下期内容预告

下期《岩石力学与工程学报》主要发表下列内容的文章:(1)深部原位岩石力学构想与初步探索;(2)黏土岩温度–渗流–应力耦合作用的长期力学特性研究若干进展;(3)基于能量释放率的不同赋存深度砂岩脆性指数研究;(4)基于核磁共振实时成像技术的裂隙砂岩渗流特性研究.     

核废料地质贮存介质黏土岩的三维各向异性热–水–力耦合数值模拟

为了解黏土岩在放射性废料长期贮存中的热–水–力耦合过程，结合Mont Terri核废料贮存地下岩石试验工程中黏土岩各种物理量的各向异性特点，应用多孔介质力学耦合理论研究了该黏土岩在加热和冷却全过程中由于热荷载引起的耦合效应场。研究过程考虑温度升高引起的孔隙水黏滞性改变对渗透系数的影响。研究结果表明，岩体力学参数、水力学参数和热传导参数的各向异性特性是影响岩体的温度场、孔隙压力场和应力场分布的最主要因素。各向异性耦合模型与各向同性耦合模型的数值模拟对比研究结果表明：各向异性模型数值结果能更加客观地反映该地下岩石试验工程中黏土岩在受热状态下的热–水–力耦合效应；同时，也表明岩体在加热过程中一直处于受压状态，而在冷却过程中局部会出现拉应力，从而有可能导致拉裂缝的产生。     

非饱和岩石温度–渗流–应力耦合模型研究

以研究岩石孔隙比和含水量两个基本量为出发点，考虑温度对渗流黏滞系数和孔隙比的影响、温度梯度引起的流体流动以及流体流动引起的热对流的影响，应用修正的Darcy定律、Fourier定律等，推导出非饱和岩石在温度–渗流–应力耦合作用下的平衡方程、流体物质守恒方程、气体质量守恒方程和能量方程。并将建立的多场耦合力学模型应用于一泥岩竖井的开挖、支护过程，重点分析围岩和衬砌内温度场、渗流场的变化规律，以及泥岩竖井在开挖、支护和运行过程中饱和度的变化规律。研究成果对我国地下石油、核废料储存以及高寒地区的隧道工程设计与施工具有重要的指导意义。     

岩石应力–水力–化学耦合过程研究进展

首先介绍国际合作DECOVALEX计划的概况和研究进展，阐述中国参加该合作计划研究的必要性和重要意义。对国内外在岩石应力–水力–化学耦合过程方面的主要研究进展进行简略概述，并重点总结了DECOVALEX计划Task_B及中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所的研究课题组所取得的主要研究进展，包括：(1) 开展了岩石应力–化学耦合条件下的单轴、三轴压缩试验、细观力学试验和CT扫描试验的系统研究和分析；(2) 建立了岩石破裂过程的弹塑性和应力–渗流耦合细胞自动机模型，并用于对岩石声发射活动的Kaiser效应、II类曲线的形成机制以及孔隙水压力对岩石力学性质的影响规律和细观机制进行了模拟分析等。上述研究成果对于岩石应力–水力–化学耦合过程研究起到了积极的推进作用。     

盐岩裂隙渗流–溶解耦合模型及试验研究

根据盐岩溶解机制，对盐岩裂隙的溶解过程进行合理简化和假设；在此基础上，考虑盐岩裂隙溶解和渗透性变化的耦合条件，建立盐岩裂隙渗流–溶解耦合模型。利用自行设计研制的盐岩裂隙渗流–溶解耦合试验装置对特定条件下的盐岩裂隙渗流–溶解耦合过程进行试验研究，并应用盐岩裂隙渗流–溶解耦合模型进行模拟分析与验证，计算结果与试验结果非常吻合，表明所建立的盐岩裂隙渗流–溶解耦合模型可以很好地描述盐岩裂隙的渗流–溶解耦合机制。该研究成果为进一步研究盐岩的应力–渗流–溶解耦合机制奠定重要的理论和试验基础。     

考虑黏土–结构接触变形的剪切–渗流耦合试验

针对高黏土心墙坝岸坡部位接触黏土与混凝土基座接触面的剪切渗流问题,研制了一整套可用于开展黏土与结构接触剪切力学特性和渗流特性研究的剪切–渗流耦合试验系统。该系统可实现接触面的大剪切变形,控制剪切变形与渗流方向正交,自动获取接触面力学特性与渗透特性的演化过程。通过开展接触黏土渗透试验及接触黏土–结构接触面力学特性试验,验证了该试验系统的可靠性。对某高心墙土石坝接触黏土料开展剪切–渗流耦合试验,结果表明：在低正应力下,试样整体渗透系数随剪切变形的增大先减小后增大,最后趋于稳定;在高正应力下,整体渗透系数随剪切变形的增大而不断减小并快速趋于稳定;探讨了不同正应力下土体剪胀性对接触黏土–结构接触面渗透性的影响机制。提出了结构粗糙度对接触面的渗透特性的影响有待进一步研究。     

可视化三轴渗流–应力耦合伺服控制试验系统的研制与应用

在原有的可视化三轴压缩伺服控制试验系统中增加顶部和底部的渗流通道,以实现渗流–应力耦合条件下岩石的可视化三轴压缩试验。为验证该试验系统的可靠性和必要性,对砂岩进行不同渗流状态和不同渗透压差条件下的三轴渗流–应力耦合试验。试验结果表明,当岩石两端都存在水压的条件下,其力学性质会进一步弱化,2种渗流极限状态的试验并不能说明所有渗流–应力耦合条件对岩石力学特性的影响。随着轴向应力的增加,表面径向应变场中大应变数据点逐渐聚集至断裂面附近,出现变形局部化现象。因此,开展复杂渗流–应力耦合作用下岩石力学试验能够更好地研究渗流场对岩石的作用机制。     

双联动软岩渗流–应力耦合流变仪的研制

 为研究软岩的长期力学特性,研制双联动软岩渗流–应力耦合三轴流变仪。该仪器特别适用于软岩、硬土在不同应力条件下的流变特性。仪器采用先进的伺服控制、滚珠丝杠和液压等技术组合,能自动稳压、自动记录应力–位移曲线、温度历时曲线。设备除了能够实现普通三轴试验机的功能,由于其独特的设计形式,还可以同时对2个试样实现相同轴压、不同围压、相同水压的力学试验;可以进行围压控制、孔隙水压力控制,同时可以测量孔隙水压力等等。使用情况表明,该试验装置结构简单,稳定性好,精度高,是一套功能齐全、使用方便的试验装置。     

结晶岩开挖损伤区的温度–水流–应力–化学耦合研究

介绍国际合作研究计划DECOVALEX-THMC的TASK B关于结晶岩开挖损伤区温度–水流–应力–化学耦合研究的部分进展情况,给出结晶岩开挖损伤区温度–水流–应力–化学耦合研究的基本研究思路,以典型地下实验室(如瑞典Äspö硬岩实验室)的试验为基础,进行开挖损伤区的形成与演化机制规律分析,建立弹性、弹塑性、黏弹塑性的THMC分析模型,开发高效的数值分析软件系统,并分析结晶岩开挖损伤区温度–水流–应力–化学耦合作用行为,通过各个研究小组背靠背的研究,然后进行成果对比、相关专家对分析结果的技术审查,以及修改和更新,以获得比较准确模拟结晶岩开挖损伤区的THMC模型。在此基础上,形成结晶岩开挖损伤区温度–水流–应力–化学耦合研究工作指南,为高放核废物地质处置研究工作提供理论、方法和技术支持。     

温度-渗流-应力耦合条件下黏土岩裂隙自闭合特性研究现状与思考

黏土岩因为低渗透性和自闭合性能而被公认为理想的高放废物地质处置库介质,黏土岩裂隙自闭合特性可以显著降低其渗透性,从而达到阻止处置库核素迁移的目的。从试验、机制及模型三方面概述国内外黏土岩在温度–渗流–应力耦合条件下裂隙渗透性自闭合特性的研究现状与发展趋势。研究结果表明,黏土岩的裂隙自闭合规律与黏土矿物含量、应力状态、水溶液和温度等因素相关。总结国内外裂隙自闭合试验研究方法的基础上,提出采用瞬态法测量黏土岩裂隙自闭合过程中渗透性变化的思路。最后,探讨黏土岩裂隙自闭合过程研究的工作思路,主要有:裂隙自闭合微观机制研究、THMC多场耦合作用下裂隙自闭合特性、蠕变的发展对自闭合的影响规律、建立能够反映损伤区渗透性演化的自闭合模型等。     

Thermo-hydro-mechanical behavior of clay rock for deep geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste

In the context of deep geological disposal of radioactive waste in clay formations, the thermo-hydromechanical(THM) behavior of the indurated Callovo-Oxfordian and Opalinus clay rocks has been extensively investigated in our laboratory under repository relevant conditions:(1) rock stress covering the range from the lithostatic state to redistributed levels after excavation;(2) variation of the humidity in the openings due to ventilation as well as hydraulic drained and undrained boundary conditions;(3)gas generation from corrosion of metallic components within repositories; and(4) thermal loading from high-level radioactive waste up to the designed maximum temperature of 90℃ and even beyond to150℃. Various important aspects concerning the long-term barrier functions of the clay host rocks have been studied:(1) fundamental concept for effective stress in the porous clay-water system;(2) stressdriven deformation and damage as well as resulting permeability changes;(3) moisture influences on mechanical properties;(4) self-sealing of fractures under mechanical load and swelling/slaking of clay minerals upon water uptake;(5) gas migration in fractured and resealed claystones; and(6) thermal impact on the hydro-mechanical behavior and properties. Major findings from the investigations are summarized in this paper.     

A fully coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical model for unsaturated porous media

In examining potential host rocks for such purposes as the disposal of high-level radioactive wastes,it is important to understand the coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical（THM） behavior of a porous medium.A rigorous and fully unified coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical model for unsaturated porous media is required to simulate the complex coupling mechanisms involved.Based on modified Darcy＇s and Fourier＇s laws,equations of mechanical equilibrium,mass conservation and energy conservation are derived by introducing void ratio and volumetric liquid water content into the model.The newly derived model takes into account the effects of temperature on the dynamic viscosity of liquid water and void ratio,the influence of liquid flow on temperature gradient（thermo-osmosis）,the influence on mass and heat conservation equations,and the influence of heat flow on water pressure gradient and thermal convection.The new coupled THM constitutive model is constructed by a finite element program and is used to simulate the coupled behavior of a tunnel during excavation,ventilation and concrete lining stages.Oil and gas engineering,underground disposal of nuclear waste and tunnel engineering may be benefited from the development of the new model.     

饱和多孔介质中热弹性波传播特性研究

在饱和多孔介质热流固耦合动力响应模型基础上,建立了饱和多孔介质热流固耦合热弹性波动理论,研究了热物性参数对波的传播特性的影响。通过引入势函数,推导了饱和多孔介质体中热弹性波的弥散方程,重点分析了热膨胀系数对p_{1、p2、T和S波的波速的影响,结果表明:热膨胀系数对p1和p2的影响较大,热流固耦合效应不可忽视。与饱和多孔介质中弹性波的传播特性对比分析验证了本文结果的正确性。}     

Numerical thermo-hydro-mechanical modeling of compacted bentonite in China-mock-up test for deep geological disposal

The China-mock-up test is to evaluate the performance of the compacted Gaomiaozi(GMZ) bentonite under coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical(THM) conditions in deep geological disposal.A numerical study of the test is conducted in this paper.The principal THM characteristics of the bentonite are presented at first.A THM model is then presented to tackle the complex coupling behavior of the bentonite.The model of Alonso-Gens is incorporated to reproduce the mechanical behavior of the bentonite under unsaturated conditions.With the proposed model,numerical simulations of the China-mock-up test are carried out by using the code of LAGAMINE.The time variations associated with the temperature,degree of saturation,suction and swelling pressure of the compacted bentonite are studied.The results suggest that the proposed model is able to reproduce the mechanical behavior of the bentonite,and to predict moisture motion under coupled THM conditions.     

TIMODAZ: A successful international cooperation project to investigate the thermal impact on the EDZ around a radioactive waste disposal in clay host rocks

Disposal of spent nuclear fuel and long lived radioactive waste in deep clay geological formations is one of the promising options worldwide. In this concept of the geological disposal system, the host clay formation is considered as a principal barrier on which the fulfillment of key safety functions rests. Between 2006 and 2010, the European Commission project TIMODAZ, which gathered 15 partners from 8 countries, has investigated the coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) effects on clay formations for geological disposal of radioactive waste, and specific attention was paid to investigating the thermal effect on the evolution of the damaged zone (DZ). Three types of potential host clay formations were investigated: the Boom Clay (Belgium), the Opalinus Clay (Switzerland) and the Callovo-Oxfordian argillite (France). Intensive experimental (laboratory and in situ in underground research laboratories) and numerical studies have been performed. Multi-scale approach was used in the course of the project. High degree of similarities between the failure modes, sealing process, stress paths, deformation, etc., observed in laboratories and in situ has been obtained, which increased the confidence in the applicability of laboratory test results and up-scaling perspective. The results of the laboratory and in situ tests obtained allowed the parameters for numerical models at various scales to be derived and provided the basis for the simplified performance assessment models that are used to assess the long-term safety of a repository. The good cooperation between the numerical modeler and experimenters has allowed an in-depth analysis of the experimental results and thus better understanding the underlying processes, and consequently increased the capabilities to model the THM effects in claystones. This paper presents the main achievements obtained by TIMODAZ project and shows how a European scientific community investigates a problem of concern in a collaborative way and how the obtained main results are applied to the performance assessment of a geological repository.     

OPHELIE回填混合物的热-水-力耦合特征

在以比利时高放废物处置参考设计方案的OPHELIE地面大型试验的框架为背景下，进行了一套完整的固结试验项目以获取回填材料的热-水-力反应特征。缓冲材料是预先经高压压实的土块，其主要成分为60%的FoCa泥岩，35%的砂以及5%的石墨（干燥重量），除了对温度和吸力控制设备的简要描述之外，还将阐述有代表性的试验结果，包括持水特性，不同应力，不同吸力，不同温度下的压缩性，膨胀性能，以及在吸湿，吸热条件下的塌陷现象。     

裂隙岩体水–冰相变及低温温度场–渗流场–应力场耦合研究

 岩体冻融损伤涉及低温环境下温度场、渗流场和应力场的耦合问题。基于水–冰相变理论和能量守恒原理,得出冻结率表达式。运用双重孔隙介质模型理论,根据质量守恒定律、能量守恒定律及静力平衡原理,得出冻结条件下裂隙岩体的温度场–渗流场–应力场(THM)耦合控制方程。最后,通过1个含裂隙隧道低温THM耦合算例,将围岩当作岩块与裂隙介质组成的系统,采用等效热膨胀系数法对夹冰(含水)裂隙的冻胀效应进行模拟,并考虑冻结过程对岩体渗透系数的影响,研究低温THM耦合条件下的温度场、应力场及孔隙压力等的分布规律。     

高放废物处置库黏土围岩温度-应力耦合测试方法展望

高放废物深地质处置库围岩在温度及应力耦合作用下的工程稳定性是关系环境安全的关键问题.本文对黏土围岩高放废物处置库在放射性物质放热温度及深部地应力环境应力耦合研究工作中采用的测试方法进行了系统的回顾和总结.从黏土岩热学性能测试方法以及温度对黏土岩力学性质影响研究方法两个方面,对目前高放废物温度-应力耦合特性测试的试验方法...     

Simulations of THM processes in buffer-rock barriers of high-level waste disposal in an argillaceous formation

The main objective of this paper is to investigate and analyse the thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) coupling phenomena and their influences on the repository safety. In this paper, the high-level waste (HLW) disposal concept in drifts in clay formation with backfilled bentonite buffer is represented numerically using the CODE_BRIGHT developed by the Technical University of Catalonia in Barcelona. The parameters of clay and bentonite used in the simulation are determined by laboratory and in situ experiments. The calculation results are presented to show the hydro-mechanical (HM) processes during the operation phase and the THM processes in the after-closure phase. According to the simulation results, the most probable critical processes for the disposal project have been represented and analyzed. The work also provides an input for additional development regarding the design, assessment and validation of the HLW disposal concept.     

脆性岩石热–水–力耦合断裂的断口分析

 利用自行设计的热–水–力(THM)耦合断裂试验和扫描电镜试验,研究脆性岩石THM耦合断裂的宏微观特征;通过有限元法和新型应力强度因子比断裂准则,判断THM耦合断裂模式,揭示出THM耦合断裂机制。结果表明：红砂岩试件具有3种THM耦合宏观断裂轨迹和对应的3种THM耦合微观断裂特征,即低温、低水压、高围压条件下的断裂轨迹为横向断裂,微观上表现为穿晶的剪切断裂;高温、高水压、低围压条件下的断裂轨迹为纵向断裂,微观上表现为沿晶的拉伸断裂;中等温度、中等水压、中等围压条件的断裂轨迹为双向断裂,微观上表现为含沿晶和穿晶的拉剪复合型断裂。基于有限元法和新型最大应力强度因子比断裂准则判断出的红砂岩试件THM耦合断裂模式与基于宏微观断口分析得到的THM耦合断裂机制完全一致。