微波照射花岗岩力学性能试验研究

采用工业微波炉对花岗岩进行不同微波功率照射试验,分析经微波照射后的应力-应变曲线、抗拉强度、抗压强度和弹性模量等变化规律,探究微波照射对岩石力学性能的影响.研究结果表明:超过3.33 kW功率照射时,裂隙压密阶段的应力-应变曲线显著变长,随着微波功率的提高,试件破坏形式由脆性破坏向延性破坏转变;花岗岩的峰值应力、抗拉强...     

一维动静组合加载下磁铁矿石力学特性及破碎特征试验研究

以改善矿石破碎效率和能耗为目的,采用改进的霍普金森压杆(SHPB)试验装置,开展一维动静组合加载下磁铁矿石力学特性及破碎特征试验研究,分析轴压比与冲击速度对磁铁矿石破碎效果与能量利用率的影响。结果表明：冲击速度主要影响磁铁矿石在动态冲击作用下的抗冲击性能和破碎程度,在轴压比一定时,随着冲击速度的增大,试样破碎块度越小、加载轴压的影响作用越显著、累积应变越大,且轴压比越大累积应变的增幅越大;轴压比主要影响磁铁矿石在动态冲击载荷作用前其内部结构的损伤程度和冲击载荷的能量利用率,随着轴压比的增大试样的动态抗压强度存在一个最大值;一维动静组合加载下磁铁矿石破碎效果和能量利用率受轴压比和冲击速度双重控制,“低轴压+高速度”增强了磁铁矿石的抗冲击性能;“高轴压+低速度”的压剪作用效果不显著、破碎效果差;“高轴压+高速度”使试样破碎成大量岩屑粉末,破碎效果好但能量利用率低。因此,在利用“挤压+冲击”破岩方式破碎磁铁矿石时,应在明确破碎块度要求的前提下,综合考虑轴压比和冲击速度的组合作用,提出轴压比和冲击速度的最佳组合,以提高磁铁矿石破碎效果和能量利用率。     

冲击载荷作用下磁铁矿石破碎能耗特征

为掌握冲击作用下磁铁矿石破碎能耗特征,采用分离式Hopkinson压杆(SHPB)试验装置,设计不同冲击气压对磁铁矿石试件进行冲击压缩试验,分析试验中磁铁矿石破碎能耗特征。结果表明,试验中能量形式及分布规律为:透射能吸收能反射能;磁铁矿石吸能效率随着入射能的增加呈先增加后稳定的变化趋势,其最大值为39.5%;除吸收能之外,当入射能小于180 J时,随着入射能的增加,透射能占总入射能的百分比逐渐减小,反射能占总入射能的百分比逐渐增大但增长率较小,能量主要以透射形式耗散,当入射能大于180 J时,随着入射能的增加,透射能和反射能分别占总入射能的百分比基本不变,能量主要以透射和反射的形式耗散;试件破碎形态随入射能的增加分别呈柱状、柱状与针状混合、细小针状、碎屑粉末,当入射能为180 J时,碎块平均粒径为15~18 mm;磁铁矿石试件破碎耗能密度随入射能的增加呈线性增长,破碎耗能密度越大,试件破碎程度越剧烈,碎块平均粒径随破碎耗能密度增大而逐渐减小。     

纸面石膏板微波干燥特性的初步研究

采用不同功率的微波对纸面石膏板进行干燥,测试了横、纵向断裂载荷,并用扫描电镜观察石膏板微观结构,探讨了纸面石膏板微波干燥特性及微波对其力学性能的影响。试验表明:微波功率越大,平均干燥速率越大;在本试验条件下,单位面积功率大于75 kW/m2时,粘接性能较差,小于50 kW/m2时粘接性能较好;单位面积干燥速率与单位面积功率呈线性关系;纸面石膏板的断裂载荷随着微波功率的增加而降低,但差异不大;微观分析发现,微波干燥使石膏板中孔隙增多,干燥速率加快,但也导致石膏板强度有所降低。     

固体除湿材料的微波再生分析

从再生效果和再生能耗两方面对固体除湿材料(硅胶)的微波和热风再生性能进行对比研究,建立了微波再生的动力学模型。比较两种再生方式的再生速率、再生时间、单位耗电量和能源利用率,分析微波对固体除湿材料的再生效果和节能效应;通过比较分析多种干燥模型的拟合结果得出适用于各种微波功率下的硅胶微波再生的动力学模型。研究结果表明,对于相同质量的固体除湿材料,在微波功率不小于某一值且再生速率达到稳定时微波再生速率的大小与微波功率有关,与除湿材料的干基含水率无关;微波再生功率在264W以上时的平均再生速率为热风平均再生速率的2.7倍以上;在达到相同再生度时,微波再生功率在136W以上所消耗的电能为热风再生所消耗电能的15%以下,且在再生度在0.1~0.6内前者的平均能源利用率是后者的10.24~17.86倍。     

多模谐振腔对赤峰玄武岩微波致裂效果研究

岩石微波致裂技术被认为是一种非常有潜力的辅助机械破岩技术和深部岩体应力释放技术,对地下工程施工效率和深部工程施工安全具有重要意义。较短时间(几十秒或几分钟)的微波照射就可以使岩石发生致裂,甚至熔融。采用频率2.45 GHz多模谐振腔对两种规格的圆柱形玄武岩试样进行了不同功率下的微波照射处理,通过红外热成像仪测量不同时间时试样表面的温度分布,获得微波照射过程中试样的升温特性。通过强度和波速评价岩石的微波致裂效果,通过介电特性和微观特征阐述了微波致裂岩石的机理,并研究了微波照射对岩石普氏坚固性和凿岩比功的影响。结果表明:微波照射过程中,试样表面温度呈区域性不均匀分布状态,试样上某一点的温度与照射时间近似成线性增加关系。强度和波速与微波照射时间近似成线性降低关系。辉石(强微波吸收性矿物)吸收微波后产生大量的热量,橄榄石(强热膨胀性矿物)在高温的作用下产生较强的热膨胀作用,导致该玄武岩具有良好的微波致裂效果。微波照射后,岩石的普氏坚固性和凿岩比功发生了一定程度的降低,且微波功率越高,照射时间越长,普氏坚固性和凿岩比功降低的程度越大。     

微波照射下玄武岩骨料热响应研究

为探究多模微波照射下玄武岩的热响应机理,采用工业常用频率2.45GHz多模谐振腔,利用其特有的均匀电磁场加热均匀等优点,对圆柱形玄武岩试样进行了不同功率下的微波照射处理。通过谐振腔内部热电偶结合红外热成像仪测量不同时间时试样表面的温度分布,获得微波照射过程中试样的升温特性。通过对测量得到的升温数据和经过微波照射的玄武岩试样外观形貌变化进行观测记录,结合多物理场耦合软件COMSOL Multiphysics分析岩石内部温度以及热应力分布情况。结果表明:采用较低功率照射时,玄武岩吸收能量较少不足以引起宏观裂纹;当采用较高功率对选取试样进行照射时,试样迅速升温,并产生炸裂现象。     

不同微波照射方式下岩石试样的内外升温特征试验

微波辅助机械破岩是实现硬岩非爆破连续开采的重要手段,开展微波照射方式对研究岩石的温度响应以及破坏机制具有重要的理论和实际意义。对花岗岩试样进行不同功率和时间的微波单次与循环加热、单侧与双侧加热试验,并开展试样加热前后的P波波速测试。结果表明,试样反向功率整体上随时间降低,且降低程度随功率增大而增大。试样内部温度高于表面温度,其变化具有明显的阶段特征,且在升温阶段存在"拐点",表面温度从中心以辐射状向边缘逐渐降低。微波加热使试样内部产生热应力并导致裂纹产生和扩展,降低P波波速。采用单次、单侧、高功率和短时间的微波照射方式对试样进行加热,可以使试样温度升高更为显著。     

活性炭载铁催化剂微波降解酸性媒介桃红

通过对颗粒状活性炭进行改性并负载铁离子制备催化剂,将其用于降解酸性媒介桃红3BM染料,探讨了微波照射时间、微波照射功率、催化剂投加量等因素对染料废水脱色率的影响,得出了一些有意义的结论。     

微波照射下花岗岩尺寸效应试验研究

深地层采矿是未来发展的趋势,而地层中岩块的大小不具有规律性。为了探究微波照射下深层岩石的尺寸效应规律,降低深地层采矿的开挖难度,保证深地层采矿的安全,以微波辅助破岩技术为基础,对不同尺寸的花岗岩微波照射以进行试验研究。采用超声波检测仪测量其内部裂隙发育情况,采用红外摄像机测量其温度变化情况,采用伺服机测量其单轴抗压强度及单轴抗拉强度,最终得到微波照射下花岗岩尺寸效应的普遍规律:1)一定范围内的微波照射能够减弱岩石的尺寸效应,且照射功率越大,减弱效果越明显;2)在相同的照射条件下,微波对花岗岩的加热程度随着试件高宽比的增大而增大,而次加热效果仅与试件尺寸有关;3)存在一个最合适的高宽比,能够既经济又有效地使微波对岩石的损伤效果达到最佳。     

微波辅助机械破岩试验和理论研究进展

微波辅助机械破岩是微波加热技术和机械破岩技术相结合的一种混合型破岩方法。岩石内不同矿物成分对微波能具有不同的吸收特性,各矿物不同的热膨胀产生的内应力使岩石内发生沿晶断裂和穿晶断裂,使试样产生损伤和微裂纹,这会引起岩石强度的降低。辐射功率和辐射时间是影响岩石力学特性的重要参数,一定功率的微波辐射处理后,试样的点荷载强度、单轴抗压强度和抗拉强度发生显著降低,微波功率越高,辐射时间越长,对试样强度的折减效果越明显。数值研究结果与试验研究结果基本一致,增加功率的同时降低辐射时间对试样强度折减具有更好的效果。岩石点荷载强度、单轴抗压强度和抗拉强度的降低能够显著提高机械破岩设备刀具的侵入率和刀具寿命,解决机械刀具的磨损问题。微波辅助机械破岩对钻孔、TBM掘进和实现金属矿矿岩连续开采都具有重要影响作用。     

Experimental investigation on the effects of microwave irradiation on kimberlite and granite rocks

This study is a part of an overall research project on the effects of microwave(MW)irradiation on rocks for assisted rock breaking systems as well as mineral processing at McGill University.For the first time,this paper highlights a comprehensive investigation on the effects of microwave irradiation on Canadian kimberlites.Potential contribution to the continuous rock excavation and rock weakening effect prior to implementation of mechanical techniques was explored.Two different kimberlite rocks,i.e.volcaniclastic kimberlite(VK)and hypabyssal kimberlite(HK),and granite samples were studied.Some important physical properties of the rock samples were measured including rock quality designation(RQD),specific gravity,porosity,and specific heat capacity.Rock samples were treated for various exposure times using a multi-mode MWunit at different power levels ranging from 2 kW to 15 kW.The effect of MW irradiation on rock samples was investigated.The results indicate that the mechanical properties including unconfined compressive strength(UCS)and Brazilian tensile strength(BTS)were significantly dropped as a result of MWirradiation.Finally,the effect on rock abrasivity using the Cerchar abrasivity index(CAI)has also been discussed.     

水对微波辐射下硬岩劣化效果的影响试验研究

在微波辅助破岩中,水是影响岩石劣化的重要因素。为了研究在微波辐射下,水对岩石劣化的影响规律,以湖北花岗岩为研究对象,岩石孔隙率、超声波波速、抗拉强度作为参考指标,通过试验法测得水在微波辐射下对岩石劣化的影响规律。结果表明:水是造成岩石劣化的关键因素,微波辐射后浸水冷却能够对岩石产生更大的破坏效果;岩石的损伤程度受试件初始含水率影响显著,饱和试件较干燥试件而言在微波辐射后破坏效果更明显;采用初始含水率为饱和状态、冷却方式为浸水冷却的条件时,微波辐射对岩石强度的折减效果达到峰值。因此,在微波辐射前后充分利用水分这一影响因素能够更好地造成岩石的劣化,降低岩石破碎时能量的消耗,对微波辅助破岩技术的发展具有重要意义。     

微波加热路径对硬岩破碎效果影响试验研究

 不同的微波加热方式会对岩石产生不同的加热效果,功率和时间是影响破岩效果的2个重要参数。对立方体和标准圆柱形玄武岩试样进行了3种加热路径下的微波辐射试验,并对辐射前后的试样进行P波波速和单轴压缩强度测试。结果表明,当试样内产生的热应力先超过岩石的强度极限时,试样就会崩开破坏;当试样温度先达到岩石熔点时,试样以熔化为主。采用高功率微波连续加热岩石,试样在较短时间、较低温度就发生崩开破坏,试样在崩开前波速和单轴压缩强度发生了显著降低,且功率越高,试样崩开的时间越短,波速和强度折减的越快。因此,采用高功率微波连续辐射岩石,借助于其产生的热应力使岩石崩开破碎的特点,可显著降低岩石破碎时的能量消耗,这对于微波单独应用于开采中的破碎工艺及辅助机械破岩掘进等具有重要意义。     

Dynamic fragmentation of microwave irradiated rock

The microwave-assisted rock fragmentation has been proven to be a promising approach in reducing cutting tools wear and improving efficiency in rock crushing and excavation.Thus,understanding the influence of damage induced by microwave irradiation on rock fragmentation is necessary.In this context,cylindrical Fangshan granite(FG)specimens were exposed to microwave irradiation at a power of 6 kW for different durations up to 4.5 min.The damages of the specimens induced by irradiation were quantified by using both X-ray micro-CT scanning and ultrasonic wave measurement.The CT value and Pwave velocity decreased with increase of irradiation duration.The irradiated specimens were then tested using a split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB)system to simulate rock fragmentation.A momentum-trap technique was utilized to ensure single-pulse loading on the specimen in SHPB tests,enabling valid fragment size distribution(FSD)analysis.The dependence of dynamic uniaxial compressive strength(UCS)on the irradiation duration and loading rate was revealed.The dynamic UCS increased with increase of loading rate while decreased with increase of irradiation duration.Using the sieve analysis,three fragmentation types were proposed based on FSD,which were dictated by both loading rate and irradiation duration.In addition,an average fragment size was proposed to quantify FSD.The results showed that the average fragment size decreased with increase of loading rate.A loading rate range was identified,where a dramatic reduction of the average fragment size occurred.The dependence of fragmentation on the irradiation duration and loading rate was also discussed.     

Microwave response characteristics and influencing factors of ores based on dielectric properties of synthetic samples

In order to understand the influence of different factors on the microwave response characteristics of ores, the effects of electrical conductivity, metal mineral content, compactness, metal mineral distribution, microwave frequency and temperature on the dielectric properties of synthetic ores (metal mineral and quartz) were studied. Microwave heating tests were carried out on three types of natural ores (Hongtoushan copper ore, Sishanling iron ore and Dandong gold ore) with significant differences in metal mineral contents. The test results showed that under microwave irradiation, the stronger the electrical conductivity of the metal minerals, the smaller the penetration depth in synthetic ore. For those metal minerals with lower electrical conductivity, the microwave absorption coefficient of the synthetic samples increases with increasing metal mineral content. For those metal minerals with higher electrical conductivity, the microwave absorption coefficient of the samples first increases and then decreases as the metal mineral content increases. When the metal minerals are distributed in layers, the penetration depth is much less than that given a uniform distribution. The penetration depth in the sample at microwave frequency of 915 MHz is greater than that at 2.45 GHz. The higher the electrical conductivity of metal minerals used in synthetic ores, the higher the high-temperature sensitivity of electromagnetic shielding coefficient (0 °C–500 °C). The Hongtoushan copper ore with high metal mineral content exhibits obvious size effect. The effects of ore structure and crystal particle size on the distribution characteristics of microcracks were discussed. Based on the test results, a quantitative prediction model of microwave sensitivity of ore was proposed, which provides guidance for the prediction of ore heating effect and the selection of microwave heating sequence of ore.     

Influence of microwave treatment on mechanical behaviour of compact basalts under different confining pressures

The realisation of microwave-induced fracturing of hard rocks has potential signiflcance for microwave-assisted mechanical rock fracturing and stress release in deep rock masses.In this context,compact basalts were treated by microwave heating in a multi-mode cavity at a frequency of 2450 MHz,and then,we investigated the mechanical behaviour of basalt samples after microwave treatment under uniaxial compression and conventional triaxial compression(CTC)tests.After microwave exposure,cracks appeared on the surface and inside of the rock sample,and the temperature of the sample's surface was unevenly distributed.The results show that the conventional triaxial compressive strength(CTCS)of basalt samples decreased linearly with microwave exposure time,and the higher the confining pressure,the smaller the reduction in the strength of basalt samples after microwave treatment.Under uniaxial compression,microwave exposure greatly affected the axial deformation,suggesting that deformation resistance of the samples gradually decreases with increasing microwave exposure time.Under triaxial compression,some microcracks induced by microwave exposure closed due to the effect of confining pressure,resulting in the confining pressure inhibiting any rightward shift of the axial deformation curve.Furthermore,under uniaxial compression,the elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio of basalts also decreased in a quasi-linear manner with elapsed microwave exposure time.Under triaxial compression,microwave exposure has slight influence on elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio.After microwave treatment,the changes in rock strength and deformation mainly result from changes in between the mineral structures.Confining pressure results in the closure of microcracks produced by microwave exposure,so that effects of microwave treatment on strength and deformation decrease,thus reducing the influence on elastic constants.The cohesion decreases with increasing microwave exposure time and shows an approximately linear decrease over time.In the basalt samples,new microcracks in various directions generated by microwave exposure can increase the discreteness of test results,while the discreteness of test results caused by microcracks gradually reduces with increasing confining pressure.     

基于Lade-Duncan和SMP两种强度准则的岩石残余应力研究

 首先利用平面强度理论推导出基于Lade-Duncan和SMP两种准则的强度统一表达式,并结合岩石材料峰后应变软化的力学特性,以峰后内摩擦角?为中间变量,用残余应变 ? 来表示峰后非线性弹性模量E,最后建立岩石峰后残余应力的统一非线性本构方程(即峰后本构模型)。结合小官庄铁矿东区典型破裂岩闪长玢石的三轴试验,对该试验结果进行不同围岩下峰后应力–应变关系的模拟计算。结果表明,建立的峰后本构关系能较好地模拟试验结果,从而验证该模型的合理性,为研究岩石峰后力学规律提供新的途径。     

单轴静–动相继压缩下单裂隙岩样力学响应及能量耗散机制颗粒流模拟

 针对采矿岩柱体等的静–动相继单轴压缩受力特征,采用颗粒流数值模拟试验,探讨初始单轴静态压缩的细观损伤程度对单轴动态压缩下单裂隙岩样力学性质的影响规律,并阐述其能量耗散机制。静载初始损伤程度对后续动态压缩岩样应力–应变曲线形态的影响不大,损伤岩样具有较明显的峰前损伤和峰后裂隙贯通的渐进性突跃特征。相对于全程动态压缩而言,随着初始损伤的增强,岩样强度减小明显。但后续动态压缩对岩体强度的增加起主要贡献。随初始损伤的增强,裂隙尖端法向和切向破裂应力均略有减小。随着裂隙倾角的增大,裂隙尖端法向破裂应力明显减小而切向却明显增加。初始损伤程度并不改变后续动态应变率加载岩体的最终宏观破裂模式,但初始损伤变量越大,微裂纹数量越多且局部化程度越强。能量耗散与岩体细观损伤演化具有较好的相关性。初始损伤越强,吸收相对较小的能量即可达到峰值破坏但峰后耗散能越多。随着裂隙倾角的增大,峰值强度处耗散能和储存弹性应变能更多,峰后破碎程度越高。     

花岗岩峰后力学特性试验与模型研究

深部围岩在开挖卸载过程中表现出的峰后复杂力学特性一直是工程界十分关注的问题,深入研究岩石峰后力学行为对深部资源开采工程具有重要意义。以深部立井马头门工程为依托,通过室内试验方法研究花岗岩峰后力学特性,采用非线性拟合方法获得花岗岩峰后软化模量与围压的指数关系式,假定岩石的剪胀角为恒定值,基于塑性理论构建考虑围压及剪胀角影响的岩石峰后应变软化模型;以FLAC3D为平台开发数学模型并进行验证,通过构建马头门巷道数值模型,分析深部围岩在应变软化条件下的破坏特征规律。通过研究可知,花岗岩峰后破坏具有脆–延性转化趋势,在高围压条件下,岩石峰后表现出塑性软化破坏特征,岩石峰后软化模量随着围压的增大而减小;通过FLAC3D进行数值验证可知,构建的应变软化模型与试验数据基本吻合,所建立的应变软化模型具有较高的可靠性;通过数值模拟方法分析深部马头门巷道围岩破坏特征可知,巷道拱顶及拱脚等局部区域出现了塑性剪切应变,与现场巷道围岩破损位置及深度基本相同。