Effect of microwave heating on the migration of dioctyl adipate and acetyltributyl citrate plasticizers from food grade PVC and PVDC/PVC films into ground meat

 Migration of dioctyl adipate (DOA) and acetyltributyl citrate (ATBC) plasticizers from plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) and poly(vinylidene chloride/vinyl chloride) films into ground meat of varying fat content (3%, 12%, 30%, 55%) during microwave heating has been studied. The plasticizer migrating into ground meat was determined using an indirect gas chromatographic method after saponification of the ester-type plasticizer (DOA or ATBC) and subsequent collection of the alcohol component of the ester, namely 2-ethyl-1-hexanol and 1-butanol, respectively. Identical unwrapped microwave heated (control) samples were also analysed for DOA and ATBC content. Migration was dependent on heating time, fat content of the meat and the initial concentration of the plasticizer in the film. Migration of DOA and ATBC into ground meat did not reach equilibrium after heating for 4 min at full power even for meat samples of high fat content (55%). Migration values of DOA and ATBC into ground meat of 55% fat content after 4 min of heating in a microwave oven were 172.39 mg/kg (14.62 mg/dm²) and 17.24 mg/kg (0.62 mg/dm²), respectively. Migration into control samples was below the detection limit of the method employed (<2 mg/kg for DOA and <2.5 mg/kg for ATBC).     

Effect of microwave heating on the migration of dioctyl adipate and acetyltributyl citrate plasticizers from food grade PVC and PVDC/PVC films into ground meat

 Migration of dioctyl adipate (DOA) and acetyltributyl citrate (ATBC) plasticizers from plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) and poly(vinylidene chloride/vinyl chloride) films into ground meat of varying fat content (3%, 12%, 30%, 55%) during microwave heating has been studied. The plasticizer migrating into ground meat was determined using an indirect gas chromatographic method after saponification of the ester-type plasticizer (DOA or ATBC) and subsequent collection of the alcohol component of the ester, namely 2-ethyl-1-hexanol and 1-butanol, respectively. Identical unwrapped microwave heated (control) samples were also analysed for DOA and ATBC content. Migration was dependent on heating time, fat content of the meat and the initial concentration of the plasticizer in the film. Migration of DOA and ATBC into ground meat did not reach equilibrium after heating for 4 min at full power even for meat samples of high fat content (55%). Migration values of DOA and ATBC into ground meat of 55% fat content after 4 min of heating in a microwave oven were 172.39 mg/kg (14.62 mg/dm²) and 17.24 mg/kg (0.62 mg/dm²), respectively. Migration into control samples was below the detection limit of the method employed (<2 mg/kg for DOA and <2.5 mg/kg for ATBC). Received: 23 February 1998     

Effect of γ-radiation on migration behaviour of dioctyladipate and acetyltributylcitrate plasticizers from food-grade PVC and PVDC/PVC films into olive oil

Food-grade PVC and PVDC/PVC films containing 28.3% dioctyladipate (DOA) and 5.0% acetyltributylcitrate (ATBC) plasticizers, respectively, were brought into contact with olive oil and were irradiated with γ-radiation [⁶⁰Co] at doses equal to 4 kGy and 9 kGy corresponding to “cold pasteurization”. Irradiation was carried out at 8–10 °C and samples were subsequently stored at 4–5 °C. Contaminated oil samples were analysed for DOA and ATBC at intervals between 7 h and 97 h of contact, using an indirect GC method. Identical nonirradiated (control) samples were also analysed for DOA and ATBC content. Results showed no statistically significant differences in migrated amounts of DOA and ATBC between irradiated and non-irradiated samples. Neither were differences observed between samples irradiated at 4 kGy and 9 kGy. This was supported by identical IR spectra recorded for irradiated and non-irradiated samples and leads to the conclusion that at such intermediate radiation doses (≤9 kGy) the migration characteristics of both PVC and PVDC/PVC films are not affected. The amount of DOA that migrated into olive oil was dependent on time, reaching equilibrium after approximately 47 h of contact (302.8 mg/l). The amount of ATBC that migrated into olive oil was non-detectable (<1 mg/1) for all samples stored at 4–5 °C after 97 h. In non-irradiated samples (PVDC/PVC in contact with oil) stored at 20 °C, small amounts of migrated ATBC were determined (3.3 and 5.1 mg/l after 29 h and 94 h of contact respectively). Furthermore, in thermally treated samples heated to 80 °C for 30 min and 60 min, the respective amounts of migrated ATBC determined were 2.9 mg/l and 19.3 mg/l.     

Migration levels of PVC plasticisers: Effect of ionising radiation treatment

Migration levels of commercial plasticisers [di-(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA) and acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC)] from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) film into the EU specified aqueous food simulants (distilled water, 3% w/v acetic acid and 10% v/v ethanol) were monitored as a function of time. Migration testing was carried out at 40 °C for 10 days (EEC, 1993). Determination of the analytes was performed by applying the analytical methodology based on surfactant (Triton X-114) mediated extraction prior to gas chromatographic-flame ionisation detection (GC-FID) recently proposed by our group. The study focuses on the determination of the effect of gamma radiation on plasticiser migration into the selected simulants. PVC cling film used was subjected to ionising treatment with a [⁶⁰Co] source at doses equal to 5, 15 and 25 kGy. DEHA and ATBC migration into the EU aqueous simulating solvents was limited, yielding final concentrations in the respective ranges 10–100 μg/l and 171–422 μg/l; hence, ATBC demonstrated a stronger interaction with all three simulants compared to DEHA. Migration data, with respect to ATBC, showed that the most aggressive simulant seemed to be the 10% ethanol, while in the case of DEHA the 3% aqueous acetic acid exhibited the highest extraction efficiency; distilled water demonstrated the lowest migration in both cases. With regard to PVC treatment with gamma rays, high radiation doses up to 25 kGy produced a statistically significant (p < 0.05) effect on the migration of both plasticisers.     

Migration of 4-nonylphenol from polyvinyl chloride food packaging films into food simulants and foods.

Migration of 4-nonylphenol (NP) from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) films for food packaging into food simulants and foods has been studied in domestic applications such as wrapping of food and reheating in a microwave oven. The migration of NP from the PVC films was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical coulometric-array detection (LC/ED). Twelve PVC films intended for commercial use and ten for domestic applications (total: 22 samples) were analysed. Some of the PVC films (two home-use and ten retail-use) contained NP at concentrations of between 500 and 3300 microg/g. Migration of NP from the films was influenced by the test conditions (n-heptane at 25 degrees C for 60 min, distilled water at 60 degrees C for 30 min and 4% acetic acid at 60 degrees C for 30 min). The amount of NP migrating from the PVC films into n-heptane (0.33-1.6 microg/cm2) was higher than the amount migrating into distilled water or 4% acetic acid (up to 9.7 ng/cm2) for the 11 films in which NP was detected. Up to 0.23% of the NP migrated into distilled water and 4% acetic acid and up to 62.5% into n-heptane. In addition, we investigated NP migration into cooked rice samples wrapped in PVC film. Using spiked samples the method gave an average recovery of 83.7% (n = 5) with a standard deviation of 2.5%. Migration of NP ranged from not detectable (< 1.0 ng/g) to 410.0 ng/g by reheating samples in a microwave oven for 1 min and from not detectable to 76.5 ng/g by keeping samples at room temperature for 30 min.     

Effect of ionising radiation treatment on the specific migration characteristics of packaging–food simulant combinations: effect of type and dose of radiation

Migration levels of acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC) plasticiser from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) film into the European Union specified aqueous food simulants (distilled water, 3% w/v acetic acid and 10% v/v ethanol) were monitored as a function of time. Migration testing was carried out at 40°C for 10 days. Determination of the analyte was performed by applying an analytical methodology based on surfactant (Triton X-114) mediated extraction prior to gas chromatographic-flame ionisation detection. PVC cling film used was subjected to ionising treatment with a [⁶⁰Co] source, as well as to electron-beam irradiation at doses equal to 5, 15 and 25 kGy, with the aim to compare the effect of type and dose of radiation on the specific migration behaviour of PVC. Equilibrium concentrations of acetyl tributyl citrate into the aqueous solvents covered the ranges 173–422?µg?l^?1 and 296–513?µg?l^?1 for gamma- and electron-irradiated PVC, respectively. Hence, e-beam irradiation resulted in significantly higher ATBC migration compared with gamma treatment. The highest extraction efficiency of the 10% ethanol solution was common in both gamma and e-beam treatments; distilled water demonstrated the lowest migration. Gamma-irradiation at intermediate doses up to 5 kGy produced no statistically significant (p?>?0.05) effect on ATBC migration into all three aqueous simulants; however, this does not apply for high-energy electrons. Both ionising treatments were similar in that they resulted in statistically significant (p?<?0.05) differences in plasticiser migrating amounts between non-irradiated and irradiated at doses of 15 and 25 kGy samples. Gamma-radiation did not affect the kinetics of plasticiser migration. On the contrary, electron-beam radiation produced shorter equilibration times for all food-simulating solvents tested at 40°C. The above values regarding ATBC migration into aqueous food simulants are far below the European Union restriction (1?mg?kg^?1 body weight) for both types of ionising radiation. Thus, PVC cling film may be used in food irradiation applications in contact with aqueous foodstuffs.     

Effect of ionising radiation treatment on the specific migration characteristics of packaging-food simulant combinations: effect of type and dose of radiation

Migration levels of acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC) plasticiser from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) film into the European Union specified aqueous food simulants (distilled water, 3% w/v acetic acid and 10% v/v ethanol) were monitored as a function of time. Migration testing was carried out at 40°C for 10 days. Determination of the analyte was performed by applying an analytical methodology based on surfactant (Triton X-114) mediated extraction prior to gas chromatographic-flame ionisation detection. PVC cling film used was subjected to ionising treatment with a [(60)Co] source, as well as to electron-beam irradiation at doses equal to 5, 15 and 25 kGy, with the aim to compare the effect of type and dose of radiation on the specific migration behaviour of PVC. Equilibrium concentrations of acetyl tributyl citrate into the aqueous solvents covered the ranges 173-422 μg l(-1) and 296-513 μg l(-1) for gamma- and electron-irradiated PVC, respectively. Hence, e-beam irradiation resulted in significantly higher ATBC migration compared with gamma treatment. The highest extraction efficiency of the 10% ethanol solution was common in both gamma and e-beam treatments; distilled water demonstrated the lowest migration. Gamma-irradiation at intermediate doses up to 5 kGy produced no statistically significant (p > 0.05) effect on ATBC migration into all three aqueous simulants; however, this does not apply for high-energy electrons. Both ionising treatments were similar in that they resulted in statistically significant (p < 0.05) differences in plasticiser migrating amounts between non-irradiated and irradiated at doses of 15 and 25 kGy samples. Gamma-radiation did not affect the kinetics of plasticiser migration. On the contrary, electron-beam radiation produced shorter equilibration times for all food-simulating solvents tested at 40°C. The above values regarding ATBC migration into aqueous food simulants are far below the European Union restriction (1 mg kg(-1) body weight) for both types of ionising radiation. Thus, PVC cling film may be used in food irradiation applications in contact with aqueous foodstuffs.     

微波条件下纸包装油墨中增塑剂向食品（模拟物）的迁移

研究纸张印刷油墨中4 种增塑剂（3 种邻苯二甲酸酯类增塑剂和近年流行的环保增塑剂乙酰基柠檬酸三丁酯）向食品模拟物Tenax和奶粉的迁移,考察其在110、250、440、600、900 W微波功率下的迁移行为,探讨迁移影响因素,并与常规条件下的迁移行为做比较。结果显示在一定条件下微波功率越高,迁移量越大;且迁移行为受增塑剂的分子质量、极性等性质的影响;常规条件下的迁移影响因素也适用于微波条件。     

PVC密封圈中环氧大豆油向食品模拟物迁移量的测定

建立了气相色谱-质谱法（GC-MS）对食品玻璃包装瓶盖聚氯乙烯（Polyvinyl chloride polymer,PVC）密封圈中环氧大豆油（Epoxidized soybean oil,ESBO）向食品模拟物迁移量的检测方法。以蒸馏水和橄榄油为模拟物,在40℃条件下浸泡瓶盖240h,经甲酯化和衍生化,以11,14-二环氧二十烷酸乙酯为内标物,通过测定环氧亚油酸（18∶2 2E）衍生物的含量,进而定量测定ESBO的迁移量。结果表明:ESBO在0.5⁵0.0mg/kg的浓度范围内线性关系好,R2大于0.993,回收率在92.8%¹03.9%之间,RSD为0.9%⁸.0%（n=6）,检出限（LOD）为0.2mg/kg,定量限（LOQ）为0.5mg/kg,方法精密度好,灵敏度高,定性定量准确。最后,应用其对24种不同PVC密封圈中的ESBO迁移量进行测定,水基模拟物中ESBO的迁移量符合法规EC 10/2011限量,而在油脂模拟物中测得含量在0.7⁵01.8mg/kg之间,其中7种超过了限量要求。      

气相色谱/质谱法测定PVC在油性介质中增塑剂ATBC迁移的分析研究

建立了气相色谱/质谱法测定PVC瓶盖密封垫中ATBC增塑剂在油性模拟物中迁移量的检测方法。该方法以正己烷作为油性食品模拟物,采用超声提取法提取PVC瓶盖密封垫中的乙酰柠檬酸三丁酯(ATBC)增塑剂,利用气相色谱/质谱法对其进行定性、定量分析。该方法在1mg/L～200mg/L范围内有很好的线性关系,相关系数为0.9973;准确度和精密度试验中,平均回收率为95.8%～105.2%,相对标准偏差RSD%为1.03%～4.72%。该方法为研究就柠檬酸酯类增塑剂在油性食品中的迁移提供了一定的参考。     

PVC薄膜中邻苯二甲酸二乙基己酯对食品迁移的研究

邻苯二甲酸二乙基己酯(DEHP)作为增塑剂能改进聚合物的性能,特别是聚氯乙烯(PVC)一般添加该物质来生产薄膜。DEHP有害身体健康。当包装材料接触到食品时候,DEHP会通过迁移污染被包装物。研究了PVC塑料膜中增塑剂DEHP迁移到几种溶液。PVC塑料膜分别浸入100%正己烷、100%大豆色拉油、20%乙醇、10%食盐水、4%醋酸、蒸馏水中,在常温(25℃)下放2h、1d、2d、3d、4d、5d,溶液中DEHP浓度用高效液相检测。PVC薄膜分别浸入到100%正己烷、100%大豆在25、4、-18℃下放置1、2、3、4、5d。小包子蒸熟后马上用PVC塑料膜包装常温放置。猪肉用PVC塑料膜包装贮藏于4℃。西兰花和绿豆发芽后种植1周,通过覆盖地膜研究PVC塑料膜中DEHP迁移到植株中。研究结果显示:PVC塑料膜中DEHP最大迁移的溶液是100%正己烷,100%大豆色拉油、20%乙醇溶液中的迁移量也比较大,10%食盐水、4%醋酸、蒸馏水溶液中迁移量很少;DEHP对100%正己烷和100%大豆色拉油的迁移都是随温度上升而增加。PVC塑料膜中DEHP在30min内迁移到热的小包子已经很多。用PVC塑料膜包装猪肉在4℃下,...     

Headspace analysis of benzene in food contact materials and its migration into foods from plastics cookware

Concentrations of benzene of 29 and 64 mg/kg were found in two samples of thermoset polyester compounded for the manufacture of plastic cookware. In collaboration with the suppliers of the materials, it was established that the benzene originated from the use of t-butyl perbenzoate used as an initiator in the manufacture of the polymer. Samples of thermoset polyester made to the original formulations and thus contaminated with benzene showed migration levels of 1.9 and 5.6 mg/kg in olive oil after extraction for 1 hour at 175 degrees C. Migration levels into olive oil at 175 degrees C for samples produced with non-aromatic initiator were less than 0.1 mg/kg. Concentrations of benzene in thermoset polyester cookware purchased from retail outlets were 0.3 to 84.7 mg/kg. Low amounts of benzene (less than 0.01 to 0.09 mg/kg) were detected in foods when the articles were used for cooking in microwave or conventional ovens. Other plastics used for retail food packaging, such as polystyrene and PVC, which might utilise t-butyl perbenzoate catalyst, were also analysed for benzene. Levels were mostly below 0.1 mg/kg, with the highest amounts detected being from 0.2 to 1.7 mg/kg, predominantly in articles of expanded polystyrene.     

Migration testing of plastics and microwave-active materials for high-temperature food-use applications

Temperatures have been measured using a fluoro-optic probe at the food/container or food/packaging interfaces as appropriate, for a range of foods heated in either a microwave or a conventional oven. Reheating ready-prepared foods packaged in plastics pouches, trays or dishes in the microwave oven, according to the manufacturers' instructions, resulted in temperatures in the range 61-121 degrees C. Microwave-active materials (susceptors) in contact with ready-prepared foods frequently reached local spot temperatures above 200 degrees C. For foods cooked in a microwave oven according to published recipes, temperatures from 91 degrees C to 200 degrees C were recorded, whilst similar temperatures (92-194 degrees C) were attained in a conventional oven, but over longer periods of time. These measurements form the basis for examining compliance with specific and overall migration limits for plastics materials. The testing conditions proposed depend on the intended use of the plastic - for microwave oven use for aqueous foods, for all lidding materials, and for reheating of foods, testing would only be required with aqueous simulants for 1 h at 100 degrees C; for unspecified microwave oven use, testing with olive oil would be required for 30 min at 150 degrees C; and for unspecified use in a conventional oven testing with olive oil would be required for 2 h at 175 degrees C. For microwave-active materials, it is proposed that testing is carried out in the microwave oven using a novel semi-solid simulant comprising olive oil and water absorbed onto an inert support of diatomaceous earth. The testing in this instance is carried out with the simulant instead of food in a package and heating in the microwave oven at 600 W for 4 min for every 100 g of simulant employed. There is an option in every case to test for migration using real foods rather than simulants if it can be demonstrated that results using simulants are unrepresentative of those for foods. The proposed testing conditions were validated as being realistic by measurement of the specific migration of various components from different plastics into foods under actual conditions of use and comparing with migration into simulants. Migration of plasticizers from PVC and VC/VDC copolymer films was monitored for both microwave reheating and cooking of foods. Total oligomer concentrations were measured from poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) trays, and volatile aromatics from thermoset polyester trays, using both types of container in microwave and conventional ovens.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

Determination of bisphenol A in, and its migration from, PVC stretch film used for food packaging

Bisphenol A (BPA) is used as an additive in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) products, including stretch films used for food packaging. The BPA contents were investigated of several brands of stretch film bought locally but marketed internationally or throughout Spain and which were presumably produced at different manufacturing plants. Their major components were identified by FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry) and horizontal attenuated total reflectance, and the migration of BPA from these materials into the standard European Union food simulants was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using both fluorescence (FL) and ultraviolet (UV) detection, the identity of the analyte being confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The two HPLC detection methods had different detection limits (30 μg l^-1 for UV, 3 μg l^-1 for FL), but afforded virtually identical BPA determinations for the samples tested. BPA contents ranging from 40 to 100 mg kg^-1 were found in three of the five PVC-based films analysed, and a content of 500 mg kg^-1 was found in a fourth; for these determinations, extraction into acetonitrile was used. In standard tests of migration into water, 3% acetic acid and olive oil over 10 days at 40°C, migration from a given film was in all cases greatest into olive oil. Migration from the films with non-zero BPA contents ranged from 3 to 31 μg dm^-2, values higher than those reported for many other food-contact materials, but lower than the European Union specific migration limit for BPA. PVC stretch film nevertheless may make a significant contribution to contamination of foodstuffs by BPA, and should be taken into account in estimating BPA intake or exposure to this substance.     

Study of the migration behavior of acetyl tributyl citrate from PVDC/PVC film into fish fillets as affected by intermediate doses of electron beam radiation

Food-grade plasticized polyvinylidene chloride/polyvinyl chloride (PVDC/PVC) film (saran wrap) containing acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC) plasticizer was used to wrap cod and herring fillets. The ratio of film surface to weight of food was ca. 89:1, in contrast to the generally agreed relationship of 6 dm² to 1 kg food (6:1). Wrapped fish samples were subjected to electron beam irradiation at doses equal to 5 and 10 kGy, stored at 4 °C and analyzed for ATBC content at time intervals between 12 and 240 h of contact. Determination of the analyte was performed by ultrasonic-assisted solvent extraction followed by analysis on a gas chromatograph coupled with flame ionization detector. Final ATBC concentrations in cod fillets ranged from 11.1 to 12.8 mg/kg, while the corresponding values for herring samples were between 32.4 and 33.4 mg/kg. Data showed that e-beam radiation at pasteurizing doses did not significantly affect the copolymer’s specific migration characteristics. On the contrary, fat content of the packaged fish fillets substantially affected the diffusion coefficient (D) values, as well as the extent to which migration of ATBC occurred. No violations of the tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 1.0 mg/kg body weight set by the EU for ATBC were found in the present study. However, food overwrapping or rewrapping with flexible films is often applied in household applications. Since in such cases unrealistically high plasticizer concentrations are determined experimentally, present specific migration limits (SML) should be redefined on a different basis.     

Migration from plasticized films into foods. 5. Identification of individual species in a polymeric plasticizer and their migration into foods.

To assess the significance of migration of polymeric plasticizers into foods, chemical characterization and quantification of individual oligomeric species is required. This paper reports the identification of seven individual oligomers isolated from a poly(butylene adipate) plasticizer. Based on mass spectrometry, NMR and chemical degradation, the oligomers were identified as a series of diol-terminated units ranging from a trimer up to an 11-monomer unit, along with a cyclic tetramer, all in the molecular weight range of 300-1100. A study of the migration of polymeric plasticizer from PVC film into olive oil indicated preferential migration of low molecular weight species. These oligomers which comprised 24% of the parent plasticizer contributed more than 90% of the plasticizer migration with the smallest oligomers migrating 90-fold more readily than the bulk of the plasticizer. From a knowledge of total polymeric plasticizer migration from PVC films under actual conditions of food-use, the abundance of individual oligomers in the foods has been estimated.     

Tetramethylsuccinonitrile in polyvinyl chloride products for food and its release into food-simulating solvents

The content of tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN), the main decomposition product of 2,2'-azobis-isobutyronitrile, in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) products used for food packaging, were examined as well as food-simulating solvents. The TMSN concentration in 17 PVC products ranged from below the detection limit, 0.05 mg/kg, up to 523 mg/kg. The release of TMSN from two PVC products into five kinds of food-simulating solvents at 60 degrees C for 30 min was observed, except for 1 +/- 1 micrograms/kg of TMSN in n-heptane from a PVC bottle containing 523 +/- 30.4 mg/kg of TMSN. The detection limit of TMSN in the food-simulating solvents was 1 micrograms/kg. When pieces of the bottle were stored in olive oil at 40 degrees C for 120 days, 5 +/- 1 micrograms/kg of TMSN was detected in the oil. The release of TMSN from the pieces of the bottle into olive oil between 80 and 140 degrees C depended on the formula ln y = 0.08786x-5.696, r = 0.9927, where y is the concentration (microgram/kg) of TMSN in olive oil, x is the temperature (degrees C), and r is the correlation coefficient.     

Migration of bisphenol A into water from polycarbonate baby bottles during microwave heating.

A comprehensive migration database was established for bisphenol A from polycarbonate baby bottles into water during exposure to microwave heating. Eighteen different brands of polycarbonate baby bottles sold in Europe were collected. Initial residual content of bisphenol A and migration after microwave heating were determined. Residual content of bisphenol A in the polycarbonate baby bottles ranged from 1.4 to 35.3 mg kg(-1). Migration of bisphenol A was determined by placing a polycarbonate bottle filled with water in a microwave oven and heating to 100 degrees C; the level of bisphenol A in the water was analysed by GC-MS. The procedure of microwave heating and analysis was repeated twice for the same bottle and, thus, three migration extracts were prepared for each test specimen. Migration of bisphenol A into water ranged from <0.1 to 0.7 microg l(-1). There was no correlation between the amount of residual content of bisphenol A in the bottles and the migration of bisphenol A into water. Furthermore, there was no correlation between the amounts of bisphenol A in consecutive migration extracts. Data show that during three microwave-heating cycles of a baby bottle made from polycarbonate, microwave radiation had no effect on the migration of bisphenol A into water from polycarbonate. All levels found were well below the specific migration limit of 0.6 mg kg(-1) specified for bisphenol A in Commission Directive 2004/19/EC.     

Migration of bisphenol A into water from polycarbonate baby bottles during microwave heating

A comprehensive migration database was established for bisphenol A from polycarbonate baby bottles into water during exposure to microwave heating. Eighteen different brands of polycarbonate baby bottles sold in Europe were collected. Initial residual content of bisphenol A and migration after microwave heating were determined. Residual content of bisphenol A in the polycarbonate baby bottles ranged from 1.4 to 35.3 mg kg(-1). Migration of bisphenol A was determined by placing a polycarbonate bottle filled with water in a microwave oven and heating to 100 degrees C; the level of bisphenol A in the water was analysed by GC-MS. The procedure of microwave heating and analysis was repeated twice for the same bottle and, thus, three migration extracts were prepared for each test specimen. Migration of bisphenol A into water ranged from <0.1 to 0.7 microg l(-1). There was no correlation between the amount of residual content of bisphenol A in the bottles and the migration of bisphenol A into water. Furthermore, there was no correlation between the amounts of bisphenol A in consecutive migration extracts. Data show that during three microwave-heating cycles of a baby bottle made from polycarbonate, microwave radiation had no effect on the migration of bisphenol A into water from polycarbonate. All levels found were well below the specific migration limit of 0.6 mg kg(-1) specified for bisphenol A in Commission Directive 2004/19/EC.