Hot Corrosion Behavior and Microstructural Change of Al-Gradient CoNiCrAlYSi Coatings, Produced by LVPS and Diffusional Processes

Conventional and gradient CoNiCrAlYSi coatings were produced by using low vacuum plasma spray and an additional step of diffusional over aluminizing (pack cementation) techniques on an Inconel-738 substrate. Hot corrosion of these coatings was investigated using Na₂SO₄–20wt%NaVO₃ molten salt at 880?°C for 800?h. Hot corrosion rate was determined by measuring the weight gain of the specimens at regular intervals for a duration of 20?h. X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy and electron probe micro analysis techniques were used to determine the nature of phases, investigation of the thermally grown oxide, examination of the surface attack and determination of the elemental distribution. The gradient coating showed better performance by re-healing alumina scale due to its possession of more β phase as Al reservoir. Results indicated that pack cementation process caused an increase in amount of aluminum-rich β phase and better hot corrosion properties of gradient coatings owing to the Al enrichment in the outer layer and rapid formation of protective oxide on the surface.     

Corrosion Behaviors of Nitride Coatings on Titanium Alloy in NaCl-Induced Hot Corrosion

TiN and TiAlN coatings were deposited by arc ion plating on titanium alloys to study their hot corrosion resistance when they were exposed to NaCl at 600 ℃.The microstructure and corrosion behaviors of nitride coatings were studied using scanning electron microscope,X-ray diffraction,electro-probe microanalyzer and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.The results showed that nitride coatings with the different compositions and the ones with the same composition but different thicknesses presented different hot corrosion resistance.TiN and thin TiAlN coatings showed poor corrosion resistance.Serious internal oxidation attacked the alloy substrate.Their corrosion products were mainly consisted of non-protective TiO2 and sodium salt.By contrast,the thick TiAlN coating presented outstanding corrosion resistance.Besides sodium salt,the corrosion products were composed of protective Al2O3.The increasing thickness of TiAlN significantly enhanced the hot corrosion resistance.The corrosion mechanisms of alloy,TiN and TiAlN coatings were discussed in detail.     

Deposition Mechanisms and Oxidation Behaviors of Ti-Ni Coatings Deposited in Low-Temperature HVOF Spraying Process

Three kinds of Ti-Ni powders were deposited on 316L stainless steel by low-temperature high-velocity oxygen fuel (LT-HVOF) spraying process, respectively. Deposition mechanisms and oxidation behaviors of the coatings were researched in this paper. The coating deposited from TiNi intermetallic powder had obvious laminar structure and the oxygen content was the highest among the three kinds of coatings. The oxygen content of the coating deposited from small-sized Ni-clad Ti powder was still high due to the melting of parts of particles. However, most of the coarse Ni-clad Ti powder was deposited in solid states without changes of chemical compositions and phase compositions. The oxygen content of the coating deposited from coarse Ni-clad Ti powder was the lowest among the three kinds of coatings. It indicated that the deposition behavior of the coating could effectively preserve the inner titanium from oxidation. The results of the present research demonstrated that it is entirely feasible to deposit active metal materials such as titanium and titanium alloy through the optimizing selection of powder in the LT-HVOF process.     

高速火焰喷涂高质量NiCoCrAlTaReSiY抗氧化涂层

研究了用高速火焰喷涂(HVOF)替代低压等离子喷涂(LPPS)沉积高质量的MCrAlY涂层。试验用粉料为NiCoCrAlTaReSiY,采用以煤油为燃料的K2型HVOF系统沉积涂层,研究喷嘴长度、喷涂工艺参数对粉末沉积工艺过程以及涂层性能的影响;测量涂层的孔隙率及氧含量,观察涂层经真空热处理以及高温空气氧化后的显微结构,测量了Al、O等元素在氧化涂层中的分布。结果表明,所沉积的NiCoCrAlTaReSiY涂层具有优越的抗氧化性。     

Cyclic Oxidation and Hot Corrosion Behavior of Y/Cr-Modified Aluminide Coatings Prepared by a Hybrid Slurry/Pack Cementation Process

Y/Cr-modified aluminide coatings were prepared on a Ni-base superalloy K417G using a hybrid slurry/pack cementation process. The coatings consisted of a NiAl layer with dissolved Cr and Y. The microstructures and high temperature corrosion behavior of the coatings were characterized using SEM/EDS, XRD, EPMA and SIMS. Cyclic oxidation tests at 1000 °C for 200 h were carried out in air. The results indicated that specimens coated by either the Y/Cr-modified aluminide coatings or the simple aluminide coatings exhibited better oxidation resistances than the cast alloy. The Y/Cr-modified aluminide coatings possessed lower oxidation rates and better degradation resistance than the simple aluminide coatings during the oxidation tests. Furthermore, the alumina scales formed on the Y/Cr-modified aluminide coatings were considerably more adherent than those on the simple aluminide coatings during the thermal cycling. The hot corrosion tests consisted of applying a 25 wt% K₂SO₄ +75 wt% Na₂SO₄ salt mixture to the specimens and exposing at 900 °C. The Y/Cr-modified aluminide coatings showed the longest service life compared with the cast alloy and aluminide coatings, which suffered significant sulfur attack. After 200 h, the Y/Cr-modified aluminide coatings were still protective.     

Hot Corrosion Behavior of HVOF Sprayed Coatings on ASTM SA213-T11 Steel

Cr₃C₂-NiCr, NiCr, WC-Co and Stellite-6 alloy coatings were sprayed on ASTM SA213-T11 steel using the HVOF process. Liquid petroleum gas was used as the fuel gas. Hot corrosion studies were conducted on the uncoated as well as HVOF sprayed specimens after exposure to molten salt at 900 °C under cyclic conditions. The thermo-gravimetric technique was used to establish the kinetics of corrosion. XRD, SEM/EDAX and EPMA techniques were used to analyze the corrosion products. All these overlay coatings showed a better resistance to hot corrosion as compared to that of uncoated steel. NiCr Coating was found to be most protective followed by the Cr₃C₂-NiCr coating. WC-Co coating was least effective to protect the substrate steel. It is concluded that the formation of Cr₂O_3, NiO, NiCr₂O₄, and CoO in the coatings may contribute to the development of a better hot-corrosion resistance. The uncoated steel suffered corrosion in the form of intense spalling and peeling of the scale, which may be due to the formation of unprotective Fe₂O₃ oxide scale.     

不锈钢表面热浸涂层的结构与抗腐蚀耐磨损性能

采用AI(NO3)3溶液反复热浸渍法在304不锈钢表面制备复合涂层.采用SEM、XRD、EDS等方法分析涂层的组织结构,用动电位极化法评价涂层在3%NaCI溶液中的腐蚀行为,用球一盘摩擦试验机评价涂层的摩擦学性能.结果表明:Al(NO,).溶液热浸渍法制备的涂层由Al(OH)3及少量Al2O3组成,厚度约为20 μm;被覆涂层试样与304不锈钢基体相比,自腐蚀电位分别提高了10mV,且发生了钝化现象,表明涂层提高了基体的抗腐蚀性能.涂层与GCr15钢对磨的摩擦系数高,摩擦过程中Fe向涂层的材料转移导致出现严重的粘着现象,涂层本身产生轻微磨损.     

Oxidation and Hot Corrosion Performance of NiCoCrAlY Coatings Fabricated Via Electrolytic Codeposition

Oxidation of Metals - The oxidation and hot corrosion performance of NiCoCrAlY coatings fabricated via electrolytic codeposition was investigated. The cyclic oxidation behavior of NiCoCrAlY...     

Magnetic Property Changes of CoNiCrAlY Coating Under Cyclic Oxidation and Hot Corrosion

Oxidation of Metals - In this paper, a non-destructive method for evaluation of a CoNiCrAlY coating applied to gas turbine blades has been studied. The specimens from cast Ni-base superalloy...     

The High-Temperature Wear and Oxidation Behavior of CrC-Based HVOF Coatings

Three commercially available chromium carbide-based powders with different kinds of matrix (Cr₃C₂-25%NiCr; Cr₃C₂-25%CoNiCrAlY and Cr₃C₂-50%NiCrMoNb) were deposited by an HVOF JP-5000 spraying gun, evaluated and compared. The influence of heat treatment on the microstructure and properties, as well as the oxidation resistance in a hot steam environment (p = 24 MPa; T = 609 °C), was evaluated by SEM and XRD with respect to their potential application in the steam power industry. The sliding wear resistance measured at room and elevated (T = 600 °C) temperatures according to ASTM G-133. For all three kinds of chromium carbide-based coatings, the precipitation of secondary carbides from the supersaturated matrix was observed during the heat treatment. For Cr₃C₂-25%NiCr coating annealed in hot steam environment as well as for Cr₃C₂-25%CoNiCrAlY coating in both environments, the inner carbide oxidation was recorded. The sliding wear resistance was found equal at room temperature, regardless of the matrix composition and content, while at elevated temperatures, the higher wear was measured, varying in dependence on the matrix composition and content. The chromium carbide-based coating with modified matrix composition Cr₃C₂-50%NiCrMoNb is suitable to replace the Cr₃C₂-25%NiCr coating in a hot steam environment to eliminate the risk of failure caused by inner carbide oxidation.     

Evaluation of Cyclic Oxidation and Hot Corrosion Behavior of HVOF-Sprayed WC-Co/NiCrAlY Coating

Corrosion of metallic structural materials at an elevated temperature in complex multicomponent gas environments are potential problems in many fossil energy systems, especially those using coal as a feedstock. Combating these problems involves a number of approaches, one of which is the use of protective coatings. The high velocity oxy fuel (HVOF) process has been used to deposit WC-Co/NiCrAlY composite powder on two types of Fe-based alloys. Thermocyclic oxidation behavior of coated alloys was investigated in the static air as well as in molten salt (Na₂SO₄-60%V₂O₅) environment at 700 °C for 50 cycles. The thermogravimetric technique was used to approximate the kinetics of oxidation. WC-Co/NiCrAlY coatings showed a lower oxidation rate in comparison to uncoated alloys. The oxidation resistance of WC-Co/NiCrAlY coatings can be ascribed to the oxide layer of Al₂O₃ and Cr₂O₃ formed on the outermost surface. Coated alloys extend a protective oxide scale composed of oxides of Ni and Cr that are known to impart resistance to the hot corrosion in the molten salt environment.     

Oxidation and Hot Corrosion Resistance of HVOF WC-NiCrFeSiB Coating on Ni- and Fe-based Superalloys at 800 °C

The present work evaluates the oxidation and hot corrosion resistance of high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) sprayed WC-NiCrFeSiB coating deposited on Ni-based superalloy (Superni 75) and Fe-based superalloy (Superfer 800H). The coated as well as uncoated specimens were exposed to air and molten salt (Na₂SO₄-25% NaCl) environment at 800 °C under cyclic conditions. The thermogravimetric technique was used to establish the kinetics of corrosion. The corrosion products were characterized using the combined techniques of x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and electron probe micro analyser (EPMA). The WC-NiCrFeSiB coating provides necessary resistance against oxidation and hot corrosion to both the nickel and iron-based superalloys in the given environmental conditions at 800 °C. The oxides of active elements of the coatings, formed in the surface scale as well as at the boundaries of nickel and tungsten rich splats, have contributed for the oxidation and hot corrosion resistance of WC-NiCrFeSiB coatings, as these oxides act as barriers for the diffusion/penetration of the corrosive species through the coatings. This article is an invited paper selected from presentations at the 2007 International Thermal Spray Conference and has been expanded from the original presentation. It is simultaneously published in Global Coating Solutions, Proceedings of the 2007 International Thermal Spray Conference, Beijing, China, May 14-16, 2007, Basil R. Marple, Margaret M. Hyland, Yuk-Chiu Lau, Chang-Jiu Li, Rogerio S. Lima, and Ghislain Montavon, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 2007.     

Effects of Laser Re-melting on the Corrosion Properties of HVOF Coatings

HVOF coating of Inconel 625 powder on carbon steel is carried out. Laser melting of the resulting coating is realized to improve coating structural integrity. Morphological and microstructural changes are examined in the coating prior and after laser treatment process using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and x-ray diffraction (XRD). The residual stress developed is measured on the surface vicinity of the laser-treated coating using the XRD technique. The corrosion resistance of the laser-treated and untreated coating surfaces is measured, incorporating the potentiodynamic tests in 0.5 M NaCl aqueous solution. It is found that laser treatment reduces the pores and produces cellular structures with different sizes and orientations in the coating. Laser-controlled melting improves the corrosion resistance of the coating surface.     

Oxidation and Hot Corrosion Behaviors of Service-Exposed and Heat-Treated Gas Turbine Vanes Made of IN939 Alloy

Oxidation and hot corrosion tests were conducted on service-exposed and heat-treated IN939 alloys at 830, 930 and 1030 °C for testing times up to 800 h. The degradation behaviors were studied using optical and scanning electron microscopes. The oxidation results showed no tangible weight change in the samples at 830 °C. At 930 °C, after initial weight gain, the oxidation samples showed weight loss; whereas a continuous weight loss was observed at the higher temperature of 1030 °C. In the hot corrosion tests, however, a large weight loss occurred in the samples even at 830 °C, indicating an effect of fuel impurities on the high-temperature behavior of the alloy. SEM observations revealed that the main features of oxidation and hot corrosion of the alloy were internal oxidation of aluminum and depletion of chromium in the regions beneath the surface scales.     

Corrosion and Wear Behaviors of Cr-Doped Diamond-Like Carbon Coatings

A combination of plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition and magnetron sputtering techniques has been employed to deposit chromium-doped diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings on stainless steel, silicon and glass substrates. The concentrations of Cr in the coatings are varied by changing the parameters of the bipolar pulsed power supply and the argon/acetylene gas composition. The coatings have been studied for composition, morphology, surface nature, nanohardness, corrosion resistance and wear resistance properties. The changes in I _D /I _G ratio with Cr concentrations have been obtained from Raman spectroscopy studies. Ratio decreases with an increase in Cr concentration, and it has been found to increase at higher Cr concentration, indicating the disorder in the coating. Carbide is formed in Cr-doped DLC coatings as observed from XPS studies. There is a decrease in sp ³/sp ² ratios with an increase in Cr concentration, and it increases again at higher Cr concentration. Nanohardness studies show no clear dependence of hardness on Cr concentration. DLC coatings with lower Cr contents have demonstrated better corrosion resistance with better passive behavior in 3.5% NaCl solution, and corrosion potential is observed to move toward nobler (more positive) values. A low coefficient of friction (0.15) at different loads is observed from reciprocating wear studies. Lower wear volume is found at all loads on the Cr-doped DLC coatings. Wear mechanism changes from abrasive wear on the substrate to adhesive wear on the coating.     

Cyclic Oxidation of Sputter-Deposited Nanocrystalline Fe-Cr-Ni-Al Alloy Coatings

Nanocrystalline coatings of AISI 310S stainlesssteel with a small amount of Al were produced usingunbalanced magnetron-sputter deposition with a compositetarget. Cyclic oxidation tests were performed at 800 and 900°C in air for 100 hr. Theresults showed that Al₂O₃ scalesformed on the coatings containing ~3 wt.% Al. Theoxidation rate of the coated specimens was much lowerthan that of the uncoated specimens and the scale spallationresistance was also improved significantly. Studies withatomic force microscopy (AFM) of the transient-oxidationsurfaces suggested that grain-boundary andsubgrain-boundary diffusion in the coatings may have played animportant role in promoting the formation of theAl₂O₃ scale. Fast creep of thefine-grain coating and alumina scale was considered tobe the mechanism for the improvement in spallation resistance.     

Hot Corrosion Behavior of Low-Pressure Cold-Sprayed CoNiCrAlY Coatings

CoNiCrAlY coatings were deposited by low-pressure cold spraying and pre-oxidized in a vacuum environment, and its hot corrosion behavior in pure Na₂SO₄ and 75 wt.% Na₂SO₄ + 25 wt.% NaCl salts was investigated. The pre-oxidation treatment resulted in the formation of a dense and continuous α-Al₂O₃ scale on the coating surface. After being corroded for 150 h at 900 °C, the pre-oxidized coating exhibited better corrosion resistance to both salts than the as-sprayed coating. The presence of preformed Al₂O₃ scale reduced the consumption rate of aluminum, by delaying the formation of internal oxides and sulfides and promoting the formation of a denser and more adherent Al₂O₃ scale. Moreover, we investigated the corrosion mechanism of cold-sprayed CoNiCrAlY coatings in the two salts and discussed the effect of the pre-oxidation treatment.     

微弧氧化钛合金的电化学腐蚀行为

采用微弧氧化技术在TC4钛合金表面制备了多孔陶瓷层,研究了其在Hank′s模拟体液中的电化学腐蚀行为,利用SEM和XRD分析了其表面形貌和物相组成。结果表明,微弧氧化合金的自腐蚀电位升高约0.3V,提高了TC4钛合金在生物体液环境下的化学稳定性。在钛合金植入体电位范围内,微弧氧化处理可明显提高极化电阻,减少腐蚀电流1~2个数量级。随腐蚀时间的延长,TC4钛合金表面钝化膜逐渐发生腐蚀,而微弧氧化膜浸泡初期HA的形核及生长是电极反应中最活跃部分,2周后表面形成均匀的HA薄膜,表现出良好的抗电化学腐蚀性能。     

Effect of Spray Parameters on the Corrosion Behavior of HVOF Sprayed WC-Co-Cr Coatings

WC-10Co-4Cr cermet coatings were deposited on the substrate of AISI 1045 steel by using high-velocity oxygen-fuel (HVOF) thermal spraying process. The Taguchi method including the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio and the analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to optimize the porosity and, in turn, the corrosion resistance of the coatings. The spray parameters evaluated in this study were spray distance, oxygen flow, and kerosene flow. The results indicated that the important sequence of spray parameters on the porosity of the coatings was spray distance > oxygen flow > kerosene flow, and the spray distance was the only significant factor. The optimum spraying condition was 300 mm for the spray distance, 1900 scfh for the oxygen flow, and 6.0 gph for the kerosene flow. The results showed the significant influence of the microstructure on the corrosion resistance of the coatings. Potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impendence spectroscopy (EIS) results showed that the WC-10Co-4Cr cermet coating obtained by the optimum spraying condition with the lowest porosity exhibits the best corrosion resistance and seems to be an alternative to hard chromium coating.