多轴机床综合误差补偿策略研究

建立精确的误差模型,并对机床进行误差补偿是提高机床加工精度的有效方法。文章以自主研发的五轴机床为研究对象,测量在不同温度状态下导轨的定位误差,通过分析实测数据,得到机床误差分布规律和影响定位误差的关键因素。根据几何误差与热误差的不同特性进行误差分离,分别建立几何和热误差数学模型,最后叠加得到综合误差数学模型。根据综合误差模型,提出机床误差补偿策略,为多轴数控机床实施误差补偿提供基础。     

用于超精密抛光机床的Spline+GLS定位误差补偿模型北大核心

针对三次样条插值定位误差补偿模型难达到超精密抛光机床大行程轴(1470 mm)的定位误差补偿精度要求问题,提出Spline+GLS定位误差补偿模型。首先,使用XL-80激光干涉仪测量超精密抛光机床直线电机轴的定位误差,建立三次样条插值定位误差补偿模型进行初补偿;然后,对补偿后的定位误差再次测量并建立最小二乘拟合定位误差补偿模型;最后,将两种定位误差补偿模型相连构成Spline+GLS定位误差补偿模型。在超精密抛光机床上进行补偿实验,结果表明,Spline+GLS定位误差补偿模型补偿后的最大定位偏差值较三次样条插值定位误差补偿模型下降约61.62%,且定位误差由86.12μm降低到0.5μm,满足超精密抛光机床的定位精度需求。     

多轴机床几何误差建模与补偿技术的研究

基于多体系统运动学理论,分析了多轴机床的拓扑结构关系及各个运动轴的误差项元素,建立了多轴机床运动空间的几何误差模型。基于Labview开发了误差补偿平台,进行了误差补偿试验。通过对比补偿前后各轴线性定位误差和补偿前后的数控加工代码,验证了所建立的误差模型的正确性,且该补偿方法是可行的。     

基于灰关联分析的热误差测点优化

针对影响机床热误差建模的机床温度场分布问题,提出了优化热关键点的新方法.借助于灰色系统理论的关联度分析方法,根据现场测得的统计数据序列,建立了灰关联分析模型,通过计算布置于机床上各个温度布点的温度传感器的温度采样序列值同机床定位误差之间的绝对灰色关联度值,最终从32个温度测点当中选择了4个点用于建立热误差补偿模型.最后基于四个测温关键点建模对Z轴的定位误差进行了补偿实验,结果证明补偿效果较好,所提出的热误差测点优化研究可以有效提高热误差模型的鲁棒性.     

数控机床平动轴误差辨识及补偿研究

为了大幅提升数控机床平动轴的运动精度,从而满足当代数控系统对其高精度的要求,针对机床平动轴的空间几何误差开展了深入研究,提出了可以有效辨识平动轴空间几何误差的便捷方法,并基于齐次坐标变换原理建立了平动轴空间几何误差的辨识模型;针对机床平动轴定位误差的特性,提出了可以实现有效补偿的增量式误差补偿原理,并建立了相应的误差补偿模型。经验证,所提出的平动轴误差辨识法和增量式误差补偿原理不仅理论正确,而且可以大幅地提高机床平动轴的定位精度。     

BF-850B立式高速数控机床精度检测及误差补偿研究

机床在加工的过程中会因为物理变形和热变形,使得加工零件的精度难以保证,因此必须对运动中的影响机床精度的误差源进行误差分析及实时补偿。利用激光干涉仪和球杆仪对数控机床定位精度进行检测,并建立了关于机床变形的检测数据的数学模型,确定了定位误差补偿方法,同时以具体的数控机床为例进行了定位精度检测与误差补偿,最后对补偿效果进行了分析。结果表明：该定位误差检测及补偿方法具有可行性与实用性,使数控机床的定位精度得到了显著的提高。     

五轴数控机床综合热误差建模与空间解耦补偿

基于多体系统理论,提出了一种机床热误差综合模型的通用建模方法,以一台双刀摆型国产五坐标数控机床为例,建立了包含50项热误差元素的热误差综合数学模型。基于小误差补偿运动假设,在分析误差运动和补偿运动间关系基础上对热误差综合模型进行空间解耦,建立了可以进行多轴机床热误差补偿量计算的数学模型,为五轴机床热误差实时补偿提供了理论基础。     

基于多体系统理论的矫直机几何误差的建模与补偿

针对矫直机的几何误差建模和补偿技术进行研究。将矫直机床视为一个多体系统结构,完成对矫直机的拓扑结构描述,并进行压头、夹头和跨距调整等关键运动部件的误差分析。通过其次变换矩阵体系统推导机床几何误差模型,基于建立的误差模型,采用激光干涉仪识别机床运动轴的几何位置误差。提出矫直机的几何误差补偿方法并设计与开发补偿软件,对矫直机定位精度进行补偿。通过实验进行了误差补偿效果评价,实验结果证明误差模型的正确性以及软件补偿的可行性。     

基于自然指数模型的机床定位误差建模与实时补偿

为提高数控机床的运动性能和加工精度,提出了基于自然指数模型的机床定位误差建模方法.通过分析在不同温度条件下的定位误差变化规律,将定位误差分为几何误差和热误差两个部分,其中,几何误差部分可以采用多项式模型进行拟合,而对于热误差部分,则建立其与环境温度、机床关键构件温度之间的自然指数模型,从而描述了热误差和温度场之间的非线性变化规律.通过与传统的多元线性回归模型进行试验结果对比表明:基于自然指数模型的定位误差建模方法在任何温度条件下均可获得较高的预测精度,经过误差补偿,可以大幅提高机床精度.     

龙门机床几何误差建模与补偿研究

运用多体系统运动学理论描述了龙门机床结构关系,并建立了该机床几何误差数学模型。分析了模型中包含了各个运动轴的共计34项误差元素。最后,简化了龙门机床几何误差模型,给出了机床几何误差补偿策略。模型的建立和误差补偿策略的提出为机床实施误差补偿提供的基础。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。