支架式教学与计算机程序设计语言

建构主义教学模式下的支架式教学是讲授计算机程序设计语言课程的恰当方法,它强调把复杂的任务加以分解,把学习者的理解逐步引向深入,由学习者主动完成信息的建构。在教学实践中应用搭脚手架、创造情境、独立探索、协作学习、效果评价等手段,使支架式教学落实到教学各个环节,教学效果良好,呈现出良好的应用前景。     

少数民族文字文本分析与识别的研究进展

对于少数民族古籍的保护与传承,国家予以高度重视,并强调了对这些不可再生文化资源透彻数字化的重要性。随着文档图像分析与识别技术的不断进步,对少数民族文字的文本分析与识别研究受到广泛关注,并取得显著成就,成为人工智能应用研究的一个热点领域。然而,由于少数民族文字种类繁多、应用场景多样及数据集的稀缺性等问题,这一研究领域仍面临诸多挑战。本文旨在总结先前的工作,并为未来的研究提供支持,重点讨论了印刷体文本、联机手写、古籍文档及场景文字识别等任务,概述了国内外在少数民族文种识别领域的发展和最新成果。首先阐明了少数民族文字文本分析与识别的重要性及其价值,介绍了特定少数民族文字及其古籍文档的特征。然后,回顾了这一领域的发展历史和现状,分析并总结了传统方法的代表性成果及其应用;详细讨论了研究重点向深度神经网络模型和深度学习方法的全面转移,这一转变使得各文种的识别性能得到了显著提升。最后,基于相关分析,本文指出了在不同文种文档分析与识别中存在的精度和泛化能力等方面的不足,以及与汉文文本分析与识别的差异;面对少数民族文字文本识别领域的主要困难与挑战,展望了未来的研究趋势和技术发展目标。     

Biomechanical evaluation of scaffolding tasks

A field study was conducted to identify tasks and activities that increase the risk of overexertion injury associated with the erection and dismantling of frame scaffolds, and to determine strategies that would prevent or reduce the worker's risk of injury. Twelve construction sites involving 29 workers were visited. The investigation identified that lifting scaffold end frames, carrying end frames, handling scaffold planks, removing cross braces, and removing guardrails are activities that increase the risk of overexertion injuries during task performance. This paper has focused on end-frame handling problems. Although the techniques used to handle end frames varied among the construction sites and subjects, six lifting and five carrying strategies were commonly used. Computer simulations of these work techniques show that considerable biomechanical stress occurs to most of the workers at their shoulders, elbows, and hips. To reduce overexertion injuries during erection and dismantling of frame scaffolds, design of an assistive device to lift scaffold end frames and modifications to the end-frame fixtures are suggested. Future research areas for the prevention of injury during scaffolding work are also proposed.     

脚本程序安全漏洞的动态防御方法

脚本程序漏洞经常引起安全问题,导致出现网络攻击.对常见脚本程序漏洞进行了分类研究,分析了漏洞产生机理,总结出参数引用(参数未过滤、数据未判断、数据未过滤)和逻辑考虑不足(逻辑推理缺陷、逻辑运算符滥用)两类主要的脚本安全问题.在此基础上,提出一种针对脚本源代码漏洞的动态防御方法,阐明了防御原理及方法,设计了攻击字符库.实验表明,该方法可以有效地防范脚本漏洞攻击,提高了Web系统的安全性.     

Promoting and scaffolding argumentation through reflective asynchronous discussions

The purpose of this quasi-experimental study was to explore the impact of asynchronous discussion on the quality and complexity of college students’ arguments. Three different cohorts of students registered in a physical science course in 2009 Fall, 2010 Spring, and 2010 Fall semesters were briefly supported with scaffolding in class and then involved in argumentation about socio-scientific issues as take-home assignments. Each cohort was divided into an asynchronous online communication group and a paper–pencil group. The findings showed that very few students’ arguments from either group were rated low in quality levels of 1 or 2 on a five-scale level. Additional comparisons revealed that the asynchronous online communication group students slightly outperformed their counterparts in terms of mean quality level of arguments (effect sizes ranged from 0.25 to 0.35) and the frequency of rebuttals. The major finding is that after only one hour of scaffolding followed by the opportunity to practice argumentation at home, students’ argumentation skills were slightly better developed through reflective asynchronous online discussions about socio-scientific issues than through paper-pencil practice.     

An application of knowledge based modelling using scripts

Knowledge management (KM) takes an increasingly significant place in the companies. The field of the KM aims to answer the problems of memory within companies by proposing methodologies to formalise know-how during the different steps of production. The KM is a domain with many ramifications and applications. One of them, so called Knowledge Based Engineering, search how to record knowledge from experts to put them in CAD software. Our study relates to the possibility of using the knowledge of an expert in modelling and, more particularly, on the automatic modelling of filling systems in foundry.     

The role of scaffolding and motivation in CSCL

Recent findings from research into Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL) have indicated that not all learners are able to successfully learn in online collaborative settings. Given that most online settings are characterised by minimal guidance, which require learners to be more autonomous and self-directed, CSCL may provide conditions more conducive to learners comfortable with greater autonomy. Using quasi-experimental research, this paper examines the impact of a redesign of an authentic CSCL environment, based upon principles of Problem-Based Learning, which aimed to provide a more explicit scaffolding of the learning phases for students. It was hypothesised that learners in a redesigned ‘Optima’ environment would reach higher levels of knowledge construction due to clearer scaffolding. Furthermore, it was expected that the redesign would produce a more equal spread in contributions to discourse for learners with different motivational profiles.