor of a gas turbine is usually as high as 2000 K, while the maximum temperature that can be endured by metal materials is less than 1200 K at present. Therefore, various protective and cooling measures are needed to ensure the operation life of the liner wall which wraps the flame. The lean premixed combustor can meet the increasingly stringent emission requirements, but it requires more air for premixed combustion and then less air for cooling and dilution. In order to obtain a better impingement jet cooling structure, this paper studied the impingement jet cooling structure with vertical circular holes of equal diameter under single outlet condition. The structural variables studied include the jet hole diameter D, the impinging distance Z, the jet hole length(jet plate thickness) t, and the jet-to-jet spacing X is ignored. Among them, X/D(the ratio of the jet-to-jet spacing to the jet diameter) is inversely correlated with the mass flow rate. Within the constant X/D being equal to 10, the influence of D, Z and t on the average heat transfer coefficient h of the target surface under same mass flow was determined by means of conjugate numerical heat transfer analysis and orthogonal test. The results show that Z has significant influence on h, D has moderate influence on h, and t has negligible influence on h. Further, by means of regression orthogonal test, the influence trend of parameters Z and D on h at X/D=10 was studied. The optimal values of Z and D within the research scope were found.     

近距离淹没冲击射流动态流场特性

近距离下淹没冲击射流具有重要的应用前景,但有关其动态流场特性的研究尚不充分。利用粒子图像测速技术（Particle image velocimetry,PIV）对冲击距离为H/D=1时的动态流场特性进行测量,研究雷诺数Re和喷嘴端面轮廓（壁面约束）对间隙内旋涡生成的影响,并对试验数据进行涡量分析与本征正交分解方法（Proper orthogonal decomposition,POD）分析。结果表明,雷诺数Re对不同喷嘴端面轮廓（壁面约束）的旋涡生成和迁移影响规律不同。雷诺数对直角型喷嘴的双涡环模式流态影响较小,但对圆角型喷嘴卷吸流态影响较大,且随雷诺数的增大流场出现动态对称涡旋,该对称涡旋逐渐向间隙外迁移且呈现出明显的周期性变化特征。涡量分析得到时均场的涡量大小与分布情况,通过与POD分析中瞬态场的含能大尺度结构分布相结合,揭示间隙外涡旋能量的来源与变化规律。通过前4阶瞬态脉动速度场重构,可以从微观时间尺度进一步说明瞬态速度场的突变性与周期性。研究成果将有助于加深对冲击射流本质的理解。     

射流冲击的短通道出流孔流场的数值模拟研究

这里用数值模拟的方法,研究了在错排冲击孔作用下的出流孔的流场结构.并用五孔探针对出流孔内的流场进行了详细的测量,着重研究了不同的雷诺数和不同的通道高径度比（通道高度与射流孔直径之比）对射流孔和通道内流场结构的影响.实验结果表明：出流孔的流场中存在着复杂的漩涡结构;在同一高度下,雷诺数的改变对通道流场的影响很小;通道高度的改变对出流孔的流场有明显影响.     

蒸发器内置毛细管开孔系统强化换热的试验研究

基于场协同强化理论,结合射流冲击的换热特点对常规毛细节流制冷系统进行优化,设计出一种新型的换热器装置。该换热器装置是将开孔毛细管内置到蒸发管中,使得制冷剂在节流后直接从毛细管沿轴向的不同孔口处冲击到蒸发管的内壁上蒸发换热,该冲击过程中由于速度场与温度梯度方向的协同性最大而具有显著的强化换热效果。首先,理论分析了毛细管进口速度(2m/s和0.5m/s)和开孔直径(1mm和0.5mm)的速度场与温度梯度方向的协同性,其次,在0MPa的回气压力下对该新型换热器装置进行性能试验,并以常规毛细节流系统作对比试验。试验结果表明,开孔试验中蒸发管表面的温度场比较稳定,而常规毛细试验中各测点由于毛细管节流的流量调节能力差而存在较大的波动。在蒸发压力和换热面积相同条件下,毛细试验的排气压力要比开孔试验高出13.6%,所以开孔试验的性能系数、制冷剂充注量比毛细试验更优;同时,毛细试验的压缩机功耗要比开孔试验高出9.1%,可见开孔试验系统的制冷效率比常规毛细试验的更高。开孔试验因为在多处射流冲击供液,并且射流冲击在冲击区中射流工质的流场和温度梯度场具有极好的协同度而能显著强化换热,使得蒸发管表面形成的温度场相对更均匀。     

Heat/mass transfer measurement on concave surface in rotating jet impingement

The objective of this paper is to investigate the heat/mass transfer characteristics on a concave surface for rotating impinging jets. The jet with Reynolds number of 5,000 is applied to the concave surface and the flat surface, respectively. The rotating experiments have been carried out at the rotating speed of 560RPM which is corresponding to Ro number of 0.075. The two jet orientation (front and trailing orientation) are considered. Detailed heat/mass transfer coefficients on the target plate were measured using a naphthalene sublimation method. The result indicates that the rotation leads to change in local heat/mass transfer distributions and the slight increase in the Sh level. The front orientation induces asymmetric Sh distributions, whereas the trailing orientation shows the shifted heat/mass transfer feature due to rotation-induced flow behavior. The crossflow effect on heat/mass transfer is also observed as the streamwise direction increases. Compared to flat surface, the heat/mass transfer on the concave surface is enhanced with increasing the spanwise direction due to the curvature effect, providing the higher averaged Sh value. It is proved that the difference of surface geometry affects somewhat the local and averaged heat/mass transfer regardless of rotation condition. This paper was presented at the 9^th Asian International Conference on Fluid Machinery (AICFM9), Jeju, Korea, October 16–19, 2007.     

Turbulent flow and heat transfer characteristics of a two-dimensional oblique plate impinging jet

Turbulent flow and heat transfer characteristics of a two-dimensional oblique plate impinging jet (OPIJ) were experimentally investigated. The local heat transfer coefficients were measured using thermochromic liquid crystals. The jet mean velocity and turbulent intensity profiles were also measured along the plate. The jet Reynolds number (Re, based on the nozzle width) ranged from 10, 000 to 35,000, the nozzle-to-plate distance (H/B) from 2 to 16, and the oblique angle (α) from 60 to 90 degree. It has been found that the stagnation point shifted toward the minor flow region as the oblique angle decreased and the position of the stagnation point nearly coincided with that of the maximum turbulent intensity. It has also been observed that the local Nusselt numbers in the minor flow region were larger than those in the major flow region for the same distance along the plate mainly due to the higher levels in turbulent intensity caused by more active mixing of the jet flow.