Comparison of Au Catalysts Supported on Mesoporous Titania and Silica: Investigation of Au Particle Size Effects and Metal-Support Interactions

Au catalysts supported on mesoporous silica and titania supports were synthesized and tested for the oxidation of CO. Two approaches were used to prepare the silica-supported catalysts utilizing complexing triamine ligands which resulted in mesoporous silica with wormhole and hexagonal structures. The use of triamine ligands is the key for the formation of uniformly sized 2–3 nm Au nanoparticles in the silica pores. On mesoporous titania, high gold dispersions were obtained without the need of a functional ligand. Au supported on titania exhibited a much higher activity for CO oxidation, even though the Au particle sizes were essentially identical on the titania and the wormhole silica supports. The results suggest that the presence of 2–3 nm particle size alone is not sufficient to achieve high activity in CO oxidation. Instead, the support may influence the activity through other possible ways including stabilization of active sub-nanometer particles, formation of active oxygen-containing reactant intermediates (such as hydroxyls or O₂ ^?), or stabilization of optimal Au structures.     

Solvent free liquid phase oxidation of benzyl alcohol using Au supported catalysts prepared using a sol immobilization technique

Solvent free oxidation of benzyl alcohol was investigated in the absence of a base using Au catalysts prepared by sol immobilization on titania and carbon supports. Comparison between the Au supported catalysts revealed that activity and distribution of products was dependent on the nature of support and heat treatment. Specifically, heat pre-treatment of the Au catalysts has a beneficial effect in terms of activity, but is detrimental in terms of selectivity to the benzaldehyde. We conclude that sol immobilization is a suitable technique for preparing gold catalysts with small particle size and narrow particle size distributions and very high activity and selectivity for benzyl alcohol oxidation.     

Au改性La0.8Sr0.2MnO3催化剂的催化燃烧性能

采用共沉淀（CP）和沉积-沉淀法（DP）分别制备了0.5%(质量分数)金掺杂的Au-LSM和Au/LSM钙钛矿催化剂,以甲苯催化燃烧为模型反应测试催化剂活性,并用XRD、BET、H₂-TPR对其进行表征。结果表明,Au掺杂并不改变La_0.8Sr_0.2MnO₃催化剂的织构性质,但明显增强了催化剂表面氧的活动性,提高了其低温催化氧化活性。与DP法制备的Au/LSM相比,Au-LSM表现出更好的催化性能,其催化活性与商业贵金属Pd/Al₂O₃相当。通过对焙烧温度考察以及50 h的变温活性测试,Au-LSM催化性能并没有发生较大变化,催化剂具有良好的稳定性。     

Recent Advances on TiO2‐ZrO2 Mixed Oxides as Catalysts and Catalyst Supports

This is the first review of titanium dioxide‐zirconium dioxide (TiO₂‐ZrO₂) mixed oxides, which are frequently employed as catalysts and catalyst supports. In this review many details pertaining to the synthesis of these mixed oxides by various conventional and nonconventional methods and their characterization by several techniques, as reported in the literature, are assessed. These mixed oxides have been synthesized by different preparative analogies and were extensively characterized by employing various spectroscopic and nonspectroscopic techniques. The TiO₂‐ZrO₂ mixed oxides are also extensively used as supports with metals, nonmetals, and metal oxides for various catalytic applications. These supported catalysts have also been thoroughly investigated by different techniques. The influence of TiO₂‐ZrO₂ on the dispersion and surface structure of the supported active components as examined by various techniques in the literature has been contemplated. A variety of reactions catalyzed by TiO₂‐ZrO₂ and supported titania‐zirconia mixed oxides, namely; dehydrogenation, decomposition of chlorofluoro carbons (CFCs), alcohols from epoxides, synthesis of ?‐caprolactam, partial oxidation, deep oxidation, hydrogenation, hydroprocessing, organic transformations, NO_x abatement, and photo catalytic VOC oxidations that have been pursued in the literature are presented with relevant references.     

铜掺杂Zr_0.4Ce_0.6O_2复合氧化物催化剂性能的研究

研究了铜掺杂 Zr0 .4 Ce0 .6O2 复合氧化物的还原性和催化性能 .结果表明 ,铜掺杂能显著提高该复合氧化物中氧化铈的还原性 ,降低氧化铜的还原温度 ,也能提高对 CO氧化的催化活性 ,这说明在铜与锆铈复合氧化物之间存在较强的相互作用 .焙烧处理对催化剂样品的性能亦有一定影响     

Silica-Supported Gold Catalyst Modified by Doping with Titania for Cyclohexane Oxidation

Amorphous silica was modified by doping with titania through a surface sol–gel process and applied as the support for depositing gold. These doped silica-supported gold catalysts were tested in the selective cyclohexane oxidation to cyclohexanone and cyclohexanol using oxygen. Under the oxidation conditions of 150 °C, 1.5 MPa and 3 h, a selectivity of 91.7% for cyclohexanone and cyclohexanol could be reached over the gold catalyst, affording a cyclohexane conversion of 8.4% and a turnover frequency up to 40,133 per hour. Moreover, the catalytic activity and selectivity could be well retained in 4 recycling oxidation reactions, showing a high stability of the gold catalyst supported on titania-doped silica.     

Catalytic activity of ethylene oxidation over Au,Ag and Au–Ag catalysts: Support effect

Au, Ag and Au–Ag catalysts on different supports of alumina, titania and ceria were studied for their catalytic activity of ethylene oxidation reactions. An addition of an appropriate amount of Au on Ag/Al₂O₃ catalyst was found to enhance the catalytic activity of the ethylene epoxidation reaction because Au acts as a diluting agent on the Ag surface creating new single silver sites which favor molecular oxygen adsorption. The Ag catalysts on both titania and ceria supports exhibited very poor catalytic activity toward the epoxidation reaction of ethylene, so pure Au catalysts on these two supports were investigated. The Au/TiO₂ catalysts provided the highest selectivity of ethylene oxide with relatively low ethylene conversion whereas, the Au/CeO₂ catalysts was shown to favor the total oxidation reaction over the epoxidation reaction at very low temperatures. In comparisons among the studied catalysts, the bimetallic Au–Ag/Al₂O₃ catalyst is the best candidate for the ethylene epoxidation. The catalytic activity of the gold catalysts was found to depend on the support material and catalyst preparation method which govern the Au particle size and the interaction between the Au particles and the support.     

Effect of heat treatment on stability of gold particle modified carbon supported Pt-Ru anode catalysts for a direct methanol fuel cell

Carbon supported Au-PtRu (Au-PtRu/C) catalysts were prepared as the anodic catalysts for the direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC). The procedure involved simple deposition of Au particles on a commercial Pt-Ru/C catalyst, followed by heat treatment of the resultant composite catalyst at 125, 175 and 200 °C in a N₂ atmosphere. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) measurements indicated that the Au nanoparticles were attached to the surface of the Pt-Ru nanoparticles. We found that the electrocatalytic activity and stability of the Au-PtRu/C catalysts for methanol oxidation is better than that of the PtRu/C catalyst. An enhanced stability of the electrocatalyst is observed and attributable to the promotion of CO oxidation by the Au nanoparticles adsorbed onto the Pt-Ru particles, by weakening the adsorption of CO, which can strongly adsorb to and poison Pt catalyst. XPS results show that Au-PtRu/C catalysts with heat treatment lead to surface segregation of Pt metal and an increase in the oxidation state of Ru, which militates against the dissolution of Ru. We additionally find that Au-PtRu/C catalysts heat-treated at 175 °C exhibit the highest electrocatalytic stability among the catalysts prepared by heat treatment: this observation is explained as due to the attainment of the highest relative concentration of gold and the highest oxidation state of Ru oxides for the catalyst pretreated at this temperature.     

Gold nanoparticles supported on ceria-modified mesoporous titania as highly active catalysts for low-temperature water-gas shift reaction

New gold catalytic system prepared on ceria-modified mesoporous titania (CeMTi) used as water-gas shift (WGS) reaction catalyst is reported. Mesoporous titania (MTi) was synthesized using surfactant templating method through a neutral [C₁₃(EO)₆–Ti(OC₃H₇)₄] assembly pathway. Ceria modifying additive was deposited on MTi by deposition precipitation (DP) method. Gold-based catalysts with different gold content (1–5 wt.%) were synthesized by DP of gold hydroxide on mixed metal oxide support. The supports and the catalysts were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), N₂ adsorption analysis and temperature-programmed reduction (TPR). The catalytic behavior of the gold-based catalysts was evaluated in WGS reaction in a wide temperature range (140–300 °C) and at different space velocities and H₂O/CO ratios. The influence of gold content and particle size on the catalytic performance was investigated. The WGS activity of the new gold/ceria-modified mesoporous titania catalysts was compared with that of gold catalysts supported on simple oxides CeO₂ and mesoporous TiO₂, as well as gold/ceria-modified titania and reference catalyst Au/TiO₂ type A (World Gold Council). A high degree of synergistic interaction between ceria and mesoporous titania and a positive modification of structural and catalytic properties by ceria has been achieved. It is clearly revealed that the ceria-modified mesoporous titania is of much interest as potential support for gold-based catalyst. The Au/ceria-modified mesoporous titania catalytic system is found to be efficient catalyst for WGSR.     

Preservation of the Activity of Supported Gold Catalysts for CO Oxidation

Procedures leading to the preservation of activity of supported gold catalysts for CO oxidation are reviewed. The inclusion of iron as Fe(OH)₃ in preparing catalysts using tin oxide, ceria and zirconia as supports gives better activity and much improved stability with time-on-stream. In the case of Au/Fe-SnO₂ (0.5–0.9% Au), the effect is maximal with ~4% Fe. The stability of catalysts based on ceria as support is also much better when small amounts of either iron or lanthanum during preparation of the support by thermal decomposition of nitrates. Au/SnO₂ catalysts often suffer initial deactivation followed by an increase in activity with time-on-stream; a period of refrigeration (7d) induces an excellent stability at high conversion.     

La掺杂纳米TiO2的制备及光催化性能研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了纯TiO₂和不同La掺杂量的TiO₂纳米粒子，对样品进行了TG-DTA、XRD和UV-Vis 吸收光谱分析，并以染料废水甲基橙为目标降解物，考察了样品的光催化性能。结果发现，La的掺杂抑制了TiO₂粒径的长大，细化了晶粒；La掺入到TiO₂的晶格中，引起了晶格的畸变和膨胀；La的掺杂使TiO₂的吸收带边发生了红移；适量La的掺杂可提高TiO₂的光催化性能。试验条件下，最佳掺杂摩尔分数为0.1％。     

MOF作模板制备多孔Au/CuxO催化剂及其CO氧化性能

采用MOF材料作模板,通过在Cu-BTC材料表面预先负载贵金属Au再热解的方法,成功制备了具有正八面体结构的新型多孔Au/Cu_xO负载型催化剂。通过降低热解环境中的O₂浓度,调节氧化时间,实现了Au/Cu-BTC氧化产物组分的调节,分别制得了Au/Cu₂O、Au/Cu₂O-CuO、Au/CuO复合催化材料。将其用于CO催化氧化,发现所有Au/Cu_xO催化剂都表现出比Cu-BTC和Au/Cu-BTC更优异的催化性能,其中由于拥有较高的比表面积、Cu₂O含量以及更好的Au的分散性,Au/Cu₂O的CO氧化活性最佳,180℃即能实现CO的完全转化。     

New approaches to designing selective oxidation catalysts: Au/C a versatile catalyst

Selective oxidation is of key importance in the synthesis of chemical intermediates. For many years a number of oxides and supported metal catalysts have been used. The key questions involved in the design of selective oxidation catalysts are discussed in the initial part of this paper. One of the most exciting recent developments in the field of selective oxidation has been the discovery that supported gold catalysts are active. The second part of the paper discusses Au/C catalysts, which are shown to be particularly versatile for oxidation reactions. Four examples of selective oxidation are described using molecular oxygen as oxidant: (a) selective oxidation of glycerol to glycerate in the presence of base; (b) the oxidation of cyclohexane to cyclohexanol and cyclohexanane in the presence of a radical initiator; (c) the oxidation of hydrogen to hydrogen peroxide, and (d) the oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde under solvent free conditions. In contrast, the Au/C catalysts are not active for oxidation of carbon monoxide at ambient temperature. These examples demonstrate that there exists a rich potential for Au/C as a selective oxidation catalyst and that research efforts should now be focussed on selective oxidation using supported gold catalysts.     

TiO2复合氧化物的制备及其在加氢脱硫中的应用

对TiO₂、TiO₂-Al₂O₃、TiO₂-SiO₂和TiO₂-ZrO₂载体的制备技术及其在加氢脱硫中的应用进行了综述。研究表明，以TiO₂调变的Al₂O₃、SiO₂和ZrO₂载体能影响MoO₃与Al₂O₃、MoO₃与SiO₂及MoO₃与ZrO₂之间的相互作用，改善MoO₃在载体表面的分散，促进其还原，有利于提高催化剂表面活性组分的数量，提高催化剂的加氢脱硫活性。     

Promotional effect of hydroxyl on the aqueous phase oxidation of carbon monoxide and glycerol over supported Au catalysts

Gold particles supported on carbon and titania were explored as catalysts for oxidation of CO or glycerol by O₂ at room temperature in liquid-phase water. Although Au/carbon catalysts were not active for vapor phase CO oxidation at room temperature, a turnover frequency of 5 s⁻¹ could be achieved with comparable CO concentration in aqueous solution containing 1 M NaOH. The turnover frequency on Au/carbon was a strong function of pH, decreasing by about a factor of 50 when the pH decreased from 14 to 0.3. Evidently, a catalytic oxidation route that was not available in the vapor phase is enabled by operation in the liquid water at high pH. Since Au/titania is active for vapor phase CO oxidation, the role of water, and therefore hydroxyl concentration, is not as significant as that for Au/carbon. Hydrogen peroxide is also produced during CO oxidation over Au in liquid water and increasing the hydroxyl concentration enhances its formation rate. For glycerol oxidation to glyceric acid (C₃) and glycolic acid (C₂) with O₂ (1–10 atm) at 308–333 K over supported Au particles, high pH is required for catalysis to occur. Similar to CO oxidation in liquid water, H₂O₂ is also produced during glycerol oxidation at high pH. The formation of the C-C cleavage product glycolic acid is attributed to peroxide in the reaction.     

Effect of Support Modification on Reduction and CO Oxidation Activity of Doped Ceria-Supported Copper Oxide Catalyst

Ceria materials were modified by doping with gadolinia or yttria and by a hold period at 260 °C for 2 h during temperature-programmed calcinations to 650 °C. These doped ceria-supported copper oxide catalysts and the doped ceria material were characterized by temperature-programmed reduction, electron paramagnetic resonance, and CO oxidation activity test. It was observed that, as the doping concentration of gadolinia increases, the reduction temperature of the copper oxide species increases and the CO oxidation activity decreases. This is due to increased formation of the surface spinel species of copper oxide with gadolinia. As the yttria content increases to greater than 10 mol%, surface segregation occurs, which causes the amount of surface oxygen vacancies to decrease. It was also found that maintaining the temperature at 260 °C during calcination may decrease the amount of oxygen vacancies. The surface oxygen vacancies may be the active sites for CO oxidation over the oxygen ion conducting materials in the absence of any metal present. Gd doping leads to the formation of extrinsic oxygen vacancies, which increases the oxygen ionic conductivity of the doped ceria and thus increases the CO oxidation activities of the supported catalysts as well as of the doped ceria.     

Preparation of gold catalysts for glucose oxidation

The investigations focused on the influence of doping an alumina support with different base metal oxides on the catalytic performance of gold catalysts to oxidize glucose to gluconic acid. Sodium oxide and calcium oxide strongly enhanced the reaction rate for catalysts prepared by both the deposition–precipitation and incipient wetness method. Urea was used as the precipitation agent in the former. The total selectivity of the catalysts was not influenced by the dopants. TEM analysis revealed very small gold particles of less than 2 nm for sodium doped catalysts prepared by the two methods.     

Hydrogenation of 1,3-butadiene and of crotonaldehyde over highly dispersed Au catalysts

When Au is deposited as nano-particles on select metal oxides, it exhibits surprisingly high catalytic activity for many oxidation reactions. Therefore, there is also the possibility to improve the activities of Au catalysts for hydrogenation using the appropriate preparation methods like the gas-phase grafting method (GG) and the deposition precipitation method (DP). In this work, we investigated the hydrogenation of 1,3-butadiene and of crotonaldehyde over Au catalysts prepared by GG and DP and discussed the structure sensitivity of these reactions. From these experiments, it was found that the catalytic activities for the hydrogenation of 1,3-butadiene over Au catalysts was almost structure insensitive in terms of the size effect of Au particles and the influence of metal oxides supports and the crotonaldehyde hydrogenation over Au catalysts was slightly sensitive to the selection of the support in the view point of the product selectivity.     

镍掺杂对二氧化钛光催化性能影响的研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了纳米二氧化钛以及不同掺镍量的TiO₂纳米粒子(原料中Ni∶TiO₂的摩尔分数为1%、3%、5%、7%、9%)。用紫外光照射甲基橙溶液的光催化降解实验研究了掺镍对二氧化钛光催化剂催化效率的影响，试验结果表明,当用n（Ni）∶n（TiO₂）＝5%的Ni(NO₃)₂溶液进行镍掺杂时，制得的TiO₂催化剂光催化效率最高，但与纯TiO₂相比，镍掺杂会减弱TiO₂的光催化效率。X射线衍射分析表明，未掺杂的TiO₂以锐钛矿和金红石两种晶型混合存在，镍掺杂后TiO₂的晶型几乎全为锐钛矿。镍掺杂后会减小TiO₂粒子的尺寸，增大其比表面积。     

Dendrimer templates for heterogeneous catalysts: Bimetallic Pt–Au nanoparticles on oxide supports

Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers were used to template Pt, Au, and bimetallic Pt–Au dendrimer encapsulated nanoparticles (DENs) in solution. Adjusting the solution pH allowed for slow, spontaneous adsorption of the nanoparticles onto silica, alumina, and titania. After dendrimer removal, the catalysts were characterized with infrared spectroscopy of adsorbed CO and tested with CO oxidation catalysis. Infrared spectroscopy of the monometallic Pt catalysts showed a slight shift in the CO stretching frequency for the different supports. For the bimetallic catalysts, infrared spectra showed CO adsorbed on both Pt and on Au sites. Spectra collected during CO desorption showed substantial interactions between the two bands, confirming the presence of bimetallic particles on all the supports. The bimetallic catalysts were found to be more active than the monometallic catalysts and had lower apparent activation energies. The titania supported Pt–Au catalyst was resistant to deactivation during an extended treatment at 300 °C. Correlations between IR spectra and catalytic activity showed differences between the mono- and bimetallic materials and implicated a bimetallic Pt–Au ensemble at the catalytic active site. This is the first study to show that DENs are appropriate precursors for studying support effects on catalysis by metal nanoparticles, although the magnitude of the effects were small.