炼油厂污油超声破乳脱水

以含水量（体积分数）20%~30%的中石化扬子炼油厂提供的污油为研究对象,在实验室条件下,采用超声波破乳技术进行脱水研究。在超声频率为20 kHz的条件下,考察了超声的其他参数对污油脱水的影响。结果表明：超声辐照时间为5min、超声激励电压为100V、超声辐照后热沉降温度为60℃、沉降时间为2h时,污油破乳脱水效果比较好,作用后,污油含水率可以降低到3.2%。按照小试得到的最佳工艺参数进行中试实验,其污油破乳脱水效果跟预计的结果相当,含水率可以降低到7.2%。     

水处理重要应用——絮凝剂

在污水处理过程中,絮凝法是较为常用的水处理方法.首先通过在污水中加入无机或有机混凝剂,使胶体脱离稳定状态聚集形成微絮,然后再加入絮凝剂使微絮体通过吸附、卷带和桥连等作用,成长为更大的絮凝体矾花,在重力作用下絮凝体自由沉降并成为污泥.在污泥物理脱水过程中,添加絮凝剂可以使污泥产生较大的絮团,提高固液分离的效率,并降低污泥脱水后的污泥含水率.     

浅析稠油采出液脱水技术研究进展

目前的稠油采出液脱水技术主要包括三种:化学脱水技术(主要包括热化学沉降脱水、电化学脱水和掺稀释剂脱水三种)、物理脱水工艺和超声脱水工艺,各类稠油脱水技术都有其优点和缺点,例如通过电化学方法对稠油脱水的缺点是难以建立稳定的电场,即使在建立电场后,对其场强的控制也较难;而掺入原油稀释剂脱水的方法会受到原油资源的限制,增大了稠油脱水成本,不利于提高经济效益。因此,一般将多种脱水方法联合应用,扬长避短,达到高效、经济的脱水效果,例如目前有两段热化学沉降脱水工艺流程,易于管理和操作,在脱水时间和沉降时间的控制方面也比较方便,具有很高的可靠性。     

膜分离技术在原油破乳和含油污水处理中的应用

本文介绍了一种破乳功能膜用于原油破乳脱水和含油污水处理的系统。该系统采用全物理方法，能安装在生产线上，对原油直接脱水分离，将高含水原油变为低含水原油，或使原油含水率达到成品油集输的标准，脱出的污水水质达到油田回注标准。该系统在原油凝固点以上５～１０℃就可运行，在满负荷运行条件下压降＜０．１ＭＰａ，具有较好的分离效果，节省能源，较大幅度降低生产成本     

掺加页岩与粉煤灰对污泥脱水性能的影响

改善污泥的脱水性能有利于污泥的处置与利用,以污泥建材资源化为目标,实验研究了在污泥沉降浓缩阶段加入页岩和粉煤灰后对沉降污泥脱水性能的影响。结果显示单掺页岩或粉煤灰后污泥的脱水性能得到显著改善;污泥比阻从处理前的1013数量级降至1011数量级;污泥脱水后的含水率降低,有利于后续的处理和利用;污泥脱水后的体积有一定程度增大,但这种体积增大在污泥的建材资源化利用方面是可接受的。混掺页岩和粉煤灰后对污泥脱水性能的改善效果优于单掺,页岩与粉煤灰掺量均为5%时,污泥的脱水性能得到最佳改善,且脱水污泥体积无明显增加。     

铁路内燃机废弃润滑油再生工艺研究

本文采用絮凝沉降精滤法处理了废弃的铁路内燃机润滑油(简称废机油),工艺条件是絮凝剂的加入量为0.5%,絮凝后沉降温度为80℃,沉降时间为18h,精滤时间为6h。通过分析结果表明:利用该法处理后的废机油已达到生产铁路系列油脂的使用标准。     

有机高分子絮凝剂对钛液沉降性能的影响

针对硫酸法钛白粉生产中钛液沉降净化过程,选用不同钛液沉降用商品絮凝剂,进行钛液沉降效果实验研究.分别从有机高分子絮凝剂的分子量、阳离子度、分子结构几方面研究其对钛液沉降效果的影响.结果表明,当絮凝剂的分子量在600～800万之间,阳离子度在36%～45%之间,其对钛液的沉降效果明显;絮凝剂结构也会影响到钛液沉降效果.     

氧化铝生产中絮凝剂应用实验探讨

赤泥沉降分离是拜耳法氧化铝生产中的重要工序,铝土矿溶出后,形成含有赤泥的铝酸钠溶液,通过沉降和过滤使赤泥和铝酸钠溶液分离,然后由铝酸钠溶液生产出氢氧化铝,直至焙烧成氧化铝。其中絮凝剂在生产应用中能极大地提高沉降槽的工作效率,而赤泥沉降的快慢与分离效果的好坏,直接影响着氧化铝生产的产能,产品质量和经济效益。但生产使用中存在的诸多问题,又影响着絮凝剂效能的正常发挥。本文对絮凝剂的工作原理、种类进行简要分析,以诺尔XD6350絮凝剂为试验品,在我单位沉降分离中的应用状况进行介绍,以期对于保证沉降槽清液层,提高生产产能起到一定作用。     

壳聚糖/蒙脱土复合絮凝剂的结构及污泥脱水性能EI北大核心CSCD

针对污水处理中产生的大量剩余污泥的絮凝脱水问题,研究制备了壳聚糖/蒙脱土(CTS/MMT)复合絮凝剂,并利用CTS聚电解质的电中和与架桥作用,以及MMT的吸附作用来提高污泥的脱水性能。结果表明,复合材料两相间存在氢键作用,通过形成物理交联网络使其弹性储能模量增加,损耗因子减小;复合材料中CTS分子链插层进入MMT层间,且采取单分子层的方式排列;CTS/MMT质量比为1∶1.5、质量浓度为0.1 g/L时有利于降低污泥的比阻和含水率,提高污泥上清液的透光率,降低浊度,增强复合材料的污泥脱水性能。     

壳聚糖/蒙脱土复合絮凝剂的结构及污泥脱水性能

针对污水处理中产生的大量剩余污泥的絮凝脱水问题,研究制备了壳聚糖/蒙脱土(CTS/MMT)复合絮凝剂,并利用CTS聚电解质的电中和与架桥作用,以及MMT的吸附作用来提高污泥的脱水性能。结果表明,复合材料两相间存在氢键作用,通过形成物理交联网络使其弹性储能模量增加,损耗因子减小;复合材料中CTS分子链插层进入MMT层间,且采取单分子层的方式排列;CTS/MMT质量比为1∶1.5、质量浓度为0.1 g/L时有利于降低污泥的比阻和含水率,提高污泥上清液的透光率,降低浊度,增强复合材料的污泥脱水性能。     

Study on the Sedimentation Capability of Bauxite Flotation Concentrate

Fine bauxite flotation concentrate precipitated slowly, which significantly limited the capacity of the concentration plant. An effective disposal method was the addition of the flocculants to enhance the sedimentation capability of the concentrate. The sedimentation behaviors of bauxite flotation concentrates were investigated at different pH value and flocculate dosage. The effects of three types of flocculants (cationic, anionic and non-ionic polyacrylamide flocculants) as well as the molecular weight of anionic flocculants on the sedimentation of concentrate were studied. It is shown from the experimental results that at the pH 7.0, best sedimentation capability was reached when anionic polyacrylamide flocculant (molecular weight 14 million) was added; the optimal dosage was 30 g/t.     

陶瓷膜表面粗糙度对含油废水过滤性能的影响

采用表面粗糙度仪、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和三维非接触表面形貌仪(WLI)表征膜表面形貌,并考察了陶瓷膜表面粗糙度对过滤含油废水性能的影响.结果显示,具有不同表面粗糙度的相同孔径陶瓷膜,其纯水通量基本相同;粗糙度越大的膜,过滤含油废水的膜通量衰减越快,稳定通量也越低;陶瓷膜表面粗糙度对油截留率基本没有影响;废水中油滴粒...     

Skin permeation of lidocaine from crystal suspended oily formulations

In vitro permeation of lidocaine (lidocaine base, LID) through excised rat skin was investigated using several LID-suspended oily formulations. The first skin permeation of LID from an LID-suspended oily solution such as liquid paraffin (LP), isopropyl myristate (IPM), polyoxyethylene (2) oleylether (BO-2), and diethyl sebacate (DES) was evaluated and compared with that from polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG400) solution, a hydrophilic base. The obtained permeation rate of LID, Japp, from PEG400, LP, IPM, BO-2, and DES was in the order of DES>BO-2=IPM>LP>PEG400, and increased with LID solubility in the oily solvents, although LID crystals were dispersed in all solvents. Subsequently, oily formulations that consisted of different ratios of the first oily solvent (IPM, BO-2, or DES) (each 0-20%), the second oily solvent (LP) and an oily mixture of microcrystalline wax/white petrolatum/paraffin (1/5/4) were evaluated. BO-2 groups at a concentration of 5% and 10% had the highest Japp among the oily formulations, although a higher BO-2 resulted in lower skin permeation. In addition, pretreatment with BO-2 increased the skin permeation of LID. These results suggest that the penetration enhancing effect by the system may be related to the skin penetration of BO-2 itself. Finally, mathematical analysis was done to evaluate the effect of BO-2, and it was shown that BO-2 improved the LID solubility in stratum corneum lipids to efficiently enhance the LID permeation through skin.     

Effects of oily drug rheology on content uniformity in granules obtained by wet granulation with a high-shear mixer

The purpose of the present work was to elucidate the effects of viscosity on the content uniformity of an oily drug in granules obtained by wet granulation with a high-shear mixer. For this purpose, we used d-alpha-tocopheryl acetate diluted with a medium chain fatty acid triglyceride having viscosities in the range from 26.0 to 726.0 mPas. It was found that independent of viscosity, nuclei rich in the oily drug were formed in the process of mixing with powder and that those nuclei prevented uniform distribution of the drug throughout the granules. To achieve content uniformity, it is necessary for the nuclei formed before granulation to be fragmented and for the oily drug to be distributed uniformly throughout granules. Tensile strength of the nuclei was attributed to the viscosity of the oily drug, according to a model for tensile strength of a granule under dynamic conditions. When viscosity of the oily drug increased, tensile strength of the nuclei increased and the extent of the drug demixing in granules was large and constant independent of granulation time. On the other hand, when viscosity of the oily drug decreased, tensile strength of the nuclei decreased. The extent of the drug demixing was small with lower viscosity but increased with a prolonged granulation time. In the case of the oily drug, we found that a decrease in its viscosity led to the improvement of the content uniformity in granules. The viscosity of the oily drug significantly affects its content uniformity in granules by a high-shear mixer granulation.     

含油污泥颗粒的流态化行为研究

在一内径为0.056m、高为1.6m的冷模玻璃流化床中研究含油污泥与石英砂混合颗粒的冷模流化行为,含油污泥干基含油率为17.63%(质量分数),筛分成0.20~0.30、0.30~0.45、0.45~0.90mm3种粒径范围,与石英砂混合后进行流化实验。结果表明:各种颗粒混合物中油泥质量分数在0~30%范围内均可以实现正常流化,超出此范围,流化中出现明显的粘壁、沟流等不正常的流化现象;混合颗粒中含油率越高,初始流化速度越大;含油泥混合颗粒与典型的B类颗粒纯石英砂的塌落行为有显著差别,塌落时间较长,而床层膨胀率却较低。     

Skin Permeation of Lidocaine from Crystal Suspended Oily Formulations

ABSTRACT

In vitro permeation of lidocaine (lidocaine base, LID) through excised rat skin was investigated using several LID-suspended oily formulations. The first skin permeation of LID from an LID-suspended oily solution such as liquid paraffin (LP), isopropyl myristate (IPM), polyoxyethylene (2) oleylether (BO-2), and diethyl sebacate (DES) was evaluated and compared with that from polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG400) solution, a hydrophilic base. The obtained permeation rate of LID, J_app, from PEG400, LP, IPM, BO-2, and DES was in the order of DES>BO-2 = IPM>LP>PEG400, and increased with LID solubility in the oily solvents, although LID crystals were dispersed in all solvents. Subsequently, oily formulations that consisted of different ratios of the first oily solvent (IPM, BO-2, or DES) (each 0–20%), the second oily solvent (LP) and an oily mixture of microcrystalline wax/white petrolatum/paraffin (1/5/4) were evaluated. BO-2 groups at a concentration of 5% and 10% had the highest J_app among the oily formulations, although a higher BO-2 resulted in lower skin permeation. In addition, pretreatment with BO-2 increased the skin permeation of LID. These results suggest that the penetration enhancing effect by the system may be related to the skin penetration of BO-2 itself. Finally, mathematical analysis was done to evaluate the effect of BO-2, and it was shown that BO-2 improved the LID solubility in stratum corneum lipids to efficiently enhance the LID permeation through skin.     

Prevention of Scum Formation and Entrapment in High Carbon Steel Billets

Gradual build-up of scum over the liquid steel surface in the mould gives rise to entrapped exogenous inclusions and slag patch in the cast billets. The problem is more commonly observed during the open stream casting of continuous casting of high carbon (C > 0.6 mass%) steel billets. This problem has been quite commonly observed at Tata Steel during its billet casting. Present work aimed at eliminating the problem of scum formation during open stream billet casting of high carbon steel billets. This work involved experiments in the laboratory as well as in the plant. In addition, based on liquid steel composition thermodynamic calculations were carried out for predicting the possible oxide inclusions in Mn-Si deoxidised steels. Water model experiments were carried out in a full-scale billet caster physical model for investigating the influence of tundish outlet nozzle alignment on the entrapment of scum as slag patch over the billet surface. Based on these, cause of scum formation and its exact mechanism of entrapment in cast billets were established. Finally, countermeasures were recommended to the plant. Adequacy of the proposed countermeasures was established through a series of trials in the plant before implementation. Improvement obtained from the implementation over a period of time has been reported in the paper.

     

超声制备微乳化柴油的实验研究

微乳柴油是一种较佳的节能环保材料。采用聚氧乙烯失水山梨醇单油酸酯(Tween80)、失水山梨醇单油酸酯(Span80)和十二烷基苯磺酸钠复配成复配乳化剂,利用超声乳化机理,将超声波用于微乳化,研究了超声参数(声强,作用时间)、乳化剂及乙醇用量对乳液稳定性的影响,并通过正交实验找出了超声制备微乳化柴油的最佳工艺条件。该W/O乳液稳定时间随超声声强的增大而增加,且超声作用时间对乳液稳定时间有个最佳值。超声作用下乳化剂用量为2.5%(wt)时乳液最稳定。乙醇用量跟水油比有关,实验中水油比为0.1(V)时乙醇用量为5%(V),掺水量为10%(V)时的超声柴油微乳化最佳工艺条件为乳化剂用量为2.5%(wt),指示电流为3A(相当于声强为0.15 W/cm2),稳定剂用量为0.158%(wt),超声作用时间为15min,乙醇用量为5%(V)。     

Application of a beamforming technique to ultrasound imaging innondestructive testing

Many innovations in the modern testing of materials make use of ultrasound. As a result, ultrasound has become extremely important to nondestructive testing of complete engineered systems. However, despite the fact that ultrasound inspection techniques are based on well-established principles, a few key problems pertaining to their application still remain unresolved. One of these problems deals with materials having complex geometries, often making the scanning/data collection processes time consuming. Consequently, fast and accurate mechanisms for testing components with awkward configurations have been the focus of attention in modern nondestructive testing research. In this paper, the data independent beamformer is studied as a potential method to reduce ultrasonic data acquisition time. The finite element method (FEM) is used as a testbed to mimic the ultrasound measurements by simulating the action of a transducer array. Tests reveal that when the weights of the interpolating filters (beamformers) are adjusted properly, they can indeed be used to predict A-scan signals from a data set produced by a transducer moving in a line-scan direction at nonuniform increments; hence, reducing the data acquisition time. The same filter weights also predict accurately A-scan signals from another data set produced by the same transducer moving at nonuniform increments for a different material geometry     

The effect of single and combined coagulation/flocculation methods on the sedimentation behavior and conductivity of bentonite suspensions with different swelling potentials

ABSTRACT

In this study, the sedimentation behavior of bentonite (Na and Ca bentonite) suspensions with different swelling potentials was investigated with single and combined coagulation and flocculation methods. The samples exhibited a negative surface charge over a broad pH range and had a relatively high suspension stability. Al₂(SO₄)₃, FeCl₃, MgCl₂, CaCl₂, and NaCl were used as coagulants. All coagulants have provided sedimentation efficiencies higher than 85% with Ca bentonite suspension, but only 22% efficiency was seen with Na bentonite suspensions. The effectiveness of coagulants increased with higher ionic values of the metal salts. Versus monovalent cations, multivalent cations had a greater influence on the zeta potential of the samples. Higher coagulant concentrations enhance the conductivities of the suspensions. In flocculation, anionic (A-150), cationic (C-521) and nonionic (N-100) flocculants were used. For a Ca bentonite suspension, all flocculants have 98% efficiency. The anionic flocculant was more efficient than cationic and nonionic ones for Na bentonite suspension. The dual-flocculation of cationic and anionic flocculant combinations and pre-destabilization via coagulants of Na bentonite suspension were also studied. Better flocculation performance was achieved with these combined methods.