基于多特征提取和LSSVM的轴承故障诊断

针对故障滚动轴承的振动信号具有非线性、非平稳的特点,提出一种基于时域指标、小波包能量和最小二乘支持向量机(LSSVM)的轴承故障诊断方法。分别对滚动轴承的原始信号进行时域分析计算和小波包分解,并提取状态差异较明显的时域指标和小波包分解后能量差异较大的小波包能量作为故障特征向量;将含有多个特征向量的数据样本分为训练样本和测试样本并进行归一化处理;训练样本作为LSSVM的输入来对该模型进行训练,通过训练好的LSSVM模型对测试样本进行分类和诊断。实验结果表明:采用该方法,轴承状态总体识别率为97.5%。     

基于SO-LSTM的立柱液压系统故障诊断方法研究

针对目前无法快速、准确地诊断矿用立柱液压系统故障等问题,在建立仿真模型分析单一故障机制的基础上,基于优化算法提出多种故障诊断方法。将立柱物理模块与立柱液压系统模块相结合,建立立柱液压系统仿真模型;基于Simulink分析单一故障的影响,基于蛇优化LSTM神经网络建立诊断模型;最后,根据实际数据进行模型的实例验证。结果表明：蛇优化LSTM模型对液压立柱故障仿真数据识别率达到99.5%,对液压立柱故障真实数据识别率达到97%,与模型仿真数据的预测精度仅相差2.5%,预测精度较高,达到了预期目标。     

基于小波包样本熵及GA-BP网络的旋转机械故障识别

针对旋转机械故障信号具有非线性、非平稳性特点,提出一种基于小波包样本熵及GA-BP网络的故障识别方法。首先对故障信号进行小波包分解,计算重构节点信号能量较大的前4个子频带振动信号的样本熵作为特征向量;然后将特征向量输入GA-BP网络模型进行故障类型识别,并且与传统BP网络作对比。实验结果表明:转子实验台不同故障信号的小波包样本熵不同,该方法对转子故障区别度更有效果,故障识别率明显提高。     

基于云模型与LSTM算法的旋转机械故障诊断研究

针对旋转机械故障率偏高,而人工参与故障诊断工作量大、效率偏低等问题,提出一种基于云模型与LSTM算法的旋转机械故障诊断方法。采用实验台采集振动故障原始数据,统一进行EEMD数据预处理,利用云模型进行故障特征数据提取,输入LSTM神经网络模型进行故障诊断。通过云模型和能量法进行特征提取,分别输入支持向量机和LSTM神经网络模型进行诊断结果对比。结果表明：云模型与LSTM算法的故障诊断准确率最高,达到98.75%,证明该方法能够有效应用在旋转机械故障诊断中。     

基于孪生网络结构的轴承故障诊断研究

针对轴承故障诊断中故障样本稀缺、深度神经网络模型在小样本条件下存在故障诊断准确度较低的问题，提出将深度神经网络扩展为孪生网络结构的框架，以提高在小样本条件下的故障诊断性能。孪生网络通过权值共享的骨干网络从样本对中提取特征，采用L₁距离判定样本对的特征相似度，实现轴承故障诊断。不同于传统深度神经网络，孪生网络采取输入样本对的方法，在故障数据不足的情况下，可以提高轴承故障诊断性能。分别将不同层数的卷积神经网络(CNN)与长短期记忆网络(LSTM)扩展为孪生网络结构，在实测轴承数据集上进行小样本故障诊断实验。实验结果表明，通过扩展为孪生网络结构可以提高故障诊断结果的准确率，孪生CNN网络比对应的CNN网络准确率平均提高1.08%,孪生LSTM网络比对应的LSTM网络准确率平均提高4.78%。     

基于多特征融合与GA-BP模型的滚动轴承故障识别

针对滚动轴承故障识别问题,基于遗传算法(GA)和BP神经网络等技术,提出一种GA-BP神经网络模型。该模型以训练数据的输出误差作为目标函数,利用遗传算法对BP神经网络的初始权值和阈值进行优化选择。将经验模态分解能量比和时域特征相结合的特征向量作为BP神经网络的输入,对滚动轴承不同工况下的故障进行识别。滚动轴承故障诊断的实例表明:该模型较传统BP神经网络模型具有更好的收敛精度、收敛速度和识别率。     

基于WP-LSTM的偏心转子马达故障诊断方法

为解决智能设备中的偏心转子马达故障检测准确性与效率低下等问题,提出一种基于小波包与长短时记忆网络(Wavelet Packet-Long Short Term Memory,WP-LSTM)的故障诊断方法。首先,将偏心转子马达的电压信号进行小波包分解,对高频信号进行重构。其次,将重构信号作为特征向量输入到3层LSTM网络中,依靠LSTM网络的记忆特性充分学习非稳态信号中具有时序性的故障特征信息,再利用模型诊断出马达断线、卷线、电刷不良和接触不良故障。最后,通过实验验证了所提方法的可行性,且准确率高达98.91%。与现有的马达故障诊断方法相比,基于WP-LSTM的诊断方法具有更好的诊断效果,对提高故障诊断的准确率有一定的作用。     

基于CBR-FAT的液压机故障诊断专家系统构建

针对压机液压系统的故障诊断困难问题,通过分析压机液压系统的工作原理和常见故障,提出了一种基于CBRFAT的压机液压系统故障诊断专家系统。简述了专家系统的基本知识和CLIPS的推理过程;论述了基于CLIPS的液压故障案例的知识表示、故障树的知识表示、规则推理的方法;最后探讨了故障推理机制在专家系统故障诊断中的实现。试验表明,该系统能够较好地实现压机液压系统故障的诊断。     

基于优化VMD和MHA-DenseNet的滚动轴承故障诊断北大核心

针对传统特征提取的故障诊断技术不能充分表征振动信号故障特征导致故障识别精度不高的问题,提出一种优化VMD和MHA-DenseNet的滚动轴承故障诊断方法。首先,采用麻雀搜索算法(SSA)对变分模态分解算法(VMD)的相关参数组合进行寻优;其次,采用优化VMD分解滚动轴承故障信号,获得的本征模态函数分量(IMF)作为神经网络输入数据;最后,构建多头注意密集神经网络(MHA-DenseNet)故障诊断模型来有效学习故障数据中的特征信息并完成滚动轴承的准确诊断。实验结果表明,提出的故障诊断方法识别率高达99.03%,相较于对比实验该方法提高了故障诊断的准确率。     

基于BP神经网络的圆锥滚子轴承故障诊断

圆锥滚子轴承在旋转机械中应用较为广泛,其故障对整机的运行状态将造成极大的影响,因此对其进行故障诊断十分必要。文中提出了基于神经网络的圆锥滚子轴承故障诊断方法。利用小波包分解对轴承的振动信号进行分析,将分解后得到的小波包能量矩归一化处理后作为特征向量,用标准数据的特征向量构成的训练样本对BP神经网络进行训练和测试,达到误差要求后,用该网络对圆锥滚子轴承的故障仿真实验数据进行故障诊断,诊断结果在误差范围内,达到故障诊断目的,验证了该方法在圆锥滚子轴承故障诊断中的有效性。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。