液晶态高分子量PBO的合成工艺及性能研究

通过改进的三氯苯合成路线合成高纯度的4,6—二氨基间苯二酚盐酸盐,使用红外光谱和核磁共振氢谱对得到的产物进行了表征分析,证明得到了纯度很高的4,6—二氨基间苯二酚盐酸盐。使用合成的单体聚合得到了高分子量的聚对苯撑苯并二噁唑(PBO)。在聚合过程中观察到了明显的爬杆现象和搅拌乳光。对得到的聚合物进行推膜,并进行了红外光谱和热失重法分析,证明得到了热稳定性高的高分子量PBO。     

苯并[1,2-d:5,4-d']二((口恶)唑)-2,6-二硫醇的合成及表征

苯并(口恶)唑类化合物是一类重要的杂环化合物,不仅在生物、医药等方面有着广泛应用,而且在光学材料、高性能复合材料等诸多领域也显现出独特的性能.以间苯二酚为原料,经过酯化反应和Fries重排、肟化反应、Beckmann重排和水解反应合成4,6-二氨基间苯二酚盐酸盐(DAR· HCl).然后以4,6-二氨基间苯二酚盐酸盐和二硫化碳为原料合成标题化合物,并且优化了过程的工艺条件,过程的总收率为37.3％.利用红外光谱、核磁共振谱、质谱和元素分析等分析手段对中间产物及目标化合物进行了表征.     

苯并[1,2-d:5,4-d']二(噁唑)-2,6-二硫醇的合成及表征

苯并噁唑类化合物是一类重要的杂环化合物,不仅在生物、医药等方面有着广泛应用,而且在光学材料、高性能复合材料等诸多领域也显现出独特的性能。以间苯二酚为原料,经过酯化反应和Fries重排、肟化反应、Beckmann重排和水解反应合成4,6-二氨基间苯二酚盐酸盐(DAR·HCl)。然后以4,6-二氨基间苯二酚盐酸盐和二硫化碳为原料合成标题化合物,并且优化了过程的工艺条件,过程的总收率为37.3%。利用红外光谱、核磁共振谱、质谱和元素分析等分析手段对中间产物及目标化合物进行了表征。     

2,6-二(对氨基苯)苯并[1,2-d;5,4-d′]二(口恶)唑的合成

以三氯苯为原料,依此经过硝化、水解和催化加氢制得4,6-二氨基间苯二酚盐酸盐.在多聚磷酸中,此盐酸盐和对氨基苯甲酸缩合成标题化合物.分别对中间体的重结晶、缩合反应温度、缩合反应体系组成等方面进行了改进,总产率为70%.     

三甲苯麝香重结晶工艺的研究

测定了三甲苯麝香在ｗ（Ｃ２ Ｈ５ ＯＨ） ＝ ９５％ 乙醇中的溶解度曲线。通过考察乙醇与粗晶的配比、溶解温度、溶解时间、冷却方式、冷却温度等影响因素，确定了重结晶提纯三甲苯麝香的最佳工艺条件如下：溶解温度８０℃，结晶温度４５℃，溶解时间１ｈ，结晶时间１ｈ，３ 次重结晶ｗ（Ｃ２ Ｈ５ ＯＨ）＝ ９５％ 乙醇和粗晶质量比分别为６∶１、８∶１ 和９∶１。     

2,6-二(对氨基苯)苯并[1,2-d;5,4-d′]噁二唑的合成

以三氯苯为原料,依此经过硝化、水解和催化加氢制得4,6-二氨基间苯二酚盐酸盐。在多聚磷酸中,此盐酸盐和对氨基苯甲酸缩合成标题化合物。分别对中间体的重结晶、缩合反应温度、缩合反应体系组成等方面进行了改进,总产率为70%。     

提高盐酸小檗碱溶解度的研究

采用不同溶剂对盐酸小檗碱进行重结晶,考察温度、时间对盐酸小檗碱重结晶的影响,得到提高盐酸小檗碱溶解度的最佳重结晶方法,通过粉末X衍射法对不同溶剂产生的盐酸小檗碱晶型进行分析,发现通过改变盐酸小檗碱的晶型可以提高其溶解度。     

2-氯-4，6-二硝基间苯二酚在乙醇／水混合溶剂中溶解度的研究

利用紫外吸收方法测得了2-氯-4,6-二硝基间苯二酚在乙醇／水混合溶剂中的溶解度,将实验溶解度数据和三参数经验模型相关联,通过系统的研究,证明三参数经验模型是合理的数学方程,可以准确地描述在乙醇／水混合溶剂中2一氯-4,6-二硝基间苯二酚溶解度变化规律,模型三参数（a,b和c）被确定。2-氯-4,6-二硝基间苯二酚在乙醇,水混合溶剂中的溶解度随温度的升高而增大;随水含量的升高而减小。     

咖啡因分段结晶工艺研究

基于咖啡因生产能耗高、产品晶型较差的现状,进行了分段结晶的实验研究,并确定了最佳工艺条件,同时测定了50～80℃时咖啡因在水中的溶解度及一定条件下的超溶解度,得到了相应的二次拟合方程.结果表明:一段结晶的最佳工艺条件为降温速率0.05℃·min-1、转速250 r·min-1、48.2℃下抽滤；二段结晶的最佳工艺条件为降温速率0.04℃·min-1、转速250 r· min-1、37.4℃下抽滤.一段结晶后溶液的质量浓度由10.71％降至6.99％,二段结晶后质量浓度进一步降至3.47％.通过软件模拟分析,分段结晶比一次冷却结晶能耗降低约18％.     

2-氯-4,6-二硝基间苯二酚合成工艺研究

文章采用1,2,3-三氯苯为起始原料对合成PBO纤维单体4,6-二氨基间苯二酚的重要中间体2-氯-4,6-二硝基间苯二酚的合成方法进行了研究,并采用红外光谱法和氢核磁共振法对4,6-二硝基-1,2,3-三氯苯和2-氯-4,6-二硝基间苯二酚的结构进行了表征;采用正交试验法对4,6-二硝基-1,2,3-三氯苯碱性水解合成2-氯-4,6-二硝基间苯二酚的合成工艺进行了研究,确定了最佳工艺条件,在此条件下得到2-氯-4,6-二硝基间苯二酚的收率为95.3%。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.     

Highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating prepared via facile sol-gel process

A highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating was obtained from a new bis-silylated precursor, which was synthesized from 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and m-xylylene diisocyanate (m-XDI) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and verified by ¹H MAS NMR. For direct comparison purposes, an SiO₂ coating was also prepared by the Stöber method using tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as the reactant. Interestingly, the coating obtained from the polysilsesquioxane sol exhibited a much higher moisture resistance capability than its counterpart, which was attributed to its more compact feature between nanoparticles as characterized by N₂ absorption experiment and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Furthermore, its high transparency of about 92% showed potential for application in the protection of optical crystals.