Optimal control of distributed parameter systems with discrete constrained inputs†

The optimal control of linear distributed parameter systems, which are represent able by a linear vector integral equation, is investigated. Restricting the control action to be discrete in time, the problem of minimizing the mean-square error, between specified desired final state functions and the actual state functions at a prescribed final time, subject to an energy constraint on the controlling functions, is treated. A necessary and sufficient condition from functional analysis is used to derive an equation whose solution yields the optimal control vector. Two convergence properties for the discrete problem are established which can be used to determine a good approximate solution to the corresponding measurable optimal control problem. An illustrative example is given.     

随机激励下板球系统建模与有限时间全状态预设性能跟踪控制

研究板球系统受到随机激励时的数学建模与轨迹跟踪控制问题. 首次建立了板球系统的随机数学模型, 并 结合backstepping方法、有限时间预设性能函数、全状态约束及新的预设性能推导方法设计了具有未知输入饱和的 随机板球系统实际有限时间全状态预设性能跟踪控制器, 实现了随机激励下板球系统的有限时间预设性能轨迹跟 踪控制. 所设计的控制器保证了系统跟踪误差能够被预先给定的有限时间性能函数约束, 并且能在任意给定的停息 时间内收敛到预先给定的邻域内. 最后通过仿真实验验证了所设计控制器具有更好的控制效果.     

输入饱和的航天器特征点间相对位姿全状态预设性能固定时间控制

本文研究系统全状态、控制输入及响应时间受约束的航天器特征点间相对位姿跟踪控制问题,提出了一种基于非奇异终端滑模的输入饱和全状态约束固定时间控制器.首先,通过引入预设性能函数,控制器可以保证系统的瞬态和稳态性能达到全状态约束要求.其次,考虑到控制输入饱和约束和时间受限问题,提出了一种固定时间非线性饱和补偿器实时处理执行器的饱和效应,并且保证补偿器的状态在固定时间内收敛.同时,所提出的自适应律可以抑制外部干扰并保证在线估计参数的有界性.最后,基于李亚普诺夫稳定性理论证明了闭环系统的固定时间稳定性.通过航天器近距离逼近操作的仿真算例,验证了该方法的有效性.     

Time‐varying feedback for stabilization in prescribed finite time

This paper provides a time‐varying feedback alternative to control of finite‐time systems, which is referred to as “prescribed‐time control,” exhibiting several superior features: (i) such time‐varying gain–based prescribed‐time control is built upon regular state feedback rather than fractional‐power state feedback, thus resulting in smooth (C^m) control action everywhere during the entire operation of the system; (ii) the prescribed‐time control is characterized with uniformly prespecifiable convergence time that can be preassigned as needed within the physically allowable range, making it literally different from not only the traditional finite‐time control (where the finite settling time is determined by a system initial condition and a number of design parameters) but also the fixed‐time control (where the settling time is subject to certain constraints and thus can only be specified within the corresponding range); and (iii) the prescribed‐time control relies only on regular Lyapunov differential inequality instead of fractional Lyapunov differential inequality for stability analysis and thus avoids the difficulty in controller design and stability analysis encountered in the traditional finite‐time control for high‐order systems.     

Arbitrary settling time control with prescribed performance for high-order nonlinear systems

This paper studies an arbitrary convergence time tracking controller design problem for high-order nonlinear systems. Our aim is to enhance the existing free-will arbitrary time control (FATC), which cannot track time-varying reference signals. To do so, a new nonautonomous equation is firstly introduced to enable an arbitrary settling time stability for one-order systems. Then, a prescribed performance control (PPC) technology is integrated for general high order systems. By a backstepping Lyapunov analysis with iteratively contructed nonautonomous equations, it is proved that the closed-loop system satisfies the prescribed performance and all signals of the closed-loop system are arbitrary settling time stable (ASTS). Compared with the existing results, the tracking control problem with arbitrary convergence time is addressed by a continuous control law, which shows a better transient performance also. Simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed control method.     

基于有限时间指令滤波的非线性系统固定时间预设性能控制

针对一类严格反馈非线性系统,提出一种基于有限时间指令滤波的自适应固定时间预设性能控制策略.首先,引用非线性映射技术及适当的误差变换,建立等效的误差模型;其次,综合利用反步法、固定时间控制和自适应控制等方法,设计一种基于有限时间指令滤波的预设性能跟踪控制器.该策略应用指令滤波器解决了反步法中对虚拟控制律反复求导问题,减轻了计算负担.此外,预设性能控制和固定时间控制保证了系统的跟踪误差能够在固定时间内收敛到预设性能函数限定的范围内,其收敛时间与系统初始条件无关,且确保系统中全部信号在有限时间均达到有界区域.理论分析与仿真验证均表明了所提出设计方法的有效性.     

Nonsingular prescribed‐time stabilization of a class of uncertain nonlinear systems: A novel coordinate mapping method

This article investigates the nonsingular prescribed‐time stabilization problem for p‐normal form systems. Two significant progresses are made for the first time as follows: First, a novel concept named coordinate mapping of time domain, is proposed to transform the nonsingular prescribed‐time convergence problem into the ordinary finite‐time convergence problem of transformed time‐varying system. Second, a set of new parameters are introduced to extend the existing adding a power integrator technique, such that the power restriction is removed. Based on above design procedure, a periodic controller is constructed to stabilize the state of the p‐normal form system into a small neighborhood of the equilibrium in prescribed time. Theoretical result is supported by numerical simulation.     

Criterion for the convergence of the solution of the Riccati differential equation

The optimal control problem for a linear system with a quadratic cost function leads to the matrix Riccati differential equation. The convergence of the solution of this equation for increasing time interval is investigated as a function of the final state penalty matrix. A necessary and sufficient condition for convergence is derived for stabilizable systems, even if the output in the cost function is not detectable. An algorithm is developed to determine the limiting value of the solution, which is one of the symmetric positive semidefinite solutions of the algebraic Riccati equation. Examples for convergence and nonconvergence are given. A discussion is also included of the convergence properties of the solution of the Riccati differential equation to any real symmetric (not necessarily positive semidefinite) solution of the algebraic Riccati equation.     

Adaptive fixed-time prescribed performance control of vehicular platoons with unknown dead-zone and actuator saturation

This article focuses on the problem of fixed-time prescribed performance platoon control for heterogeneous vehicles with unknown dead-zone and actuator saturation. First, an equivalent transformation is developed to approximate the actuator nonlinearity (i.e., dead-zone and saturation), which reduces the complexity of controller design. Then, to guarantee the tracking errors converge to the predetermined region in the given time, a modified prescribed performance function is presented. Based on this, a novel adaptive sliding mode control scheme is developed in the context of fixed-time theory, which is proved to be capable of ensuring individual vehicle stability and string stability in fixed time. In addition, under the proposed control scheme, the convergence time is independent of initial conditions of the system. Finally, numerical simulations are carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.     

高超声速飞行器指定时间自适应控制

为了解决高超声速飞行器纵向运动模型的稳定轨迹跟踪控制问题,设计一种指定时间自适应控制方法.通过引入障碍李雅普诺夫函数,保证速度跟踪误差和高度跟踪误差能够收敛到期望的区域,同时满足系统的瞬态性能和稳态精度.将自适应控制与实际指定时间稳定理论结合,实现闭环系统在指定时间稳定,收敛时间可根据实际需求预先指定.引入的固定时间滤波器对虚拟导数进行求解,可以避免传统反步控制中存在的“计算爆炸”问题,提高收敛速度.对所设计的控制器利用李雅普诺夫理论给出严格理论证明,并能够保证系统其他状态变量在指定时间内趋于稳态值.仿真结果表明,所设计的控制器能够使速度和高度稳定地跟踪参考信号,满足时变的性能约束需求且具有较强的鲁棒性.     

丢包和量化约束下的不确定系统分布式滚动时域估计

研究了数据丢包和量化约束下的随机不确定系统分布式状态估计问题.将丢包现象描述为随机Bernoulli序列,采用预测补偿机制对数据丢包进行补偿,将量化引入的误差转化为观测方程中的不确定参数,将系统的模型不确定性描述为系数矩阵受到随机扰动;利用固定时域内的所有观测值构造代价函数,将状态估计问题建模为带不确定参数的鲁棒最小二乘优化问题,并通过将矢量优化问题转化为单峰函数的标量优化问题,实现了鲁棒滚动时域局部估计器的快速求解;对局部估计器的稳定性进行研究,给出了估计误差范数平方期望收敛的充分条件.应用协方差交叉(CI)融合算法进行加权融合,得到了分布式融合估计器.最后通过仿真验证了所提算法的有效性.     

Cooperative observers and regulators for discrete‐time multiagent systems

This paper investigates the design of distributed observers for agents with identical linear discrete‐time state‐space dynamics networked on a directed graph interaction topology. The digraph is assumed to have fixed topology and contain a spanning tree. Cooperative observer design guaranteeing convergence of the estimates of all agents to their actual states is proposed. The notion of convergence region for distributed observers on graphs is introduced. It is shown that the proposed cooperative observer design has a robustness property. Application of cooperative observers is made to the synchronization problem. A command trajectory generator and pinning control are employed for synchronizing all the agents to a desired trajectory. Complete knowledge about the agent's state is not assumed. A duality principle is shown for observers and state feedback for distributed discrete‐time systems on graph topologies. Three different observer/controller architectures are proposed for dynamic output feedback regulator design, and they are shown to guarantee convergence of the estimate to the true state and synchronization of all the agents' states to the command state trajectory. This provides design methods for cooperative regulators based on a separation principle. It is shown that the observer convergence region and feedback control synchronizing region for discrete‐time systems are inherently bounded, so that the conditions for observer convergence and state synchronization are stricter than the results for the continuous‐time counterparts. This is in part remedied by using weighting of different feedback coupling gains for every agent. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The Synthesis of the Proportional‐Differential Regulators for the Systems with Fixed Ends of Trajectories Under Two‐Sided Constraints on Control Values

The problem of optimal control for time‐varying linear systems with fixed ends of the trajectories is considered. A correspondent quadratic functional depends on the control, the state of the object and on its derivative. A constructive method of synthesis of the proportional‐differential type regulators is proposed based on the feedback principle taking into account the bilateral constraints on control values. The problem is solved with using of a special type Lagrange multipliers.     

Prespecifiable fixed‐time control for a class of uncertain nonlinear systems in strict‐feedback form

In this paper, we investigate the prespecifiable fixed‐time control problem for a class of uncertain nonlinear systems in strict‐feedback form, where the settling (convergence) time is not only bounded but also user‐assignable in advance. One of the salient features of the proposed method lies in the fact that it makes it possible to achieve any practically allowable settling time by using a simple and effective control parameter selection recipe. Both fixed‐time stabilization and fixed‐time tracking are considered for uncertain strict‐feedback systems. Firstly, by adding exponential state feedback and using fractional power integration as Lyapunov function candidate, a global stabilizing control strategy is developed. It is proved that all the system states converge to zero within prespecified fixed‐time with continuous and bounded control action. Secondly, under more general uncertain nonlinearities and external disturbances, an adaptive fixed‐time controller is derived such that the tracking error converges to a small neighborhood of zero within preassigned time. Theoretical results are also illustrated and supported by simulation studies.     

Linear convex stochastic control problems over an infinite horizon

A stochastic control problem over an infinite horizon which involves a linear system and a convex cost functional is analyzed. We prove the convergence of the dynamic programming algorithm associated with the problem, and we show the existence of a stationary Borel measurable optimal control law. The approach used illustrates how results on infinite time reachability [1] can be used for the analysis of dynamic programming algorithms over an infinite horizon subject to state constraints.     

Adaptive Fault‐Tolerant Attitude Tracking Control of Rigid Spacecraft on Lie Group with Fixed‐Time Convergence

This paper investigates the fixed‐time attitude tracking problem for rigid spacecraft in the presence of inertial uncertainties, external disturbances, actuator faults, and input saturation constraints. The logarithm map is first utilized to transform the tracking problem on SO(3) into the stabilization one on its associated Lie algebra ( ). A novel nonsingular fixed‐time‐based sliding mode is designed, which not only avoids the singularity but also guarantees that the convergence time of tracking errors along the sliding surface is independent of the state value. Then, an adaptive fault‐tolerant control law is constructed, in which an online adaptive law is incorporated to estimate the upper boundary of the lumped uncertainties. The combined control scheme enforces the system state to reach a neighborhood of the sliding surface in the sense of the fixed‐time concept. The key feature of the resulting control scheme is that it can accommodate actuator failures under limited control torque without the knowledge of fault information. Numerical simulations are finally performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed fixed‐time controllers.     

Extragradient method of optimal control with terminal constraints

For the case where the objective function is minimized over part of the set of attainability defined by a system of linear inequalities, consideration was given to a method of solving the optimal control problem over a fixed time interval with free right end and constraints in the form of a linear differential equation. An iterative extragradient process formulated in the functional subspace of the sectionally continuous controls from L ₂ ^r was proposed, and its convergence was proved.     

A topology optimization method for design of negative permeability metamaterials

A methodology based on topology optimization for the design of metamaterials with negative permeability is presented. The formulation is based on the design of a thin layer of copper printed on a dielectric, rectangular plate of fixed dimensions. An effective media theory is used to estimate the effective permeability, obtained after solving Maxwell’s equations on a representative cell of a periodic arrangement using a full 3D finite element model. The effective permeability depends on the layout of copper, and the subject of the topology optimization problem is to find layouts that result in negative (real) permeability at a prescribed frequency. A SIMP-like model is invoked to represent the conductivity of regions of intermediate density. A number of different filtering strategies are invoked to facilitate convergence to binary solutions. Examples of designs for S-band applications are presented for illustration. New metamaterial concepts are uncovered, beyond the classical split-ring inspired layouts.     

Fixed-time Consensus Tracking for Second-order Leader-follower Multi-agent Systems with Nonlinear Dynamics Under Directed Topology

In this paper, we address the fixed-time consensus tracking problem of second-order leader-follower multi-agent systems with nonlinear dynamics under directed topology. The consensus tracking algorithm consists of distributed observer and observer-based decentralized controller. The fixed-time distributed observer guarantees that each follower estimates the leader’s state under directed topology within a fixed time, where the upper bound of convergence time is independent on the initial conditions. The fixed-time decentralized controller makes each follower converge to the leader’s state in fixed time via tracking the distributed observer’s state and overcome the nonlinear dynamics without adding linear control terms. Finally, the numerical example is provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the results.

     

Riccati equations in optimal filtering of nonstabilizable systems having singular state transition matrices

Until recently, it was believed that a necessary and sufficient condition for convergence of the Riccati difference equation of optimal filtering was that the system be both delectable and stabilizable. Recently, it has been shown that the stabilizability condition can be removed but convergence has only established under restrictive assumptions including the requirement that the state transition matrix be nonsingular. The present paper generalizes these results in several directions. First, properties of the algebraic Riccati equation are established for the case of singular state transition matrix. Second, several assumptions previously imposed in establishing convergence of the Riccati difference equation for systems with unreachable modes on the unit circle are relaxed including replacing observability by detectability, weakening the conditions on the initial covariance, and allowing the state transition matrix to be singular. Third, results on the convergence and properties of the Riccati equations are expressed as both necessary and sufficient conditions, whereas previous results were only sufficient. These extensions mean that the results have wider applicability, including fixed-lag smoothing problems and filtering for systems with time delays. The implications of the results in the dual problem of optimal control are also studied.