复杂型面链轨节实体模型重构研究

为了获取某型面复杂且具有配合精度要求的链轨节实体模型,对其实体模型重构方法进行研究。运用遗传算法优化的BP神经网络修补点云孔洞,通过精确曲面创建得到的链轨节实体模型不能满足销轴孔和螺栓孔的配合精度要求。提出了在Geomagic Design X软件中,基于面片草图拟合约束对精度要求较高的两类孔进行参数化修正,完成该链轨节实体模型重构。通过分析点云数据与实体模型的偏差,验证了利用该建模方法能够获得满足精度要求的链轨节实体模型,对具有相似特征零件的模型重构具有借鉴意义。     

汽车转向节零件的参数化快速逆向设计

为了快速获取国外某进口汽车左前转向节点云数据的实体化模型,研究其实体快速重构的方法。文章针对该零部件复杂的形状特征,不同位置对逆向设计的精度要求不同,提出了以Geomagic Design X软件为平台,采用正逆向混合建模技术,进行曲面实体快速重构。运用基于点云的自动特征识别与面片草图的标准化绘制对传动轴的连接处以及装配孔处进行参数化修正,最终完成实物逆向,同时验证了该混合建模方法的准确性和可行性。     

逆向工程及3D打印技术的应用与精度分析

针对结构复杂零部件难以获得精准的尺寸和外形,逆向工程与3D打印技术相结合可有效解决该问题。以汽车水枪为例,利用COMET蓝光扫描仪对其表面进行三维扫描,并获取三维点云数据,应用Colin3D软件分析扫描过程点云数据精度;利用Geomagic Studio软件对点云数据进行优化处理,应用Geomagic Design X软件对水枪曲面进行重构,通过偏差图与环境写像进行逆向建模过程的质量分析;采用光固化打印技术完成逆向实体的快速成型,利用Geomagic Control X将重建后的三维几何模型与原始CAD数据进行误差对比分析,为维修和加工制造提供了数据支持。     

基于CATIA二次开发的逆向工程曲面重构方法研究

针对利用逆向工程中扫描点云数据,提取特征轮廓曲线与生成曲面时,工作量较大且容易出问题,提出一种基于特征数据提取与CATIA二次开发的正逆向相结合的曲面重构方法。以Geomagic Studio软件完成对扫描点云数据的预处理,针对不同产品模型的特征,提取不同的截面线与轮廓线;分析模型特征,对于简单特征模型通过旋转、拉伸、扫琼等命令重新生成新模型;对于复杂曲面造型,提取特征点云数据并导出为ASC格式文件,通过对CATIA二次开发,读入存在EXCEL中的大量点数据坐标,快速生成三维模型。结果表明:以Geomagic Studio与CATIA软件为工具,完成特征曲线提取与特征点数据读取,实现了基于截面特征与曲面特征的正逆向相结合的建模方法,为产品造型创新设计与快速建模提供一种新方式。     

基于Geomagic的玻璃瓶模型重构与误差分析

针对玻璃瓶造型困难以及误差评估复杂等问题,提出了一种基于Geomagic和UGNX的快速模型重构与误差分析方法。利用三维激光扫描仪获得玻璃瓶样模型表面的点云数据,通过Geomagic Studio进行点云数据预处理;在UGNX中进行基于提取截面线的三维几何模型重构;利用Geomagic Qualify得到的重构模型与原始点云数据比较的偏差色谱图,实现对玻璃瓶逆向重构模型的误差分析。实例结果表明:该方法能够很精确的实现玻璃瓶样的快速模型重构,利用偏差色谱图对模型进行优化。     

基于Geomagic Design Direct的正逆向混合建模创新设计

混合建模设计是正向设计与逆向设计的结合,提出了一种基于Geomagic Design Direct软件的正逆向混合建模的方法。通过数据采集、点云预处理、曲面重构,然后编辑曲面、实体特征造型以及参数化修改获得最终CAD模型。以游戏手柄模型为例,应用Geomagic Design Direct软件的强大功能对零件点云数据进行混合建模创新设计,实现了游戏手柄的快速还原以及对产品进行第二次创新。实验结果表明,通过Geomagic Design Direct软件实现混合建模技术,能高效的对原始模型进行创新设计。     

基于COMET L3D三维结构光扫描仪的逆向技术研究

以某发电机端盖为例,介绍COMET L3D三维结构光扫描仪系统及点云数据获取的方法,描述了Geomagic Studio逆向软件对点云数据预处理的要点,重点探讨了发电机端盖这类铸造产品模型重构的步骤、方法以及注意事项,并进行了误差分析,最后获得了符合精度要求的数据模型。结果表明:通过借助COMET L3D三维结构光扫描仪对铸造产品进行逆向工程的研究,可在吸收原有逆向方法的基础上进行创新、改进,缩短新产品的研发周期。     

硬质合金可转位刀片槽型曲面的非接触式三维扫描与建模研究

在采用非接触式三维扫描技术对硬质合金可转位刀片槽型复杂曲面扫描的过程中,通过修正相机镜头畸变提高扫描精度,运用Geomagic Studio软件对点云数据进行噪声去除、点云拼接和特征提取等系列处理保证重构模型的准确性。重构刀片的三维模型经过与原始点云数据的误差比较,大部分的偏差值在(-0.011,0.011)区间内,满足精度要求。在扫描过程中,应选择刀片主要特征表面进行扫描,以减少扫描角度及扫描次数。同时,根据重建模型的曲面特征对数据块进行曲面修改,可以更有效、快捷的优化该刀片槽型的设计。     

基于Geomagic Design Direct的残缺数据实体重构

面向实物的逆向工程技术是近几年来研究和发展的热点,已广泛应用于产品设计、文物保护和零件修复等领域。报告了对模型的残缺表面数据进行曲面和实体重构的研究现状,以及结合正向和逆向建模软件进行实体模型重构的局限性。介绍了应用软件Geomagic Design Direct进行实体模型重构的优势以及对残缺表面数据实体模型重构的一般流程。提出了基于软件Geomagic Design Direct的特征识别与提取功能,对残缺表面数据进行实体重构的解决方案,并以某一零部件的残缺表面数据为例进行实体重构验证了该方案的可行性和便利性。     

基于自由变形的航空叶片模型快速修正北大核心

使用传统重构方法对航空叶片模型进行重构需要对叶片实际点云进行点云分割,曲面拼接等复杂操作,重构效率较低。针对此问题,提出了一种基于自由变形的航空叶片模型快速修正方法。首先,将叶片设计模型离散点云与叶片实际点云数据进行点云配准;其次,通过KD-tree计算叶片模型的特征点集与实际点云数据的误差,结合自由变形算法实现叶片设计模型局部或整体误差快速修正;最后,进行拓扑重构,完成叶片设计模型变形修正。实验结果表明,与传统方法重构的叶片设计模型相比,所提方法算法效率与重构精度得到显著提升,将重构精度提升至0.092 8 mm,并且算法运算效率为传统重构方法的7.231倍。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.